Copper와 Ascorbate를 이용한 제1형 콜라겐 교차 결합에 관한 연구

이두형,홍성표,문광원 大韓成形外科學會 1994 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.21 No.2

The most reliable living artificial dermis is constructed by incorporating cultured fibroblasts into a gel of bovine collagen and allowing it to contract. The cross-linking of collagen increases their resistance to biodegradation after grafting. In the collagen molecule, the telopeptides have the major antigenicity and are involved in the cross-linking process. In this study we used a new method to cross-link the collagen using the ascorbate-copper ion system after removal of telopeptides.(1) To verify this cross- linking process the treated collagen was subjected to SDS-PAGE(Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and densitometer. (2) to investigate the cross-linking sites the treated collagen was analyzed with SDS_PAGE after CNBr(Cyanogen bromide) digestion and modification of amino acids. (3) To investigate the effect of this method on the resistance to biodegradation and on the viability of fibroblast,four days after incorporating fibroblasts into the corss-linked collagen, the artificial dermis was digested with collagenase. The results are as followings: 1. The pepsin digested collagen, atelocollagen, has lighter molecular weight of a chain meaning- that the telopeptides are missing. 2. After treatment with ascorbate and copper ion, the atelocollagen shows that 55.9% of collagen distributes above the portion of 300 KDa meaning that cross-linking has occurred. 3. After digestion of the cross-linked collagen with CNBr, the amount of a₂CB₃.a₁CB?, and a₁ CB? has decreased meaning that the cross-linking has occurred within the helical portion only. 4. After modification of amino acids and treatment with this method, the collagen with modified histidine and lysine can not be cross-linked meaning that histidine and lysine are involved in this cross-linking process. 5. The cross-linked collagen was solubilized by collagenase within 43 minutes(control: 37minutes,p<0.001). 6. The fibroblasts in the cross-linked collagen survived at the rate of 89%(control:88% p>0.01). In conclusion, the ascorbate-copper ion system can cross-link the collagen within the helical portion, permiting selective removal of telopeptide, and had no adverse effect on the viability of fibroblast. So it can be expected that the artificial dermis treated with this method has lower antigenicity and greater resistance to biodegradation after grafting to the wound.

