파일럿 스케일 버너에서 바이오 중유 및 바이오 원유 혼합연료의 연소 특성

정연우 ( Yeonwoo Jeong ),류영현 ( Younghyun Ryu ),최상규 ( Sangkyu Choi ),최연석 ( Yeonseok Choi ),한소영 ( Soyoung Han ),응웬반꾸잉 ( Quynhvan Nguyen ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2022 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.39 No.6

Carbon neutrality is a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the soil, forest, and oceans. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, a variety of research on energy such as solar, wind, hydrogen, biomass, and waste energy has been performed worldwide. Bio-fuel oil and bio-crude oil are considered promising energy resources to achieve carbon neutrality because they can be effectively used not only for heat energy but also for transport fuel. In this study, an experiment on the combustion characteristics of bio-fuel oil and bio-crude oil blends was conducted. The mixtures of biofuel and conventional diesel fuel were also studied. A conventional oil burner with a 35 kW capacity was modified into a downward injection type and to adopt an air-blast atomizing nozzle. Bio-fuel oil was made from waste oil and bio-crude oil was derived from coffee grounds. The temperature distributions in the combustion chamber and the gaseous emissions were compared at various blending ratios. When the bio-fuel oil was blended with bio-crude oil from the coffee ground, nearly complete combustion was observed, except for the 100% bio-crude oil, with the emission of a large amount of CO. It was also shown that as the ratio of bio-crude oil was increased, NO concentration increased due to the nitrogen content in the bio-crude oil. In the cases where biofuel was blended with diesel fuel, all cases showed close to complete combustion, where the temperature of the combustion chamber was raised with an increasing ratio of diesel.

An overview of recent development in bio-oil upgrading and separation techniques

Narayan Lal Panwar,Arjun Sanjay Paul 대한환경공학회 2021 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.26 No.5

Bio-oil produced from the fast pyrolysis/hydrothermal liquefaction is gaining popularity worldwide as the forerunner to replace fossil fuel. The bio-oil can be produced from agricultural waste, forest residue, and urban organic waste. It is also called pyrolysis oil, renewable fuel, and has the potential to be used as fuel in many applications. The application of bio-oil as transportation fuel helps to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and to keep up the ecological balance. The bio-oil has the heating value of nearly half of the diesel fuel i.e. 16-19 MJ/㎏; but, the inferior properties such as high water content, high viscosity, low pH, and poor stability hinder bio-oil application as a fuel. Thus, this paper provides a detailed review of bio-oil properties, its limitations and focuses on the recent development of different upgrading and separation techniques, used to date for the improvement of the bio-oil quality. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each upgrading method along with the application and environmental impact of bio-oil are also discussed in this article.

High-yield bio-oil production from macroalgae (<i>Saccharina japonica</i>) in supercritical ethanol and its combustion behavior

Zeb, Hassan,Park, Jongkeun,Riaz, Asim,Ryu, Changkook,Kim, Jaehoon Elsevier 2017 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL -LAUSANNE- Vol.327 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The effect of reaction parameters (temperature, time and biomass-to-solvent (BS) ratio) on properties (higher heating value (HHV) and O/C and H/C ratios) and yields of bio-oil produced from macroalgae (<I>Saccharina japonica</I>) liquefaction using supercritical ethanol (scEtOH) as a solvent was investigated. At 400°C using a BS ratio of 1/10 and reaction time of 45min, a high yield of bio-oil (88wt%) with a HHV of 35.0MJkg<SUP>−1</SUP>, O/C ratio of 0.14, and H/C ratio of 1.62 was obtained. Compared with water-based liquefaction, (subcritical water at 300°C, bio-oil yield of 43wt%, HHV of 20.7MJkg<SUP>−1</SUP>, O/C ratio of 0.48, and H/C ratio of 2.01; supercritical water at 400°C, bio-oil yield of 37wt%, HHV of 29.0MJkg<SUP>−1</SUP>, O/C ratio of 0.18, and H/C ratio of 1.76), the yield and energy content of the bio-oil produced using scEtOH were significantly higher. This enhancement was attributed to the reactivity of scEtOH with the intermediates generated from macroalgae. The utility of the generated bio-oil was demonstrated by application in a commercial 100 MW<SUB>e</SUB> generation plant. The thermal efficiency of the bio-oil (86.0%) was quite similar to that of heavy fuel oil (HFO) (87.1%), suggesting that the HFO could be fully replaced by the bio-oil.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Almost complete conversion of macroalgae in supercritical ethanol (scEtOH). </LI> <LI> High-yield (88wt%) and high-energy-content (35MJkg<SUP>−1</SUP>) bio-oil produced in scEtOH. </LI> <LI> ScEtOH produced higher-yield and better-quality bio-oil than water-based reaction. </LI> <LI> Bio-oil can be used as a combustion fuel for green electricity generation. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

