Urban Thermo-profiles and Community Structure of Quercus mongolica Forests along an Urban-rural Land Use Gradient: Implications for Management and Restoration of Urban Ecosystems

조용찬,조현제,이창석 한국생태학회 2009 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.32 No.3

Land cover changes associated with urbanization have driven climate change and pollution, which alter properties of ecosystems at local, regional, and continental scales. Thus, the relationships among urban ecological variables such as community composition, structure, health, soil and functioning need to be better understood to restore and improve urban ecosystems. In this study, we discuss urban ecosystem management and research from a futuristic perspective based on analyses of vegetation structure, composition, and succe-ssional trends, as well as the chemical properties of soils and the distribution of heat along an urban-rural gradient. Urban thermo-profile analysis using satellite images showed an obvious mitigating effect of vegetation on the Seoul heat island. Community attributes of Quercus mongolica stands reflected the effects of urbanization, such as pronounced increases in disturbance-related and pollution-tolerant species, such as Styrax japonica and Sorbus alnifolia. Retrogressive successional trends were detected in urban sites relative to those in rural sites. Changes in the urban climate and biotic environment have the potential to significantly influence the practice and outcomes of ecological management, restoration and forecasting because of the associated changes in future bio-physical settings. Thus, for management (i.e., creation and restoration) of urban green spaces, forward-thinking perspectives supported by historical information are necessary.

귀농 만족도가 역귀농 의향에 미치는 영향

김세혁,김태균 한국농식품정책학회 2023 농업경영정책연구 Vol.50 No.4

The sustainable development of agricultural and rural areas is an important factor in balanced national development, and the urban-to-rural migrants policy is one of the important policies that support it. To this end, a policy to reduce the reverse urban-to-rural migrants is just as important as a policy to increase the urban-to-rural migrants. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of urban-to-rural migrants’ satisfaction on reverse urban-to-rural intention and to provide policy implications. It is assumed that urban-to-rural migrants' satisfaction and reverse urban-to-rural migrate intention have mutual endogeneity. In addition, the factors that urban-torural migrants satisfaction can be divided into economic satisfaction and life satisfaction. Therefore the three dependent variables have a correlation with each other, and the analysis used by trivariate probit model. The results show that for people who have debts related to urban-to-rural migration, the lower the family’s positive support in urban-to-rural migration, the urban native, and the younger the age, the higher intention to reverse urban-to-rural migration. The results also indicate that the lower the economic satisfaction and life satisfaction, the higher the intention to reverse urban-to-rural migration. Therefore, the development of policies that increase economic and life satisfaction is also an important matter. The results of this study are expected to provide useful information for policies to reduce reverse urban-to-rural migrants.

Driving factors of urban sprawl in Giza governorate of the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Region using a logistic regression model

Taher Osman,Prasanna Divigalpitiya,Takafumi Arima 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2016 도시과학국제저널 Vol.20 No.3

Since the 1950s, The Greater Cairo Metropolitan Region (GCMR) has witnessed an unprecedented rate of urban sprawl that has been mainly concentrated in arable lands against urban planning regulations, and has presented a critical challenge to the urban environment and serious corrosion for arable lands. Thus, the need to identify the driving factor of sprawl is crucial to understand the future of the GCMR urban environment and to overcome the serious challenges of rapid urbanization. We focused on the Giza governorate as a critical area in the GCMR and divided it into three sub-sectors to collect data and analyse. A primary list of driving factors was identified by literature review. Later this list was narrowed down to seven factors after interviews with local urban experts and consideration of the availability of data. Next, a logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate those factors with data derived from existing maps and remotely sensed data for the period of 2004–2013. An operating characteristic (ROC) evaluation of the logistic regression analysis gave high accuracy rates for the entire study area. The findings of the research revealed decreasing significance of the CBD and Nile River as drivers of sprawl. The most significant factors according to the analysis were neighbourhood factors, local urban centres, and accessibility factors of distances to urban uses and major roads. The research suggests more future urban expansion by the existing urban cores and along major roads, leading to more informal urban settlements. It also points to the possibility of persistent deterioration in the urban built environment and agricultural lands. Thus, these findings should be applied to actual urban planning policies, and development regulations should be strengthened to protect the urban environment from further deterioration.

The Effects of Urbanization Process on Urban-Rural Income Gap based on the Feasible Generalized Least Squares

YANG Jun 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.8 No.10

This paper uses the method of empirical data to draw a trend analysis on the current situation and investigate the effect of urbanization on the income gap between urban and rural areas based on the data in 29 provinces in China from 1995 to 2010 and feasible generalized least squares method. Current situation analysis shows that urbanization is the important factors that affect the income gap between urban and rural areas. In the different stages of economic and social development, urbanization has different effect on the income gap between urban and rural areas. Empirical estimates show that urbanization significantly promoted China’s income gap between urban and rural areas. For east, middle and west regions, the influence of urbanization on the local income gap also exists significant differences. Results show that different areas adjust measures to local conditions, and push the rural economic and social development through the urbanization is becoming an important approach to narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas of China.