인공지능 생성 증거와 전문법칙

양종모 대검찰청 2018 형사법의 신동향 Vol.0 No.61

Ensuring cross-examination is important. This is because the testimony of the testimony can be verified through the cross-examination. The reason for excluding evidence that cross-examination is not guaranteed is also due to reliability. Therefore, if the evidence is in an exceptional situation that guarantees credibility and is necessary, that evidence will be given even if there is no cross-examination. Confrontation right is a kind of right guaranteed by Article 6 of the US Constitution. When confrontation right is guaranteed, cross-examination are made. Confrontation right does not stop just facing the witness' face. During the face-to-face meeting, the testimony of the testimony is verified through a process in which the cross-examination are rigorously executed. The US Supreme Court has changed its attitude toward confrontation right from the crawford case in 2004 to not pay much attention to cross-examination. However, the confrontation right and the cross-examination are inseparable and in strong relationship, and even if we do not pay attention to the cross-examination itself, cross-examination right is guaranteed if the confrontation right is thoroughly guaranteed. However, the emergence of mechanical evidence, such as the evidence of artificial intelligence algorithms, has changed the evidence ecosystem to the point where it can not be protected by the confrontation right. Even if confrontation right guarantees or cross-examination guarantees are made, it is difficult to give credibility any longer. Much research has been done in the United States on whether mechanical evidence, such as artificial intelligence generated evidence, falls within the category of evidence of confrontation right. Especially from Crawford vs. California case, there have been various discussions as to whether mechanical evidence is subject to confrontation right. However, there is controversy as to whether this mechanical evidence is the evidence of confrontation right, and if the guarantee is not made, the evidence was not admissible. The reason is that there is a question whether mechanical evidence is a testimony, and whether it is possible to guarantee confrontation right against mechanical evidence. This is directly related to the fact that confrontation right or cross-examination guarantees the reliability of the evidence for mechanical evidence. Verification of the reliability of the evidence is not resolved by the frame of guaranteeing the existing the confrontation right or cross-examination. So a new type of verification method is needed. There is a need for a exclusive mechanism for systematic and reliable verification of reliability. 반대신문권의 보장이 중요한 것은 이러한 반대신문권의 행사를 통해 증언의 신빙성을 검증할 수 있기 때문이다. 반대신문권의 보장이 이루어지지 않는 증거에 대하여 증거능력 자체를 배제하는 이유도 결국 신뢰성과 관련이 있다. 따라서 신뢰성이 보장되는 예외적 상황이고 필요성이 있는 증거라면 설사 그 증거에 대한 반대신문이 행하여지지 않더라도 증거능력이 부여된다. 당사자 대면권 자체는 미 수정헌법 제6조에서 보장하는 일종의 권리로서 이러한 당사자 대면권이 보장이 되면, 당연히 그 과정에서 반대신문이 행하여진다. 당사자 대면권은 단지 증인의 얼굴을 마주하는 것에 그치지 않는다. 그 대면과정에서 이루어지는 반대신문권의 행사가 실질적 이유이고, 그러한 반대신문이 가혹할 정도로 엄격하게 이루어지는 과정을 통해 증언의 신빙성 검증이 이루어진다. 미 연방대법원은 어느 순간부터 이러한 당사자 대면권 권리 자체에 주목하기 시작했고, 그에 따라 반대신문에 대하여는 별반 주목하지 않는 쪽으로 태도를 변경하였다. 그러나 당사자 대면권과 반대신문권은 표리관계로서 불가분의 강한 결합관계에 있어, 비록 반대신문권 자체에 주목하지 않더라도 당사자 대면권이 철저하게 보장되면 저절로 반대신문권이 보장되고, 나아가 증거의 신뢰성까지 주어지는 것은 자연스런 귀결이다. 그러나 인공지능 알고리즘 생성 증거 등 기계적 증거의 등장은 이러한 도식이 깨어질 정도로 증거 생태계에 변화를 가져왔다. 당사자 대면권 보장이나 반대신문권 보장이 더 이상 신뢰성을 담보하지 않게 되는 사태가 벌어지게 되었다. 인공지능 생성 증거 등 기계적 증거가 당사자 대면권이 보장되는 증거 부류에 속하는지에 대하여 미국에서 꽤 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 특히 Crawford vs. California 사건에서 증언적(testimonial)이라는 기준을 세운 이후 기계적 증거도 증언적 증거로서 당사자 대면권의 대상이 되는지에 대하여 다양한 논의가 전개되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 기계적 증거가 당사자 대면권의 대상이 되는 증거인데도 당사자 대면권 보장이 이루어지지 아니하는 경우, 증거능력을 부여하지 않을 것인지에 대하여 기계적 증거가 증언인가 하는 분류체계의 타당성을 넘어, 기계적 증거에 대하여 당사자 대면권의 실질적 보장이 가능한지부터 그 실효성의 문제까지 다양한 쟁점이 생겨난다. 이런 부분은 결국 기계적 증거에 대하여는 당사자대면권이나 반대신문권 보장만으로는 그 증거의 신뢰성 검증이 어렵다는 점과 직결된 문제로, 증거의 신뢰성 검증은 기존의 당사자 대면권 보장 또는 반대신문권의 보장이라는 프레임으로 해결되지 않고, 새로운 형태의 검증 방법이 필요하다는 것은 명백하다. 당사자주의를 근간으로 하여, 소송상 당사자의 각종 권리를 두텁게 보호함으로써 해결되는 구조가 아닌, 신뢰성 여부에 대한 체계적이고 신뢰성 있는 검증을 해낼 독자적 기구가 필요하다.