시료 조건에 따른 굴참나무 바이오오일의 특성

채광석,조태수,최석환,이수민,황혜원,최준원,Chea, Kwang-Seok,Jo, Tae-Su,Choi, Seok-Hwan,Lee, Soo-Min,Hwang, Hye-Won,Choi, Joon-Weon 한국응용과학기술학회 2015 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.32 No.1

시료의 입경 및 투입량 차이에 따른 바이오오일의 특성변화를 알아보기 위하여 0.5~2.0 mm 크기의 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis) 시료 300~900 g을 $465^{\circ}C$에서 1.6초 동안 급속열 분해하여 바이오오일을 제조하였다. 입경 및 투입량 차이에 따른 열분해 생성물의 수율변화에는 눈에 띠는 경향은 없었지만, 바이오오일 수율이 가장 많아 약 60.3~62.1%를 차지하였고, 미응축가스, 바이오차 순이었다. 바이오오일을 냉각관으로 응축하여 얻은 1차 바이오오일과 전기집진장치로 얻은 2차 바이오오일로 구분하여 수율을 측정한 결과, 1차 바이오오일의 수율이 2차 바이오오일 수율의 약 2배 이상을 나타내었다. 그러나 발열량은 2차 바이오오일이 1차 바이오오일 보다 약 2배 이상 높았으며, 최대 5,602 kcal/kg을 나타내었다. 1차 바이오오일의 수분함량이 20%이상으로 2차 바이오오일의 수분함량 10% 이하였다. 또한 2차 바이오오일의 원소분석 결과, 1차 바이오오일보다 탄소함량이 높고, 산소함량이 낮았기 때문에 수분함량과 원소조성 특성도 발열량에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 바이오오일의 저장온도가 높을수록 또는 저장기간이 길수록 점도가 증가하며, 2차 바이오오일의 점도 증가 정도가 1차 바이오오일보다 컸는데, 저장기간 중에 바이오오일 성분 간의 화학적 결합에 의한 바이오오일의 고분자화가 진행되는 것으로 판단된다. In this study the differences in the sample size and sample input changes as characteristics of bio-oil oak(Quercus variabilis), the oak 0.5~2.0 mm of the oak weighing 300~900g was processed into bio-oil via fast pyrolysis for 1.64 seconds. In this study, the physico-chemical properties of biooil using oak were investigated. Fast pyrolysis was adopted to increase the bio-oil yield from raw material. Although the differences in sample size and sample input changes in the yield of pyrolysis products were not significantly noticeable, increases in the yield of bio-oil accounted for approximately 60.3 to 62.1%, in the order of non-condensed gas, and biochar. When the primary bio-oil obtained by the condensation of the cooling tube and the seconary bio-oil obtained from the electric dust collector were measured separately, the yield of primary bio-oil was twice as higher than that of the secondary bio-oil. However, HHV (Higher Heating Value) of the secondary bio-oil was approximately twice as higher than that of the primary bio-oil by up to 5,602 kcal/kg. The water content of the primary bio-oil was more than 20% of the moisture content of the secondary bio-oil, which was 10% or less. In addition, the result of the elemental analysis regarding the secondary bio-oil, its primary carbon content was higher than that of the primary bio-oil, and since the oxygen content is low, the water content as well as elemental composition are believed to have an effect on the calorific value. The higher the storage temperature or the longer the storage period, the degree of the viscosity of the secondary bio-oil was higher than that of the primary bio-oil. This can be the attributed to the chemical bond between the polymeric bio-oil that forms during the storage period.