An empirical study of urbanization effect on national income of the world with focusing China mainland

심종범 부산대학교 중국연구소 2017 Journal of China Studies Vol.20 No.3

This research on the correlation between urbanization rates and national incomes among the countries provide evidences for the effectiveness of urbanization based economic development. There are also common arguments that the Chinese government should actively promote the urbanization for economic growth. But this argument requires a more specific analysis of the policy environment in China. Because China has the potential food supply problems in the future due to population growth factor by Chinese authority policy. This is the reason why China should draw the appropriate level of urbanization. Therefore, Chinese authority should approach to the urbanization development issue very carefully. Urbanization development should be recognized with agriculture farmland conservation and high value added agricultural industry for sustainable growth in China mainland. The world's urbanization and economic development in the majority of the countries have directly proportional relationship. However, this research points that there have been relatively high urbanized countries among their national GNI of less than $ 20,000. We can find the existence of non-economic factors on the urbanization process of the country through this analysis. Furthermore other important research objective is to derive the more hopeful policy direction of Chinese development by analyzing the types of economic development of the world. In promoting urban and rural areas development, China have to take into account the balance of growth and increase of the productivity by high value-added agriculture with Chinese characteristic at the same time. Avoiding the indiscriminate urbanization, urbanization should be noted about the possibility of high value-added of the primary industry. Wealthy formation through the rural income increase is more preferred rather than factitious cities built in large scale. This way shall overcome the negative impact of food deficiency problems in the future. China's urbanization level of 70% will be the turning point of the growth strategy and China should further refine the balanced development of urban and rural development policy. This is why utility value of urbanization on economic growth means that each country could different. It should also be promoting the balanced development between urban and rural areas, including through active foreign capital investment for rural areas and the agricultural sector of the people living in rural optimized over existed metropolitan urbanization at the same time.

Spatial dimension of climate change vulnerability and urbanization relationship in Nigeria

Cletus Famous Nwankwo,Onyinyechi G. Ossai,Romanus U. Ayadiuno,Christopher C. Ikeogu 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2022 도시과학국제저널 Vol.26 No.4

The interaction between urbanization and climate change and their associated impact on human society is increasingly being documented. This study concerns the relationship between urbanization and climate change vulnerability. Specifically, it investigates the spatial aspect of the relationship between climate change vulnerability and urbanization in Nigeria. The study is vital because the relationship between urbanization and climate change in Africa has remained unclear. An exploration and comprehension of country-specific relationships in Africa have remained scarce. In Nigeria, efforts to research climate change vulnerability (CCV) have not looked at its connection with urbanization. Via an integrated vulnerability assessment and based on secondary data, the paper examines the effect of urbanization on climate change vulnerability. It argues that urbanization does not significantly increase CCV in Nigeria. It shows that urbanization and CCV have a significant negative relationship in Nigeria, suggesting that more urban states have lower levels of CCV than relatively more rural states. However, it indicates that relatively more urban states in Nigeria tend to have lower sensitivity and higher adaptive capacity to climate change, but there is no clear rural-urban difference in exposure to climate change. It follows that while there is a rural-urban disparity in CCV, individual components of vulnerability may exhibit a different relationship with urbanization. Thus, it concludes that the impact of climate change is dynamic and complex. Hence, there is a need to open the urbanization-climate change nexus to a lively debate to further climate change scholarship. Thus, while taking an all-inclusive approach to addressing climate change is desirable, it is vital also to explore the impacts of individual elements that comprise vulnerability.

Exploration of expansion patterns and prediction of urban growth for Colombo City, Sri Lanka

Jayasinghe Pavithra,Raghavan Venkatesh,Yonezawa Go 대한공간정보학회 2021 Spatial Information Research Vol.29 No.4

