공연에서 나타나는 "전이"와 배우의 "심리적 경계"에 관한 연구

김종구 ( Jong Gu Kim ) 한국공연문화학회(구 한국고전희곡학회) 2012 공연문화연구 Vol.0 No.25

일반적으로 공연을 준비하는 배우들은 처음 텍스트(희곡)를 접하면서 배역과 배우 자 신과의 경계를 허물려는 노력을 통해 일상의 공간에서 극중의 공간으로 이동하는 심리적 전이과정을 경험하게 된다. 이러한 ``전이``는 실제로도 나타난다고 할 수 있는데 무대에 서기전까지 분장실이나 윙(무대에 등장하기 직전의 공간), 그리고 무대(관객을 접하는 공 간)라는 물리적 공간이 그것이다. 공연을 하는 배우는 공연기간이 완전히 종료되는 순간까지 끊임없이 반복적으로 심리 적·물리적 공간들을 이동하게 된다. 이렇게 각각의 공간으로 이동하는 것은 ``전이``이며, 이 ``전이``과정 속에서 배우들이 경험하게 되는 심리적 변화의 지점을 ``심리적 경계``라고 할 수 있을 것이다. ``심리적 경계``는 실제 배우들이 각각의 공간에서 전이되는 순간 느끼 는 심리적 양상들을 통해 그 존재 자체를 유추할 수 있다. 배우의 ``심리적 경계``를 알 수 있는 변화 양상 중에서 가장 대표적인 예가 바로 ``긴장``, ``불안`` 등으로 표출되는 ``무대공포`` 인데, 연구에 따르면 가장 많은 수의 배우가 무대에 등장하기 직전의 공간에서 이 같은 심리적 양상을 경험하게 된다고 한다. 즉 회피의 감정이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 공연을 완성해 무대에서 구현하기까지 과정 중에서 배우가 경험하게 되는 심리적·물리적 공간과 이를 관통하는 전이과정에서 나타나는 ``심리적 경계``와 배우의 심 리적 변화에 대한 관계를 규명해보고자 한다. 첫째, 선행연구를 통해 심리적 경계개념을 이해하고 이를 기반으로 배우가 경험하는 ``공간``과 그 전이에서 나타나는 ``심리적 경계``에 대한 개념을 재정립하였다. 둘째, 공연과정에서 나타나는 ``전이영역``을 물리적 공간과 심리적 공간으로 재분류하 여 개념 정리를 하였다. 셋째, ``심리적 경계``를 체험하는 배우들의 실제 사례 분석을 통해 긍정적 요소로 작용 가능한 ``경계``의 다각적인 활용방안을 모색해 본다. 공연을 하는 배우가 경험하는 심리적 현상은 무대공포 등의 부정적인 측면이외에도 긍정적인 측면도 있음을 부정할 수 없다. 전이 영역에서 일어나는 긴장이 배우에게 긍정 적이고 에너지화로 발전되기 때문이다. 이러한 ``전이``와 ``심리적 경계``의 관계에 대한 연구를 통해 공연중 배우가 경험하는 ``심 리적 경계``에서 실제 배우가 어떤 변화를 일으키며 심리상태가 유지되어 공연의 전 과정 을 수행하는 것인지를 분석하여 무대공포, 부끄러움 등으로 발생하는 스트레스와 집중력 을 확인하고 이를 기반으로 정체성의 다변화와 방어기제로 활용되는 무대 현존의 긍정적 인 요소를 찾아본다. The performers preparing for a performance usually experience the process of mental transference, contacting with text (drama) for the first time. It is movement from their everyday life to space in the play, when they try to break the wall between cast and themselves. The transference happens actually at the physical space, such as a dressing room, wing, (place just before appearing at a stage), and a stage (place to contact with audience). Performers keep moving among each psychological and physical space repeatedly, until the performance finishes totally. The transference means moving to each space to another, and the mental borderline means the point of mental change the performers experience during the process of transference. The mental borderline can be guessed to exist through mental aspects the performers feel when they move from each space to another. The most typical example, that shows performer`s mental borderline well, is stage fright shown as tension, or anxiety among the variety of aspects. According to a research, the most performers experience that kind of mental aspect just before appearing at a stage. The study on it is already referred by my article.` A Study on Korean Performer`s Stage Fright. This study aims at examining the relationship among psychological and physical space the performers experience, mental borderline when transferring and penetrating those spaces, and performer`s mental change First, the concept of mental borderline is to be understood totally with preceded research. And the space the performers experience and mental borderline at transference are to be reorganized. Secondly, the area of transference in the process of performance is to be reclassified into physical and mental space. Third, analyzing the actual case of performers experiencing the mental borderline, the diversified use should be searched to make use of mental borderline as a positive element. The psychological symptoms, performers experience in the performance, can have positive consequence beside negative one. The tension occurring at the area of borderline is positive, and it can be the actual borderline for the performers. It will be researched how the performers change at the mental borderline, the state of mind is maintained, and they perform in an overall performance, through the study on the relationship between the transference and the mental borderline. And the stress and concentration caused by stage fright, and shyness will be confirmed, and the positive element of a stage, which is used as various defense mechanism.