시료 조건에 따른 굴참나무 바이오오일의 특성

채광석,조태수,최석환,이수민,황혜원,최준원 한국유화학회 2015 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.32 No.1

시료의 입경 및 투입량 차이에 따른 바이오오일의 특성변화를 알아보기 위하여 0.5~2.0 mm 크기의 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis) 시료 300~900 g을 465 ℃에서 1.6초 동안 급속열 분해하여 바이 오오일을 제조하였다. 입경 및 투입량 차이에 따른 열분해 생성물의 수율변화에는 눈에 띠는 경향은 없 었지만, 바이오오일 수율이 가장 많아 약 60.3~62.1%를 차지하였고, 미응축가스, 바이오차 순이었다. 바이오오일을 냉각관으로 응축하여 얻은 1차 바이오오일과 전기집진장치로 얻은 2차 바이오오일로 구 분하여 수율을 측정한 결과, 1차 바이오오일의 수율이 2차 바이오오일 수율의 약 2배 이상을 나타내었 다. 그러나 발열량은 2차 바이오오일이 1차 바이오오일 보다 약 2배 이상 높았으며, 최대 5,602 kcal/kg을 나타내었다. 1차 바이오오일의 수분함량이 20%이상으로 2차 바이오오일의 수분함량 10% 이 하였다. 또한 2차 바이오오일의 원소분석 결과, 1차 바이오오일보다 탄소함량이 높고, 산소함량이 낮았 기 때문에 수분함량과 원소조성 특성도 발열량에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 바이오오일의 저장온도가 높을수록 또는 저장기간이 길수록 점도가 증가하며, 2차 바이오오일의 점 도 증가 정도가 1차 바이오오일보다 컸는데, 저장기간 중에 바이오오일 성분 간의 화학적 결합에 의한 바이오오일의 고분자화가 진행되는 것으로 판단된다. In this study the differences in the sample size and sample input changes as characteristics of bio-oil oak(Quercus variabilis), the oak 0.5~2.0 mm of the oak weighing 300~900 g was processed into bio-oil via fast pyrolysis for 1.64 seconds. In this study, the physico-chemical properties of biooil using oak were investigated. Fast pyrolysis was adopted to increase the bio-oil yield from raw material. Although the differences in sample size and sample input changes in the yield of pyrolysis products were not significantly noticeable, increases in the yield of bio-oil accounted for approximately 60.3 to 62.1%, in the order of non-condensed gas, and biochar. When the primary bio-oil obtained by the condensation of the cooling tube and the seconary bio-oil obtained from the electric dust collector were measured separately, the yield of primary bio-oil was twice as higher than that of the secondary bio-oil. However, HHV (Higher Heating Value) of the secondary bio-oil was approximately twice as higher than that of the primary bio-oil by up to 5,602 kcal/kg. The water content of the primary bio-oil was more than 20% of the moisture content of the secondary bio-oil, which was 10% or less. In addition, the result of the elemental analysis regarding the secondary bio-oil, its primary carbon content was higher than that of the primary bio-oil, and since the oxygen content is low, the water content as well as elemental composition are believed to have an effect on the calorific value. The higher the storage temperature or the longer the storage period, the degree of the viscosity of the secondary bio-oil was higher than that of the primary bio-oil. This can be the attributed to the chemical bond between the polymeric bio-oil that forms during the storage period.

