12.3세기 해항도시 베네치아의 역사적 형성 - 해항도시의 역사적 개념화를 위해

현재열 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2009 해항도시문화교섭학 Vol.0 No.1

This article aims to interrogate the historical formation of Venice as a sea port city by looking at its political and commercial evolution from the beginning to the 12th and 13th centuries, particularly its envolvement with the transregional trade networks. A sea port city has three attributes: Sea; harbor; quality as a link of a network. We think that most important of them is the quality as a link of a network. From the beginning, Venice built up on the sea had to living on trading with neighbor land areas. Around 1000 A.D., she attempted to advance herself to the Sea by sweeping away the Adriatic pirates. But the contents and size of Venice's trade and networks were local and limited at that time. By 12th century, Venice arranged its own political structures, and had taken a regime of republic as a Commune. And she had the manifest legal institutions and the financial and economic systems, as such Collenganza. since then. In addition, she succeeded in the advancement into the East Mediterranean by means of the Golden Bulle from the Byzantine Emperor of 1082 A.D. and the conquest of Constantinople in 1204.Venice, thereafter, became the supreme of East Mediterranean, and linked to the trade network of Afro-Eurasia which connected the Levant with the Indies. Venice, therefore, took entirely the quality as a link of transregional network only at that time. This means that Venice had emerged a sea port city since the 13th century. This article aims to interrogate the historical formation of Venice as a sea port city by looking at its political and commercial evolution from the beginning to the 12th and 13th centuries, particularly its envolvement with the transregional trade networks. A sea port city has three attributes: Sea; harbor; quality as a link of a network. We think that most important of them is the quality as a link of a network. From the beginning, Venice built up on the sea had to living on trading with neighbor land areas. Around 1000 A.D., she attempted to advance herself to the Sea by sweeping away the Adriatic pirates. But the contents and size of Venice's trade and networks were local and limited at that time. By 12th century, Venice arranged its own political structures, and had taken a regime of republic as a Commune. And she had the manifest legal institutions and the financial and economic systems, as such Collenganza. since then. In addition, she succeeded in the advancement into the East Mediterranean by means of the Golden Bulle from the Byzantine Emperor of 1082 A.D. and the conquest of Constantinople in 1204.Venice, thereafter, became the supreme of East Mediterranean, and linked to the trade network of Afro-Eurasia which connected the Levant with the Indies. Venice, therefore, took entirely the quality as a link of transregional network only at that time. This means that Venice had emerged a sea port city since the 13th century.

중세 해상 제국 베네치아 -신화인가, 실체인가?

남종국 ( Jong Kuk Nam ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2015 人文論叢 Vol.72 No.3

베네치아의 역사는 그 자체가 신화이다. 특히 다수의 역사가들은 중세 후반 베네치아 공화국이 달성한 위대한 업적을 근거로 베네치아를 중세 해상 제국이라 부르는데 주저하지 않는다. 본 논문은 해상 제국베네치아라는 개념이 과장된 신화에 지나지 않는지 아니면 그에 걸맞은 실질적인 힘과 위상을 가지고 있었는지를 알아보고자 한다. 4차 십자군의 “승리”로 베네치아는 비잔티움 제국의 8분의 3을 획득했고 이후 동지중해에서 바다 영토(stato da mar)를 건설했다. 14세기 말 이후 베네치아는 이탈리아 본토로 진출해 육상 영토(stato da terra)를 건설했다. 베네치아는 동지중해의 바다 영토와 이탈리아 반도 내의 육상 영토를 여러 강대국에 맞서 꽤 오랫동안 지켜냈다. 그렇지만 영토의 규모라는 외형적 기준에서만 판단할 때 베네치아는 제국의 위상에 걸맞은 식민지를 확보하지 못했다. 실제로 베네치아의 해외 영토와 이탈리아 반도 내의 영토를 모두 합치더라도 전성기의 로마제국에 비하면 한없이 보잘 것 없어 보인다. 그러나 중세 베네치아는 거대 제국들이 제국을 운영하면서 겪었던 많은 문제들과 동일한 상황에 직면했고 이를 나름의 방식으로 해결했다. 더 나아가 중세 후반 인구10만 정도의 작은 섬나라 베네치아가 비잔티움 제국, 신성 로마 제국,오스만 제국 등 당시 제일 규모의 제국을 상대로 경쟁할 수 있었다는 사실 자체가 베네치아가 제국의 위상을 지녔음을 보여준다. 또한 중세 말 베네치아의 지배 세력들은 베네치아를 사실상의 제국으로 인식하고 있었다. 그들은 베네치아를 새로운 로마로 간주했고 실제로 베네치아를 제국으로 칭했다. 베네치아의 적들도 베네치아의 위대함을 칭송하거나 베네치아가 제국이 되려한다고 비난했다. 여러 역사적 사실들을 고려할 때 15세기 베네치아는 제국으로 불릴만한 자격을 가지고 있었다. The history of Venice itself is a myth. Numerous historians do not hesitate in labelling Venice as a maritime empire, considering that it made a great expansion of Venetian domain in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the mainland of Italy in the Later Middle Ages. This article aims to review whether the concept of Venice as a maritime empire is only a myth or if Venice had the power and authority fit for an empire. Venice established a kind of maritime empire called Stato da Mar in the Eastern Mediterranean as the Fourth Crusade had come to conquer the Byzantine empire in 1204. Since the late Fourteenth century, Venice made an expansion towards the Italian peninsula and established Stato da Terra. Venice succeeded in maintaining these two foreign territories for some centuries against several great powers including the Ottoman Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean and France, and the Holy Roman empire in Europe. Venice``s numerous enemies accused it of aiming toward the empire both on land and on sea. Several aspects considered, the fifteenth century Venice deserves to be called as an empire.