병영생활 전문상담관의 경험에 대한 질적 사례 연구: 경계선급 지능 병사 상담 경험을 중심으로

김하경(Hakyung Kim),이혜란(Hyeran Lee) 한국질적탐구학회 2024 질적탐구 Vol.10 No.3

본 연구에서는 병영생활 전문상담관의 경험을 다각적으로 탐색하고, 병영생활 전문상담관으로 근무하면서 경계선급 지능 병사를 만나고 상담한 경험을 중심으로 그들의 경험을 심층적으로 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 경계선급 지능 병사를 상담한 경험이 있는 병영생활 전문상담관 3명을 선정하여 질적 사례연구 방법으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과, 3개의 상위 범주와 5개의 중위 범주, 16개의 하위 범주가 도출되었다. 3개의 상위 범주는 ‘병영,. 생활 전문상담관이 인식한 경계선급 지능 병사의 군 생활’, ‘병영생활 전문상담관의 경계선급 지능 병사 상담 경험’, ‘경계선급 지능 병사 상담 경험을 통해 병영생활 전문 상담관이 지각하는 개선점’으로 범주화되었다. 병영생활 전문상담관들은 초기 신병 상담 프로세스 및 주변인의 관찰을 통해 경계선급 지능 병사를 만나게 되었으며, 상담 과정에서 이들이 군 생활에서 경험하는 다양한 어려움들을 인식하게 되었다. 병영생활 전문상담관은 경계선급 지능 병사의 군 생활 동안 지속적인 상담을 통해 버팀목의 역할을 한다는 점에서 보람을 느끼고 있었다. 그러나, 경계선급 지능의 특성으로 인해 상담에서 다양한 어려움을 경험하고 있었고, 개인 및 기관 차원에서 경계선급 지능 병사를 지원하기 위한 노력이 필요하다는 점을 지각하고 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 향후 경계선급 지능 병사의 군 생활 적응을 지원하기 위해 고려해야 할 실천적, 제도적 보완점을 제안하였다. This study aimed to explore the experiences of military counselors from various perspectives and to deeply explore their experiences focusing on meeting and counseling borderline-level intelligence soldiers while working as military counselors. To this end, three military counselors with experience counseling borderline-level intelligence soldiers were selected and the study was conducted using a qualitative case study method. The research results yielded three primary categories, five middle categories, and 16 subcategories. The three primary categories were: ‘Military life of soldiers with borderline intellectual functioning as perceived by military counselors,’ ‘Counseling experiences of military counselors with soldiers who have borderline intellectual functioning,’ and ‘Areas for improvement identified by military counselors through their counseling experiences with soldiers with borderline intellectual functioning.’ Military counselors met borderline-level intelligence soldiers through the initial counseling process and observation of those around them, and during the counseling process, they came to recognize the various difficulties they experienced in military life. The military counselors felt rewarded by the fact that they played a supporting role through continuous counseling for soldiers with borderline intelligence during their military life. However, they experienced various difficulties in counseling due to the characteristics of borderline intelligence, and they recognized that efforts were needed to support soldiers with borderline intelligence at the individual and institutional levels. Based on these research results, practical and institutional supplements that should be considered in the future to support soldiers with borderline intelligence adapting to military life were proposed.