다양한 원료에 따른 발전용 바이오중유의 윤활 특성 연구

김재곤,장은정,전철환,황인하,나병기 한국응용과학기술학회 2018 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Bio-heavy oil for power generation is a product made by mixing animal fat, vegetable oil and fatty acid methyl ester or its residues and is being used as steam heavy fuel(B-C) for power generation in Korea. However, if the fuel supply system of the fuel pump, the flow pump, the injector, etc., which is transferred to the boiler of the generator due to the composition of the raw material of the bio-heavy oi, causes abrasive wear, it can cause serious damage. Therefore, this study evaluates the fuel characteristics and lubricity properties of various raw materials of bio-heavy oil for power generation, and suggests fuel composition of biofuel for power generation to reduce frictional wear of generator. The average value of lubricity (HFRR abrasion) for bio-heavy oil feedstocks for power generation is 137 μm, and it varies from 60 μm to 214 μm depending on the raw materials. The order of lubricity is Oleo pitch> BD pitch> CNSL> Animal fat> RBDPO> PAO> Dark oil> Food waste oil. The average lubricity for the five bio-heavy oil samples is 151 μm and the distribution is 101 μ m to 185 μm. The order of lubricity is Fuel 1> Fuel 3> Fuel 4> Fuel 2> Fuel 5. Bio-heavy oil samples (average 151 μm) show lower lubricity than heavy oil C (128 μm). It is believed that bio-heavy oil for power generation is composed of fatty acid material, which is lower in paraffin and aromatics content than heavy oil(B-C) and has a low viscosity and high acid value, resulting in inhibition of the formation of lubricating film by acidic component. Therefore, in order to reduce friction and abrasion, it is expected to increase the lubrication of fuel when it contains more than 60% Oleo pitch and BD pitch as raw materials of bio-heavy oil for power generation. 바이오중유란 다양한 동·식물성 유지, 지방산 메틸에스테르, 지방산 에틸에스테르 및 그 부산물을 혼합하여 제조된 제품이며, 국내 기력 중유발전기의 연료(B-C)로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 바이오 중유의 원료 조성 때문에 발전기의 보일러로 이송되는 연료펌프, 유량펌프, 인젝터 등의 연료 공급시스템 에서 마찰마모를 유발할 경우 심각한 피해를 초래 할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 발전용 바이오중유의 다양한 원료들의 연료특성과 이에 따른 윤활성을 평가하고, 발전기의 마찰마모 저감을 위한 발전용 바이오 중유의 연료 구성 방안을 제시하였다. 발전용 바이오중유 원료물질의 윤활성(HFRR)은 평균 137 μm이며, 원료물질에 따라 차이가 있으나 60μm ~ 214 μm 분포를 보이고 있다. 이 중 윤활성이 좋은 순서는 Oleo pitch > BD pitch > CNSL > Animal fat > RBDPO > PAO > Dark oil > Food waste oil이다. 발전용 바이오중유의 원료 물질 3종으로 구성된 바이오중유 평가시료 5종에 대한 윤활성은 평균 151 μm이며, 101 μm ~ 185 μm 분포를 보이고 있다. 이 중 윤활성이 좋은 순서는 Fuel 1 > Fuel 3 > Fuel 4 > Fuel 2 > Fuel 5이다. 바이오중유 평가시료(평균 151 μm)는 C중유(128 μm) 대비 낮은 윤활성을 나타내었다. 이는 발전용 바이오중유가 지방산 물질로 구성되어 있어 C중유보다 파라핀, 방향족 성분 함량이 낮아 점도가 낮고, 산가가 높기 때문에 산성 성분에 의한 윤활막 형성 저해에 따른 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, 적정 수준의 마찰마모 저감을 위해 윤활성을 증가 시킬 수 있는 바이오중유의 원료로서 Oleo pitch, BD pitch를 60% 이상 함유할 경우 연료 제조 시 윤활성 증가가 예상된다.

Effect of Different Zeolite Supported Bifunctional Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Waste Wood Bio-oil

( Shinyoung Oh ),( Sye-Hee Ahn ),( Joon Weon Choi ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.3

Effects of various types of zeolite on the catalytic performance of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oil obtained from waste larch wood pyrolysis were investigated herein. Bifunctional catalysts were prepared via wet impregnation. The catalysts were characterized through XRD, BET, and SEM. Experimental results demonstrated that HDO enhanced the fuel properties of waste wood bio-oil, such as higher heating values (HHV) (20.4-28.3 MJ/kg) than bio-oil (13.7 MJ/kg). Water content (from 19.3 in bio-oil to 3.1-16.6 wt% in heavy oils), the total acid number (from 150 in bio-oil to 28-77 mg KOH/g oil in heavy oils), and viscosity (from 103 in bio-oil to 40-69 mm²/s in heavy oils) also improved post HDO. In our experiments, depending on the zeolite support, NiFe/HBeta exhibited a high Si/Al ratio of 38 with a high specific surface area (545.1 m²/g), and, based on the yield of heavy oil (18.3-18.9 wt%) and HHV (22.4-25.2 MJ/kg), its performance was not significantly affected by temperature and solvent concentration variations. In contrast, NiFe/zeolite Y, which had a low Si/Al ratio of 5.2, exhibited the highest improved quality for heavy oil at high temperature, with an HHV of 28.3 MJ/kg at 350 °C with 25 wt% of solvent.