사랑과 죽음의 도시 베네치아 : 토마스 만의 『베네치아에서의 죽음』에 나타난 베네치아 이미지 연구

조현천(Cho Hyun-Chon) 역사문화학회 2011 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.14 No.1

베네치아는 동양과 서양을 연결해주는 바다의 도시이다. 이런 중계자적 성격을 지닌 베네치아는 당연히 개방적이고, 이 개방성이 빚어낸 혼종성이 이 도시의 문화와 역사를 형성하고 있다. 작가에게 중요한 것은 사실의 재현이 아니라 본질에 대한 통찰력임은 주지의 사실이다. 독일작가 토마스 만(1875~1955)은 동양과 서양이 혼재된 이원적 도시 베네치아를 보면서 인간의 삶과 존재방식을 인식하게 된다. 동양과 서양의 혼재라는 내용이 아니라 이원성 내지는 혼종성이 핵심이며, 또 그것이 우리의 삶과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있다는 것이다. 삶은 유한하고, 인간은 완전을 갈구한다. 절대적인 아름다움이 완전이라고 할 때 이 완전성은 죽음을 통해 이루어지는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 토마스 만의 소설 『베네치아에서의 죽음』은 이런 인간의 본능적 동경을 절대적인 아름다움과 치명적인 죽음이 공존하는 베네치아의 모습으로 형상화시키고 있다. From the Western perspective, Venice is a city of water connecting East and West. This intermediary character has made Venice naturally open-minded, and the hybridity created by that open-mindedness has helped shape the city's culture and history. This hybridity was naturally understood by the writer Thomas Mann. Familiarized with diversity during his adolescent years in the port city of Lubeck, Mann took great delight in creating dualistic worlds through novels. Of course we must not forget, as many critics have indicated, that the contrasting temperaments of paternity and maternity contributed to the formation of those dualistic worlds. In this paper, the researcher analyzes the influence of space on human life and modes of existence by defining Venice as a city possessed of a fatal beauty which accompanies death. It also views the character Tadzio as the anthropomorphization of the Dionysiac city of Venice embodying a mix of absolute beauty and thanatos. Aschenbach, who has lived his entire life in Apollonian fashion, perceives that the writer's block he experiences is rooted in a suppression of his Dionysiac temperament, and he thus ventures to the Dionysiac city of Venice. He relishes the city's beauty, but the price exacted for that beauty is life. But here death cannot be viewed as simply nihilistic or terminal. Just as in Greek mythology, diversity and nothingness are bases for creativity, death can also be viewed as a search for the possibility of new life. So viewed, Aschenbach’s death is the longing for a new completeness, and Venice is the stage symbolizing that longing.