경계선 성격장애 성향자의 이분법적 사고와 단일차원적 사고

강희명,이영호 한국인지행동치료학회 2014 인지행동치료 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구는 경계선 성격장애 성향자를 대상으로 경계선 성격장애의 주요 병리 기제인 이분법적 사고를 확인하고 그 특성을 알아보았다. 이를 위해, 대학생 678명(남자 298명, 여자 380명)을 대상으로 경계선 집단, 회피성 집단, 통제 집단을 선발하여 대인관계 상황 시나리오를 제시하였다. 이분법적 사고를 유발하기 위한 자극으로 여섯 개의 시나리오(거부, 유기, 무시, 보살핌, 부정적 사건, 중립사건)를 제시하고, 시나리오의 인물에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 경계선 집단은 경계선 성격장애의 특정적인 정서적 주제(거부, 유기, 무시)에 대한 인물 평가에서 회피성 집단이나 통제집단보다 이분법적 사고를 많이 하였다. 또한 경계선 성격장애의 특정적 주제인 보살핌 시나리오, 경계선 성격장애와 무관한 부정적 사건 시나리오, 그리고 중립사건 시나리오에서는 통제집단보다 이분법적 사고를 많이 하였지만 회피성 집단과는 차이가 없었다. 다음으로 경계선 집단의 단일 및 다차원적 사고 경향을 탐색했다. 단일차원적 긍정-부정 사고 점수를 집단별로 비교한 결과, 경계선 집단은 유기 및 거부 시나리오에 대한 인물 평가에서 회피성 집단이나 통제집단보다 단일차원적 사고를 많이 하였다. 영역별로 이분법적 사고 점수를 살펴본 결과, 경계선 특정적 주제(거부, 유기, 무시)에 있어 경계선 집단은 능력-품성 영역과 정서성 영역에서 회피성 집단이나 통제집단보다 이분법적 사고를 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 본 연구의 임상적 함의와 제한점 및 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다. This study set out to investigate the dichotomous thinking of individuals with BPD tendency. For that purpose, total 678 college students(298 men and 380 women) were divided into the borderline, avoidant, and control group and presented with interpersonal situation scenarios. Total six different scenarios(refusal, abandonment, invalidating, caring, a negative event, a neutral event) were presented to cause dichotomous thinking, and the subjects were asked to assess characters in the scenarios. As a result, the borderline group exhibited more dichotomous thinking in the assessment of characters in the borderline-specific emotional topics(abandonment, refusal, and invalidating) than the avoidant and control group. The borderline group also engaged in more dichotomous thinking in the scenarios of caring, which is one of the borderline-specific emotional topics, the negative event of nonspecific topic, and the neutral event than the control group with no difference from the avoidant group. Then the borderline group was examined for its uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional thinking tendency. As a result of comparison of uni-dimensional positive-negative thinking scores among the groups, the borderline group did more uni-dimensional thinking in the assessment of characters in the abandonment and refusal scenarios than the avoidance and control group. As for dichotomous thinking scores according to the areas, the borderline group did more dichotomous thinking in the ability-character and emotionality area on the borderline-specific emotional topics(refusal, abandonment, and invalidating) than the avoidant and control group. Based on these results, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

조작활동과 수학동화를 활용한 뇌 기반 도형학습 프로그램이 경계선 지능아동, 학습장애 아동의 뇌 활성화에 미치는 효과

하정숙,김자경 한국특수아동학회 2022 특수아동교육연구 Vol.24 No.3

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effects of a brain-based shape learning program that utilizes manipulative activities and mathematical assimilation on the shape performance, perceptual reasoning ability, and brain function index of borderline-intelligent children and children with learning disabilities. Method: For this purpose, eight children with borderline intelligence and five children with learning disabilities were selected from the 2nd grade of an elementary school students in J city and S county. We applied a pre-post design and verified the effect of the intervention. Results: First, the brain-based shape learning program that utilizes manipulative activities and mathematical assimilation showed significant differences in shape achievement in children with borderline intelligence but not in children with learning disabilities. Second, the brain-based shape learning program that utilizes manipulative activities and mathematical assimilation showed significant differences in the perceptual reasoning indicators of the perceptual reasoning ability of children with borderline intelligence, in weaving dirt curtains, and in finding common pictures. It was not significant for matrix reasoning. We found that the perceptual reasoning ability of children with learning disabilities was not significant. Third, the brain-based shape learning program that utilizes manipulative activities and mathematical assimilation showed significant differences in the activity index and brain function index in children with borderline intelligence. Children with learning disabilities were significant on the activity index but not on the Blaine index. Conclusion: Based on these results, we found that the brain-based shape learning program that utilizes manipulative activities and mathematical assimilation was more effective for children with borderline intelligence than for children with learning disabilities. 연구목적: 본 연구는 조작활동과 수학동화를 활용한 뇌 기반 도형학습 프로그램이 경계선 지능아동과 학습장애 아동의 도형학업성취도, 지각추론능력, 뇌 기능 지수에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 이를 위하여 J시와 S군에 있는 초등학교 2학년 아동을 대상으로 경계선 지능아동 8명, 학습장애 아동 5명을 선별하였다. 그들에게 사전-사후 설계를 적용하였고, 사전과 사후에 수집된 자료들의 효과성을 검증하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 조작활동과 수학동화를 활용한 뇌 기반 도형학습 프로그램이 경계선 지능아동의 도형학업성취도에 유의한 차이를 나타내었지만 학습장애 아동은 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 조작활동과 수학동화를 활용한 뇌 기반 도형학습 프로그램이 경계선 지능아동의 지각추론능력의 지각추론지표, 토막 짜기, 공통그림 찾기에는 유의한 차이를 나타내었지만 행렬추리에는 유의하지 않았다. 학습장애 아동의 지각추론 능력은 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 조작활동과 수학동화를 활용한 뇌 기반 도형학습 프로그램이 경계선 지능아동의 뇌 기능 지수 중 활성지수와 브레인 지수에 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 학습장애 아동은 활성지수에는 유의했지만 브레인 지수는 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 조작활동과 수학동화를 활용한 뇌 기반 도형 학습 프로그램이 학습장애 아동보다 경계선 지능 아동에게 더 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