인공지능 윤리의식에 관한 횡단적 연구 : 인공지능 활용 기후변화 교육에 대비하여

김귀식(Kim, Gwisik),신영준(Shin, Youngjoon) 에너지기후변화교육학회 2021 에너지기후변화교육 Vol.11 No.1

인공지능은 산업 현장뿐만 아니라, 일상생활 전반에 들어와 있으며, 기후변화 연구와 같은 연구 현장에도 광범위하게 활용되고 있다. 또한, 학교 교육을 통한 인공지능 교육도 도입될 예정이다. 인공지능 교육의 도입에는 인공지능 윤리교육도 함께 시행될 필요가 있다. 인공지능 윤리교육에서 학생들이 가지고 있는 인공지능 윤리의식을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 인공지능 윤리의식에 대하여 학교급별로 횡단적 연구를 통해 학교급 간 인공지능 윤리의식에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 한 연구이다. 본 연구를 위해 동일 지역에 소재한 초(198명), 중(265명), 고(114명)에 재학 중인 학생들을 대상으로 인공지능 윤리의식을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 첫째, 인공지능 윤리의식에는 로봇의 권리 범주를 제외한 나머지 7개 범주에서 학교급 간 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 대체로 학령이 높아질수록 인공지능 윤리의식이 확고해지는 경향이 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 학생들은 대체로 인공지능이 인간의 영역에까지 활동하는 것을 어느 정도 인정하면서, 동시에 로봇의 권리는 인간에 준하는 수준까지 인정하는 데 동의하지 않았으며, 인공지능이 차별을 유발할 가능성에 대해 우려하고 있었다. Artificial intelligence is not only in the industry, but also in the whole of everyday life, and is also widely used in research areas such as climate change research. In addition, artificial intelligence education through school education will be introduced. The introduction of artificial intelligence education requires that artificial intelligence ethics education be implemented together. In artificial intelligence ethics education, it is important to grasp the AI ethics awareness of students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the student artificial intelligence ethics awareness by cross-sectional study. Students who served as the subjects of this study were 198 primary school students, 265 junior high school students, and 114 high school students at a same geographical region. The results were as follows. First, there was a significant difference in artificial intelligence ethics awareness among schools excluding ‘Robot rights’ category. In general, it can be seen that the higher the school age, the stronger the awareness of AI ethics tends to be established. Second, students generally acknowledge to some extent that artificial intelligence is active in the realm of humans, while at the same time, they do not agree to recognize the rights of robots to a level comparable to that of humans, and are concerned about the possibility that artificial intelligence may cause discrimination.

The Effect of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Province Panel Data

HE, Yugang Korea Artificial Intelligence Association 2019 인공지능연구 (KJAI) Vol.7 No.2

With the Chinese government's attention to the artificial intelligence industry, the Chinese government has invested a lot in it recently. Of course, the importance of artificial intelligence industry for China's economic development is increasingly significant. The advent of artificial intelligence boom has also triggered a large number of scientists to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on economic growth. Therefore, this paper use 31 China's cross-province panel data to study the effect of artificial intelligence on economic growth. Via empirical analyses under a series of econometric methods such as the province and year fixed effect model, the empirical result shows that artificial intelligence has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Namely, the artificial intelligence is a new engine for economic growth. Meanwhile, the empirical results also indicate that the investment and consumption has a significant and positive effect on economic growth. Oppositely, the inflation and government purchase have a significant negative effect on economic growth. These findings in this paper also provide some important evidences for policy-makers to perform precise behaviors so as to promote the economic growth. Moreover, these finding enriches existing literature on artificial intelligence and economic growth.