Fuel properties of bio-oil/bio-diesel mixture characterized by TG, FTIR and 1^H NMR

Jiang Xiaoxiang,Zhong Zhaoping,Naoko Ellis 한국화학공학회 2011 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.28 No.1

There has been an increasing interest in alternative fuels made from biomass which is abundant and renewable. Bio-oil and bio-diesel seem to be such promising liquid fuels. Bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass is highly viscous, acidic, and has high water content. To overcome these problems as a fuel, a method of emulsifying bio-oil with bio-diesel was performed in the previous paper, and a stable mixture of bio-oil and bio-diesel was successfully prepared. In this paper, several properties of the mixture are discussed by using TG, FTIR and 1^H NMR. The results show us that, compared with crude bio-oil, some properties of bio-oil/bio-diesel mixture such as water content,acid number, viscosity are much improved. The thermal decomposition of the mixture under air/nitrogen is shown using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Further information about the functional groups is exhibited through Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR).

바이오오일 가스화 반응기내 이류체 분사 노즐의 바이오오일 분사특성에 대한 수치해석적 연구

최명규,강성진,김효성,박훈채,최항석 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.36 No.3

Biofuel is attractive as a renewable energy source due to its sustainability. Bio-oil, one of the biofuels, is producedthrough the fast pyrolysis of biomass. It has a higher energy density than biomass, and is convenient for storage andtransportation. Bio-oil can be transformed into high-quality syngas through the gasification process, which has a smallamount of impurities. The bio-oil gasification process consists of the injection of bio-oil, atomization of the injected biooil,vaporization of atomized bio-oil droplets, and a gasification reaction by mixing the vaporized bio-oil and air. Theperformance of the nozzle plays a very important role in determining the efficiency of the entire gasification system. Although there are many studies on the direct gasification of biomass, studies of bio-oil gasification are very rare. Inorder to study bio-oil gasification, the injection characteristics of bio-oil using a twin fluid nozzle should occur. Therefore,in this paper, a twin fluid nozzle was modeled and the injection characteristics of bio-oil in the reactor were analyzedby using CFD. Specifically, an entrained flow type reactor was applied and the injection flow characteristics werecalculated and analyzed with respect to the air flow rate.

Enhanced stability of bio-oil and diesel fuel emulsion using Span 80 and Tween 60 emulsifiers

Farooq, Abid,Shafaghat, Hoda,Jae, Jungho,Jung, Sang-Chul,Park, Young-Kwon Elsevier 2019 Journal of Environmental Management Vol.231 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Bio-oil (biomass pyrolysis oil) has some undesirable properties (e.g., low heating value, high corrosiveness, and high viscosity) that restrain its direct use as a transportation fuel. The emulsification of bio-oil and diesel is an effective and convenient method to use bio-oil in the present transportation fuel infrastructure. The addition of an emulsifying agent (emulsifier or surfactant) to two immiscible liquids of diesel and bio-oil is an important step in emulsification. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value, according to the chemical structure and characteristics of the emulsifier, is a key parameter for selecting a surfactant. In this study, an ether treatment of raw bio-oil was carried out to separate the ether-soluble fraction of bio-oil from its heavy (dark brown and highly viscous) fraction, and the ether-extracted bio-oil (EEO) was processed further for emulsification into diesel fuel. The effects of the HLB value of the emulsifier and the contents of EEO, diesel, and emulsifier on the stability of the EEO/diesel emulsion were investigated. To optimize the HLB value of the emulsifier, different HLB values (4.3–8.8), which were prepared by mixing different amounts of Span 80 and Tween 60 as surfactants, were used for the EEO and diesel emulsification. A HLB value of 7.3 with diesel, EEO, and emulsifier contents of 90, 5, 5 wt%, and 86, 7.4, 6.6 wt% resulted in EEO/diesel emulsions (without phase separation) stable for 40 and 35 days, respectively. Measurement of the high heating value (HHV) of the emulsified fuels gave a 44.32 and 43.68 MJ/kg values for the EEO to emulsifier mass ratios of 5:5 and 7.4:6.6, respectively. The stability of emulsified EEO and diesel was verified by TGA and FT-IR methods.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Emulsification of ether-extracted bio-oil (EEO) in diesel was done at room temperature. </LI> <LI> Span 80 and Tween 60 in individual or combination form were used as emulsifiers. </LI> <LI> EEO/diesel emulsion was stable for 40 days, while no stratification was happened. </LI> <LI> Stability of EEO/diesel emulsion after 40 days was confirmed by TGA and FTIR. </LI> <LI> HHV of EEO/diesel emulsion was as high as 44 MJ/kg (near to diesel HHV of 45 MJ/kg). </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>