境界人의 고뇌 - 燕巖 朴趾源

김혈조(Kim Hyul jo) 대동한문학회 2015 大東漢文學 Vol.42 No.-

경계라는 말은 연암이 언급한 '際'라는 글자를 번역한 것이고, 그 경계에 선 사람을 경계인이라고 한 것이다. '경계'라는 말을 제시한 연암은 그 자신 경계인의 자세를 견지하였다. 연암은 양 극단의 어느 한쪽에 속하지 않은 중간지대에 있으면서 양극단을 지양하고 상호보완하면서 제3의 영역을 모색 지향하는 삶을 살았다. 따라서 연암에게 있어서 '경계'라는 말은 그의 문학은 물론, 그의 인간자세까지 연역해낼 수 있는 핵심어이다. 본 논문은 경계인의 관점에서 청나라에 대한 인식 및 정조 임금에 대한 신하로서의 자세 등을 집중적으로 따져 보았다. 그리하여 연암이 보인 北伐과 北學이라는 양 극단을 지향한 제 3의 관점, 국왕 정조에 대해서도 주체적인 신하의 자세 등이 모두 경계인이라는 관점에서 해석될 수 있었다. Borderline is translated from Chinese letter Jae(際) refered to by Yeonam(燕巖), and man standing between the two extremes is called man in borderline. Yeonam who has suggested the word borderline has held the stance of man in borderline. Yeonam has pursued the boundary which does not belong to any of both extremes, tried to avoid both in a mutually supplementary way, and finally explored the third zone. Accordingly the word borderline, for Yeonam, is the linchpin from which what he is and his literature can be deduced. This paper has closely debated Yeonam's viewpoint for Chung Dynasty and his attitude toward the king Jung-Joh as a subject. Thereby not only the third way overcoming both extremes : Northern Expedition(Bukbeol-北伐) and Northern Learning (Bukhak-北學), but also his independent attitude toward the king Jung-Joh(正祖) as a subject can be interpreted from the point of view of man in borderline.

Differences in perioperative outcomes after laparoscopic management of benign and malignant adnexal masses

Mohamad S. Gad,Nabih I. El Khouly,Enrique Soto,Michael Brodman,Linus Chuang,Farr R. Nezhat,Herbert F. Gretz 대한부인종양학회 2011 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.22 No.1