12·13세기 해항도시 베네치아의 역사적 형성

현재열(Hyun, Jae-Youl) 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2009 해양도시문화교섭학 Vol.- No.1

This article aims to interrogate the historical formation of Venice as a sea port city by looking at its political and commercial evolution from the beginning to the 12th and 13th centuries, particularly her involvement with the transregional trade networks. A sea port city has three attributes : Sea ; harbor, quality as a link of a network. We think that most important of them is the quality as a link of a network. From the beginning, Venice built up on the sea had to living on trading with neighbor land areas. Around 1000 A.D., she attempted to advance herself to the Sea by sweeping away the Adriatic pirates. But the contents and size of Venice’s trade and networks were local and limited at that time. By 12th century, Venice arranged its own political structures, and had taken a regime of republic as a Commune. And she had the manifest legal institutions and the financial and economic systems, as such Collenganza since then. In addition, she succeeded in the advancement into the East Mediterranean by means of the Golden Bulle from the Byzantine Emperor of 1082 A.D. and the conquest of Constantinople in 1204. Venice, thereafter, became the supreme of East Mediterranean, and linked to the trade network of Afro-Eurasia which connected the Levant with the Indies. Venice, therefore, took entirely the quality as a link of transregional network only at that time. This means that Venice had emerged a sea port city since the 13th century.

혼종 지역성에 의한 영화 <베니스에서의 죽음>의 형이상학적 미학

신사빈 글로벌 문화콘텐츠학회 2017 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.30

Death in Venice, which is a drama film directed by Luchino Visconti based on Thomas Mann's homonymous novella, excels at describing and expressing the atmosphere of the region of Venice. In particular, metaphysical aesthetics of Venice that are embodied through its hybridized regional identity in the film carry various implications, such as aesthetic objects, forms, contents, categories, and experiences. More specifically, Venice, as an aesthetic object, conveys the images of openness and heterogeneity on one hand and the images of hybridization and assimilation on the other hand. Video and music, as aesthetic forms, converge into synesthetic imagery, whereas fantasy and existence, as aesthetic contents, also converge into synesthetic imagery. Based on these close links, the different aesthetic categories of pure aesthetics (i.e., beauty, sublime, and tragedy) and the aesthetics of characteristics (i.e., ugliness, vulgarity, and repulsion) coexist, and the ambivalent feelings of sympathy and criticism also coexist equivocally as aesthetic experiences. The regional identity of Venice, i.e., a fictional city with metaphysical aesthetic nature, can be recognized only with a plurality of philosophies of value. In this era when the identity of regional culture is increasingly globalized and an external hybridity is often considered as the prevailing trend, Death in Venice, as exemplary creative cultural contents, appreciates the meaning and value of hybridized culture based on strengthened internal hybridity. 토마스 만의 소설 『베니스에서의 죽음』을 바탕으로 한 루키노 비스콘티 감독의 동명의 영화는 베니스라는 특정 지역의 감각과 묘사에 뛰어나다. 특히 혼종 지역성에 의한 베니스의 형이상학적 미학은 미적 대상과 형식, 내용, 범주, 체험 등에 이르기까지 다양한 함의를 내포한다. 미적 대상으로서의 베니스는 개방화와 이질화의 이미지를 생성하는 한편, 혼종화와 동질화의 이미지까지 발현하는 미학적 사고방식을 견지한다. 그리고 미적 형식은 영상과 음악이, 또 미적 내용은 환상 과 실존이, 각각 공감각적인 심상으로 결합된다. 이렇게 긴밀한 연결 고리들을 통하여 미적 범주는 순수미(미美와 숭고, 비장)와 특성미(추醜와 비속, 혐오)가, 미적 체험은 공감과 비판의 양가감정이, 각각 모호하게 공존한다. 형이상학적 미학을 지닌 베니스라는 상상의 도시는 지역 정체성을 파악하는 데 다중의 가치 철학을 갖게 한다. 지역 문화의 정체성이 날로 세계화되는 이 시대에 외형적 혼종성이 대세의 흐름인 양 여겨지는 세태에 창의적인 문화 콘텐츠의 예시로서 영화 <베니스에서의 죽음>은 내재적 혼종성의 보강에 의한 문화 혼종성의 의미와 가치를 새삼 되새겨 보게 한다.