속눈썹용 원사의 물리적 성질 및 제품성능

손은종,안재상,윤혜준,신희영 한국염색가공학회 2022 韓國染色加工學會誌 Vol.34 No.4

In this study, the flat-section monofilaments of PBT for artificial eyelashes was developed, and the physical properties of the circular cross-section of artificial eyelashes were compared and observed, and the main performance of the artificial eyelash prototype was observed through processing for artificial eyelashes. In addition, a satisfaction survey of the prototype was conducted through a survey of consumers and artificial eyelash operators. It was found that the bending stiffness value of the monofilaments increased significantly as the thickness increased. As a result of measuring the bending properties of the flat-section PBT monofilaments, the bending stiffness was significantly lower than that of the circular-section PBT specimens of the same thickness. The deformed cross-section PBT monofilaments with flat cross sections developed in this study showed a light weight factor of less than 50% compared to the existing circular cross-section PBT ones. The adhesive strength of the developed PBT artificial specimens was greater than that of the existing circular cross-section yarn. It was also observed that the curl stability over time was excellent. As a result of the consumer survey, it was possible to obtain more than 85% of positive answers in the case of consumer subjects, and it was possible to investigate that the satisfaction of the operator subjects was more than 80% compared to the existing round-section eyelashes.

1차 세계대전의 “가장 큰 공포”와 싸우기: 미국적십자의 국내외 활동으로 본 전쟁 장애와 미국의 의지(artificial limb)기술

이현주 한국미국사학회 2023 미국사연구 Vol.58 No.-

본 논문에서는 1차 세계대전 참전군인 및 비전투 절단 장애인에 대한 미국적십자의 대응과 관련해 이 시기 미국의 의지 기술을 분석한다. 20세기 초를 살아가던 사람들에게 1차 세계대전은 상상하기 어려운 참혹한 전쟁이었다. 언론 통제가 엄격하게 이루어지던 시기임에도 불구하고, 미국에서는 심각한 부상으로 영구 장애를 입은 군인들의 귀환과 사회 복귀가 사회적, 국가적 문제로 대두 되었다. 미국이 참전한 이듬해인 1918년, ‘장애인을 위한 미국적십자 기관(The Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men)’의 원장이었던 더글라스 C. 맥머트리(Douglas Crawford McMurtrie, 1888-1944)는 “전쟁에서 가장 큰 공포(The greatest terror in war)는 장애를 입고 집으로 돌아올 수 있다는 것이다”라고 적었다. 미국적십자는 비영리 구호 기관으로서 미국 정부와 협력하여 활동하며, 미국이 1차 세계대전에 참전하기 전에도 이미 유럽 전선에서 부상자를 지원하고, 국제 구호 활동을 수행하는 데 중요한 역할을 했다. 이 시대 의지 기술(artificial limb technology)과 관련 정책에 대해서는 대체로 일국적 관점에서 연구되어 왔으나, 이 글은 미국적십자의 역사적 활동을 통해 이 주제를 보다 넓은 국제적 관점에서 살펴볼 필요성을 제기하며, 1차 세계대전기 의지 기술의 발전과 관련 정책의 역사적 의의를 논한다. This article analyzes the American Red Cross’s response to World War I veterans and noncombatant civilian amputees, and artificial limb technology. For individuals living during the early 20th century, World War I represented an exceptionally harrowing conflict. Despite stringent media censorship, the repatriation and societal reintegration of soldiers who had sustained grave injuries resulting in enduring disabilities emerged as a substantial social and national concern in the United States. In 1918, Douglas C. McMurtrie (1888-1944), director of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, conveyed a poignant perspective: “The greatest terror in war has been the prospect of returning home disabled.” Working in partnership with the US government, the military, and other private charity institutions, the American Red Cross played an instrumental role as an international relief organization. Prior to the United States’s entry into the war, the American Red Cross was actively engaged in providing support to wounded soldiers in belligerent countries. When the war began, the organization fully expanded its humanitarian assistance to include civilians, although it limited aid to Allied countries. While the subject of artificial limb technology and associated policies during this era has traditionally been examined from a national standpoint, this paper posits the necessity for a broader international perspective. By scrutinizing this topic through the historical prism of Red Cross initiatives and assessing its domestic and overseas activities, this study delves into the historical significance of the advancements in artificial limb technology and related policies during the war.