Objective: To compare the feasibility and safety of the laparoscopic management of adnexal masses appearing preoperatively benign with those suspicious for malignancy. Methods: Retrospective study of 694 women that underwent laparoscopic management of an adnexal mass. Results: Laparoscopic management of an adnexal mass was completed in 678 patients. Six hundred and thirty five patients had benign pathology (91.5%) and 53 (7.6%) had primary ovarian cancers. Sixteen patients (2.3%) were converted to laparotomy; there were 13 intraoperative (1.9%) and 16 postoperative complications (2.3%). Patients divided in 2 groups: benign and borderline/malignant tumors. Patients in the benign group had a higher incidence of ovarian cyst rupture (26% vs. 8.7%, p<0.05). Patients in the borderline/malignant group had a statistically significant higher conversion rate to laparotomy (0.9% vs. 16.9%, p<0.001), postoperative complications (1.9% vs. 12.2%, p<0.05), blood loss, operative time, and duration of hospital stay. The incidence of intraoperative complications was similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Laparoscopic management of masses that are suspicious for malignancy or borderline pathology is associated with an increased risk in specific intra-operative and post-operative morbidities in comparison to benign masses. Surgeons should tailor the operative risks with their patients according to the preoperative likelihood of the mass being carcinoma or borderline malignancy. Objective: To compare the feasibility and safety of the laparoscopic management of adnexal masses appearing preoperatively benign with those suspicious for malignancy. Methods: Retrospective study of 694 women that underwent laparoscopic management of an adnexal mass. Results: Laparoscopic management of an adnexal mass was completed in 678 patients. Six hundred and thirty five patients had benign pathology (91.5%) and 53 (7.6%) had primary ovarian cancers. Sixteen patients (2.3%) were converted to laparotomy; there were 13 intraoperative (1.9%) and 16 postoperative complications (2.3%). Patients divided in 2 groups: benign and borderline/malignant tumors. Patients in the benign group had a higher incidence of ovarian cyst rupture (26% vs. 8.7%, p<0.05). Patients in the borderline/malignant group had a statistically significant higher conversion rate to laparotomy (0.9% vs. 16.9%, p<0.001), postoperative complications (1.9% vs. 12.2%, p<0.05), blood loss, operative time, and duration of hospital stay. The incidence of intraoperative complications was similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Laparoscopic management of masses that are suspicious for malignancy or borderline pathology is associated with an increased risk in specific intra-operative and post-operative morbidities in comparison to benign masses. Surgeons should tailor the operative risks with their patients according to the preoperative likelihood of the mass being carcinoma or borderline malignancy.

장애와 공간에 대한 문학적 상상력 - 「순례자들은 왜 돌아오지 않는가」를 중심으로 -

박성애 한국아동청소년문학학회 2023 아동청소년문학연구 Vol.- No.32

Disability has been recognized as a defect that creates the borderline between normal and abnormal. However, disability can be seen as a experience of human origin that everyone experiences in their individual lives. Therefore, it is currently necessary to loosen the borderline between disability and non-disability, and to imagine a society of mutual dependence and a space of ‘enablement’ that naturally accepts the experience of living in between. In this paper, I analyzed it centering on the two spaces of Why do pilgrims not return. The main character DN with a disability, dreamed of a world without disabilities through making the perfect human, but the birth of ‘new mankind’ only separates the space into ‘center’ and ‘periphery’. In response, DN creates a space(village) for people who do not perceive differences, but this space becomes a space of Identity that does not feel difference. The space of perfect human or the space of people that does not recognize differences are all based on the Identity. The Others do not appear in the space of identity. Accordingly, the people of the ‘village’ stay on Earth where they can discover the Others. Where they stay is the borderline between the center and the periphery, that is, the borderline between the normal and the abnormal. They try to resist ‘separation’ in solidarity with the Others here, loosen the borderline between the center and the periphery, and create an alternative space. Currently, our society is moving in the direction of affirming various aspects of life, but the discourse on disability still remains at ‘crossing borderline’. In order to make the solid borderline between normal and abnormal flexible, it is necessary to diagnose Identity of our society and secure a critical eye on its one-sidedness.

특집논문 : 한국/학의 근대성과 로컬리티 ; 전시체제기(1937-1945) 매체에 실린 좌담회를 통해 본, 경계(境界)에 대한 감각의 재구성

신지영 ( Ji Young Shin ) 국제한국문학문화학회 2008 사이 Vol.4 No.-

The people`s and nation`s borderline is conceptualized into two opposite senses; locale and universe, and they have respectively been developed into particulars and universals in the modern frame work. This paper deals with the processes of the development significantly reflected in round-table talks (座談會, a kind of symposiums) which appeared in periodically published magazines from 1937 to 1945. The talks held during the wartime underwent remarkable changes in the concepts or senses of the borderline. But under the controlled situations with no freedom of opinion, the participants were forced to speak Japanese and to conceal the distinctive differences between the dominating and dominated peoples. Thus they showed the tendency to look into the enlarged spaces and progressive times from the Japanese empiricists` point of view but this trend only triggered the change in the senses of borderline but had no effect on its motif itself. The senses of the borderline shown in the talks were not based on the geographical communities like an European bloc or a Russian Bloc but racism, contrary to the participants` expectations. The Japanese racists or colonialists tried to unify Korea, Manchuria, Indo-China and their neighbors into a single stratified, unequal, racially discriminated bloc. Under the circumstances, the areas where the common but hard lives and experiences were being shared were forced to be incorporated into a part of the apparently and allegedly homogeneous universe, by which the stratifications set in. This process of incorporation can find its cause in the belief in universalism where life can be claimed to be translated or interpreted into words and where universalism itself means `progressive`. But there occurred resistances against this trend of universalism. We can find an example in a round-table talk concerning 『春香傳Chun Hyang Geon』 where the participants raised a strong protest and discontent against the commercialization of the Korean traditional culture. 林和(Lim Hwa) and others mentioned the areas where life cannot be translatable or interpretable. The impossibility of translation and interpretation including the recurrent discontents at that time caused the universals to be in conflict with particulars. Thus, the process of universals into particulars and its reversals could not be undergone smoothly. The aforementioned round-table talks do not reflect a typical model of the senses of the borderline between locale and universe. But they show that we should discard the way of thinking based on the relationship between locale and universe and look toward the future by taking into account the areas where the interpretation of life into words is impossible. We should avoid taking emphasis on being progressive only and take a new imaginative approach to space and time.