바다 위에 도시를 건설하다

현재열,김나영 부산대학교 인문학연구소 2010 코기토 Vol.- No.68

베네치아는 바다에 면하여 건설되었고 상업 네트워크의 결절점으로 기능했다는 점에서 전형적인 해항도시이다. 그렇지만 해항도시로서 베네치아의 첫째가는 특징은 그것이 바다 위에 건설된 도시라는 점이다. 베네치아는 12․13세기에 해항도시로서의 형태를 취하면서 해양제국으로의 발전을 시작하였다. 그러므로 그 시대 베네치아의 도시 조직과 주거 형태를 조명하는 것은 해항도시의 도시적 성격을 이해하는 데 큰 기여를 할 것이다. 12․13세기 베네치아의 도시 조직과 주거 형태를 검토해서 얻은 특징은 다음과 같다. 1. 아랍의 이슬람 도시와 비견될 정도의 복잡하고 유기적인 도시 공간구조, 2. 도시 형성 과정에서 자생적으로 발생한 교구 공동체에 기반한 다핵적 도시 조직, 3. 운하와 다리, 가로를 통해 도시 전체를 통합하여 이루어진 중심성, 4. 주택 구성과 형태에서 알 수 있는 개방성과 폐쇄성, 5. 모든 주거 형태에서 볼 수 있는 삼열 내지 이열 공간구조, 6. 블록형 주택에서 L자형 주택으로의 발전. 특히 이런 특징들 전부가 우리가 관심을 두고 있는 두 세기 동안에 두드러지게 등장했고 이것이 베네치아의 정치적, 행정적, 경제적 변화와 밀접한 관련 하에 일어났다는 점이 가장 중요하다. 다시 말해 상업 네트워크의 결절점과 함께 도시 조직과 주거 형태 측면에서도 베네치아는 전형적인 해항도시로 완성되었던 것이다. Venice is typical of the sea port city in that it had been constructed in front of the sea and had served as a node of the commercial network. The first characteristic of Venice as a sea port city, however, is that it is a city constructed on the sea. Venice commenced in earnest to develop into the maritime empire taking the form as a sea port city in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. To illuminate on the urban spatial structure and housing form of Venice at those times, therefore, would contribute greatly to understand the urban character of sea port city. When one examines the urban structure and housing form of Venice in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries from this viewpoint, their peculiarities are as follows: First, the complicated and organic urban spatial structure enough to match with the Islamic Arab cities; second, the multi-nuclei urban structure on the base of parrocchia communities originated spontaneously in the process of urban formation; third, the centrality generated by integrating the whole city through the medium of canals, bridges and roads; four, the openness and closed-ness revealed from the housing composition and form; five, the spatial structure of three or two line composition showed by all of housing forms; six, the development from the block type housing to the L type housing. Especially, most important, All of these peculiarities had emerged markedly over two centuries under our concerns and this emergence had occurred in close connection with the political, administrative, and economic changes of Venice. In other words, alongside a node of commercial network, Venice had been completed as a typical sea port city in the aspect of its urban spatial structure and housing form.

베네치아 문화 전시(展示) 정책에서 보이는 비잔티움 이미지 -4차 십자군 시대를 중심으로-

최혜영 ( Hae Young Choi ) 한국서양중세사학회 2013 西洋中世史硏究 Vol.0 No.31

The complex relationship between the Venetian and the Byzantine culture in the Middle Ages poses interesting questions to us. This paper is to trace the cultural policy of Venice in relation to the Byzantine Empire around the period of the fourth Crusade. In the early Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire, as the Successor of the Roman Empire, was highly esteemed by western countries for its authority, its power, and its wealth. However, as time went on, the Byzantine Empire became the object of contempt by the West. One of the turning points of this dramatic shift was the fourth Crusade, when Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, was conquered by the Crusade in 1204. the role of Venice for the conquest of Constantinople was conclusive and it was also Venice who most enjoyed fruits of the conquest. To justify their conquest of Constantinople, the Venetians needed to disparage the Byzantine Empire, emphasizing on her heretical religion (i.e. the Greek Orthodox) and immorality. In addition, to legitimize their new empire, they adopted two complementary policies, which found expression in the exhibition-policy of holy relics and artifacts plundered from the Byzantine Empire. Many of the most important spoils of Venice, added after 1204, made the Venetians proclaim themselves as the rebuilders of the Byzantine Empire, or even as the true heir of the ancient Roman Empire. The message of this was clear: God permitted those spoils and made Venice`s authority over under the duty of Venice through the divine justice. This ideology could also help rule those who once belonged to the Byzantine territory. The more pore powerful Venice appeared, the more repudiated the Byzantine Empire. This ideology was blossomed during the Enlightenment period, especially by Gibbon, Voltaire and others, when "the Otherness of the Byzantine Empire" became unquestionable for the Western Europeans.