Artificial Intelligence and the Virtual Multi-Door ODR Platform for Small Value Cross-Border e-Commerce Disputes

정용균 한국중재학회 2019 중재연구 Vol.29 No.3

In recent times, the volume of cross-border e-commerce has witnessed an upward trend and has been accompanied by increased disputes, with cross-border e-commerce being characterized mainly by low value and large volume issues. For this reason, Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) was formed to carry out dispute resolutions in cross-border e-commerce. A virtual multi-door ODR platform for small value, cross-border disputes in e-commerce is then proposed in this paper. For a couple of decades, researchers have tried to employ Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Law. However, it turns out that they were faced with a couple of obstacles to integrate AI to Law since it is highly difficult to program AI to process the common sense of a human being. For example, AI cannot assimilate the affective side of a human being, and it is problematic to integrate a human being's common sense into the AI system. Considering this situation, this study puts forward an ODR model for cross-border e-commerce in the evolutionary perspective.

EFFECT OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF 6 NICKEL-TITANIUM ROTARY INSTRUMENTS ON THE FATIGUE FRACTURE UNDER CYCLIC FLEXURAL STRESS : A FRACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Hwang, Soo-Youn,Oh, So-Ram,Lee, Yoon,Lim, Sang-Min,Kum, Kee-Yeon 대한치과보존학회 2009 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.34 No.5

This study aimed to assess the influence of different cross-sectional area on the cyclic fatigue fracture of Ni-Ti rotary files using a fatigue tester incorporating cyclical axial movement. Six brands of Ni-Ti rotary files (ISO 30 size with. 04 taper) of 10 each were tested: Alpha system (KOMET), HeroShaper (MicroMega), K3 (SybronEndo), Mtwo (VDW), NRT (Mani), and ProFile (Dentsply). A fatigue-tester (Denbotix) was designed to allow cyclic tension and compressive stress on the tip of the instrument. Each file was mounted on a torque controlled motor (Aseptico) using a 1:20 reduction contra-angle and was rotated at 300 rpm with a continuous, 6 mm axial oscillating motion inside an artificial steel canal. The canal had a 60˚ angle and a 5 mm radius of curvature. Instrument fracture was visually detected and the time until fracture was recorded by a digital stop watch. The data were analyzed statistically. Fractographic analysis of all fractured surfaces was performed to determine the fracture modes using a scanning electron microscope. Cross-sectional area at 3 mm from the tip of 3 unused Ni-Ti instruments for each group was calculated using Image-Pro Plus (Imagej 1.34n, NIH). Results showed that NRT and ProFile had significantly longer time to fracture compared to the other groups (p < .05). The cross-sectional area was not significantly associated with fatigue resistance. Fractographycally, all fractured surfaces demonstrated a combination of ductile and brittle fracture. In conclusion, there was no significant relationship between fatigue resistance and the cross-sectional area of Ni-Ti instruments under experimental conditions. 본 연구의 목적은 니켈 티타늄 전동파일의 피로 파절에 파일의 단면 형태가 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 6 종의 ProFile (Dentsply), Mtwo (VDW), K3 (SybronEndo), Heroshaper (MicroMega), NRT (Mani), Alpha system (KOMET) 니켈-티타늄 전동 파일(ISO 30 size/.04 taper)을 각 10개씩 실험군으로 배정하고 실험을 진행하였다. 니켈 티타늄 전동파일에 반복적인 장력과 압축력을 재현시킬 수 있는 피로파절 실험기(Denbotix)와 연결된 토크 조절 전동모터(Aseptico)에 각 군의 파일을 연결하여 300rpm 속도로 만곡도가 60도이고 5mm의 반경을 가진 인공 금속 근관 내를 6 mm pecking depth로 작동시켰다. 각 파일의 파절시간을 측정하고 통계 분석하여 유의성을 분석하였으며, 각 군의 파절된 모든 파일의 파절면을 주사전자현미경을 이용한 fractographic analysis를 통해 파절 역학을 규명하였다. 또한 각 군에서 3개의 사용하지 않은 새 파일을 clear resin에 매몰하고tip에서부터 3mm 지점을 횡절단하여 Image-Pro Plus (Imagej 1.34n, NIH) 소프트웨어로 절단면의 단면적을 측정하고 단면적의 크기와 피로 파절과의 상관성도 평가하였다. 실험 결과 NRT와 ProFile이 다른 실험군에 비해서 유의성 있게 높은 피로 파절 저항성을 보였다(P < .05). 또한 파일의 단면적은 피로파절 저항성과 통계학적인 유의성은 보이지 않았다. Fractographic analysis 결과 모든 시편에서 파절면은 ductile fracture와 brittle fracture가 혼재된 양상으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 니켈 티타늄 전동 파일의 단면적의 크기는 피로파절 저항과는 상관성이 적었다.