하늘을 돌진하는 별들의 소리: 제인 존스톤 스쿨크래프트의 경계선의 시적 담론

임진아 한국현대영어영문학회 2024 현대영어영문학 Vol.68 No.1

Lim, Jin A. “The Sound the Stars Make Rushing through the Sky: Jane Johnston Schoolcraft’s Poetic Discourse on the Borderline.” Modern Studies in English Language & Literature 68.1 (2024): 279-97. This study aims to study Jane Johnstone Schoolcraft's poetic discourse on the borderline. Schoolcraft was the first known American Indian female poet. In the midst of the war clouds of the Indian extinction myth in her time, Native Americans were on a borderline or a middle ground. Schoolcraft's identity, which was from the metis family, was also on a borderline. Schoolcraft tried to inspire the indigenous aesthetics, which could be represented by "survivance"(a newly-coined word from survival and resistance) and viewed reality as a time for survival, change, and a new opportunity, rather than as a scene of tragic fate and its victim. Schoolcraft's poetry, in its contemplative and emotional tone, contains the spirit of her native tribe and resistance for survival. The characters in her stories go through an active transformation process in a moment of crisis and build and start a new life as a new existence. To sum up, Schoolcraft's works carry "The Sound the Stars Make Rushing through the Sky" as her Native Indian name Bamewawagezhikaquay means. (Cheongju University)

紹興和議를 통해 본 宋・金 외교관계와 국경 — 唐州와 鄧州 交割을 중심으로

정일교 순천향대학교 공자아카데미 중국학연구소 2024 고산중국학보 Vol.9 No.-

According to the alliance Conducted at Sea[海上之盟], the Song dynasty[宋] and Jin dynasty[金] destroyed the Liao dynasty[遼] in 1120. And, under the contract, the Song dynasty would get back the Sixteen Prefectures[燕雲十六州] of the Jin dynasty. After several big and small conflicts, the two countries signed the peace treaty between the Song and Jin dynasty, called Shaoxing treaty[紹興和議] in 1142. And the boundary line was decided from the midstream of Huai River[淮河] to Dasan Pass[大散關, Now southernwest area of Baoji city(陝西 寶鷄)]. In the process of negotiation about peace, the two countries corresponded several times each other. Through the treaty, the two countries drew the borderline almost the whole. But there were still some troubles. Setting up frontiers are very difficult matters to be a conflict of interests. It was never simple as the text of the treaty. In the treaty to drow the borderline, we have to focus how Huai River was selected. And We also have to focus on the discussion about how Dengzhou[登州] and Tangzhou[唐州] transferred and how Shaanxi was discussed and transferred, too. Also we have to discover the diplomatic policies and the diplomat’s points of view in the negotiation process, in the process of the treaty to drew the borderline. Then we can get the final result of the negotiation. In the negotiation to drew the borderline between the Song dynasty and the Jin dynasty, it seems like a kind of ceremony, because of the exchange the territory. In the negotiation, the gains and losses of the territory were connected to succeed or fail. The diplomats[協議官] and negotiators[交割官] were represented the powers and profits, and what they wanted decided their gains or losses. They were received a lot of attention in the diplomatic war for the gains, but they were just the substitutes of the men of power. We have to focus on the men of power, Emperor Gaozong of Song[宋高宗] and Wanyan Zongbi[完顏宗弼]. In the letters between they corresponded each other in negotiation, Emperor Gaozong showed a toadyism to the Jin dynasty, and it was the fundamental keynote of the Song dynasty in the negotiation.