Internal or External Crisis? The Venetians and Greeks in the Councils of Venetian Crete in the 14th Century

Ryota TAKADA 한국서양중세사학회 2024 西洋中世史硏究 Vol.0 No.53

After the Fourth Crusades, the Venetian Republic began to build colonies in the ports and islands in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is well known that the social and political structure of the colonies were very similar to that of the mother city. The reasons for this can be explained to some extent by Venetian immigration. The promotion of Venice led its citizens, including some major families of the nobles, to live in newly acquired cities or ports outside the mother city. In other words, Venice’s colonial policy had its own foundation on the Venetian immigrants in the Eastern Mediterranean. On the other hand, Venice established the Councils in its colonies, an organization that F. Thiriet describes as very similar to the political system of the mother city. However, A. Papadhia-Lala revealed through her recent synthetic analysis of Venetian colonial political organizations that there is a range between openness and closure in the character of various Venetian colonies formed in the Eastern Mediterranean between the 13th to 18th centuries. Venice has develop d and adopted its colonial governance more suited to the local communities it governed. The Councils of Candia, the capital of Venetian Crete, is said to be one of the examples of a closed communal political organization. The island was one of the first colonies of Venice. For this reason, Venice has established its councils very similar to its own organizations. F. Thiriet applied the character of the councils of Candia to all the other communal councils of the Venetian colonies. Although recorded only from 1341 to 1363, the summary of deliberations of these Councils was one of the most important sources for analyzing the function of the councils and the relationship between the local community of Candia and Venice. From a certain point of view, the councils of Candia showed a character quite different from that of the mother city. The political leaders were not limited to the Venetians. A small number of Greek families of Crete had suffrage and often played important roles, such as the task of coastal defense against the danger of invasions of the Turkish Anatolian beylics. Non-Venetian citizens of Candia often held positions of political leadership in the local councils. The status of the local councilors themselves was also ambiguous. It is well known that after the “The Great Council Lockout” in 1297, members of the Great Council in Venice were defined as nobles. Such a definition, however, does not apply to the colonial community in Candia. This is because the establishment of its political system preceded the formation of aristocracy in the mother city. The Venetian descents in Candia soon found it difficult to identify themselves as an “elite” within the Venetian colonial rule.

The Vicissitudes of Venetian Society in Byron’s Ode on Venice

유지애 신영어영문학회 2010 신영어영문학 Vol.47 No.-

Little critical attention has been paid to Byron’s evident thematic concern with the significance of mutable phenomena inherent within the city of Venice. The main purpose of this article is to investigate how Byron’s Ode on Venice depicts the changeability and ironic consequences of man’s activities and obtainments in Venetian society. The paper focuses on the transient and paradoxical sides of the Venetian world, which concern the Venetians’ search for glory, freedom and positive cultural achievements. It contends that Ode on Venice embodies the cyclical pattern of the vicissitudes of Venetian society, which encompasses both its magnificent and disgraceful aspects. The poet gradually unfolds the multifaceted layers of Venice such as the rise and decline of the Venetians’ desires and pursuits. In doing this, he accentuates the unremitting power of man’s vibrant spirit, which does not succumb to the transient and ironic boundaries of human attempts and endeavors.

The Vicissitudes of Venetian Society in Byron’s Ode on Venice

Jie-Ae Yu 신영어영문학회 2010 신영어영문학 Vol.47 No.-

Little critical attention has been paid to Byron’s evident thematic concern with the significance of mutable phenomena inherent within the city of Venice. The main purpose of this article is to investigate how Byron’s Ode on Venice depicts the changeability and ironic consequences of man’s activities and obtainments in Venetian society. The paper focuses on the transient and paradoxical sides of the Venetian world, which concern the Venetians’ search for glory, freedom and positive cultural achievements. It contends that Ode on Venice embodies the cyclical pattern of the vicissitudes of Venetian society, which encompasses both its magnificent and disgraceful aspects. The poet gradually unfolds the multifaceted layers of Venice such as the rise and decline of the Venetians’ desires and pursuits. In doing this, he accentuates the unremitting power of man’s vibrant spirit, which does not succumb to the transient and ironic boundaries of human attempts and endeavors.