Developing a thermal grafting process for zwitterionic polymers on cross-linked polyethylene with geometry-independent grafting thickness

Lim, Chung-Man,Hur, Joon,Jang, Ho,Seo, Ji-Hun Elsevier 2019 ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Vol.85 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To overcome the drawbacks of the UV grafting method, an alternative, thermal grafting process is suggested. The uniform and geometry-independent grafting of zwitterionic polymers on curved cross-linked polyethylene (CLPE), which is used in artificial hip joints, surface was successfully achieved. Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) and poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide) (PMEDSAH) were grafted on the CLPE by two methods: a UV-based process and a thermal process. The thermal method yielded zwitterionic surfaces with similar hydrophilicities and graft layer thicknesses to those prepared via the UV grafting method. The X-ray photoelectron spectra and surface zeta potential results showed that the PMPC and PMEDSAH layers were successfully grafted onto the CLPE surface. In addition, 3-D confocal microscopy, as well as friction and wear volume tests, confirmed that there was a significant decrease in the friction coefficient and wear, which indicates that the thermal grafting method can successfully substitute the UV grafting method. The thermally grafted polymer showed uniform graft layer thickness on the curved CLPE surface, whereas the UV-grafted polymer showed a geometry-dependent heterogeneous graft layer thickness. Thus, we confirmed that the thermal grafting method is advantageous for the preparation of uniform grafting layers on artificial joint surfaces with complicated shapes.</P> <P><B>Statement of Significance</B></P> <P>Formation of uniform grafting thickness of the zwitterionic polymers on the implant materials is a very important issue in the field of biomaterials. In this study, a thermal grafting process was developed for the formation of the uniform grafting thickness of the zwitterionic polymers on the curved cross-linked polyethylene (CLPE) surface used in artificial hip-joint. This method yielded zwitterionized CLPE surfaces with similar hydrophilicities and friction coefficient to those prepared via the UV grafting method which has been widely used process to modify the implant surfaces. Furthermore, the thermally grafted CLPE surface showed geometry-independent uniform grafting thickness on the curved CLPE surface while UV-grafted one showed uneven grafting thickness. This grafting method could help the development of complex, personalized, and biocompatible artificial liner surfaces.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Artificial Intelligence and the Virtual Multi-Door ODR Platform for Small Value Cross-Border e-Commerce Disputes

Chung, Yongkyun The Korean Association of Arbitration Studies 2019 중재연구 Vol.29 No.3

In recent times, the volume of cross-border e-commerce has witnessed an upward trend and has been accompanied by increased disputes, with cross-border e-commerce being characterized mainly by low value and large volume issues. For this reason, Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) was formed to carry out dispute resolutions in cross-border e-commerce. A virtual multi-door ODR platform for small value, cross-border disputes in e-commerce is then proposed in this paper. For a couple of decades, researchers have tried to employ Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Law. However, it turns out that they were faced with a couple of obstacles to integrate AI to Law since it is highly difficult to program AI to process the common sense of a human being. For example, AI cannot assimilate the affective side of a human being, and it is problematic to integrate a human being's common sense into the AI system. Considering this situation, this study puts forward an ODR model for cross-border e-commerce in the evolutionary perspective.