This study attempts to analyze and simulate urban growth pattern of Colombo city in Sri Lanka which is a dynamic and rapid urbanizing region. The spatiotemporal urban growth patterns during 1997–2019 were first analyzed by comparing Land Cover (LC) maps for time intervals between 1997–2008 and 2008–2019 using intensity and growth pattern analysis. Urban lands in Colombo have grown in a faster rate during 1997–2008 as compared to 2008–2019 period. The prominent spatial expansion pattern during 1997–2008 is outlying, as opposed to edge expansion which is predominant during 2008–2019. These major urban expansion patterns were modeled to predict the future urban structure of Colombo in 2030 using FUTURES (FUTure Urban-Regional Environment Simulation) model. FUTURES is a patch-based, multilevel modeling framework for simulating the emergence of landscape spatial structure in urbanizing regions. Simulated result generated from the model reveals substantial agreement with real ground urban changes showing a kappa value of 0.78. The model allows to predict three different scenarios, namely Business as Usual, Infill Growth and Sprawl showing over 100 km2 increase in urban lands by 2030. Predicted urban structure was then compared with proposed development plan. With certain limitations arising from available data, the model is effective in predicting possible urban scenarios and providing valuable inputs to support better decision making for sustainable development of Colombo city. The results demonstrated in this study would be useful in modelling urban growth in other cities and further validate the efficacy of the proposed workflow.

도시 구성체와 도시 커먼즈 : 대안적 도시 전환을 위한 개념적 고찰

이승원 한국공간환경학회 2023 공간과 사회 Vol.33 No.4

This paper aims to comprehensively develop the concept of ‘urban formation’ as part of a search for possibilities and alternative directions of urban transformation, in order to respond to the problems and crises caused by speculative urbanization not through its internal adjustment, but through an alternative transformation of the urban project. For this purpose, this paper first conceptualizes the relationship between ‘the city as assemblage’ and ‘the urban formation’ and explains how this conceptualization contributes to urban transformation as a field of practice. Next, the paper briefly conceptualizes the practical implications of ‘speculative urbanization’ in the hegemonic territorialization of the city as an assemblage today, and how catachresis and ban, which constitutively occur when certain urban formations are imperfectly represented, emerge in neoliberal urban projects that attribute ‘speculative urbanization’. Finally, the article explores the possibilities of constructing and representing the banned as the subject of subversion and emancipation against speculative urbanization articulating with the ‘urban commons’ movements.

랜드스케이프 어바니즘의 관점으로 본 춘천 G5 국제설계경기 출품작 분석

김아연,고미진,오형석,Kim Ah-Yeon,Koh Mi-Jin,Oh Hyung-Seok 한국조경학회 2006 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.34 No.3

A city evolves over time. It grows, transforms, and sometimes degrades. Chuncheon is at a turning point from a city souggling with regulations regarding clean water supply and a military encampment to a masterpiece city with a sustainable vision. The city is getting ready to restructure itself to become a world-famous culture and tourism complex expanding its physical boundary across the Camp Page site and absorbing Jungdo as a major tourist attraction. The landscape in the future blueprint of Chuncheon will play a great role in restructuring urban form. The regenerated in will have a new networked open space system as well as re-evaluated landscape resources. The hybrid theoretical practice called 'landscape urbanism' burgeoning in the fields between 'landscape architecture' and 'urbanism' can guide us in considering the terms of the relationship between a city and landscape when we design a future city Landscape urbanism is considered to be an effective framework by which we can diagnose the current status of a landscape in our contemporary urban design practice in Korea. This paper tries to provide a different perspective from the viewpoint of landscape urbanism to decipher the hidden implications of the social agreement on the role of landscape in urban structure by re-reading eight design proposals presented for the ChunCheon G5 international design competition based on the main principles of landscape urbanism. The G5 design competition is a great opportunity to test out new ideas on a city, demonstrating the relative values among various urban-design professional realms. First, this paper provides an overview of the main ideas of landscape urbanism based on the literature review and case studies. Second, framework categories are suggested in order to extract the explicit and implicit ideas on the landscape. Third, eight proposals are reviewed according to the suggested categories to situate the current landscape design of Korea within the mainstream of contemporary practice of landscape urbanism. Based on the review of eight proposals, the following diagnostic conclusions are made; first, the ideas of landscape urbanism have not been actively introduced in large-scaled urban landscape projects in Korea like Chuncheon G5. Second, it remains to be a big task for landscape professions to be able to participate in design consortiums on an equal footing. Third, In order to introduce and reify the ideas of landscape urbanism in Korea, it is inevitable and critical to test the ideas in both academic fields and professional practices to find the appropriately adjusted model of landscape urbanism.

지속 가능한 도시경영을 위한 중국 후난성 주요 도시의 공간적 성장 특징분석

양리쥔,김현철,안철옥 한국산업경영시스템학회 2022 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.45 No.3

Urban space expansion is an important symbol of the urbanization process and has always been an important topic in urban studies. In addition, for sustainable city management, it is important to identify factors that can influence, such as the driving force and direction of urban space expansion, from the stage of establishing an urban development plan. To understand these factors, by observing the expansion process of a specific city, it is possible to sufficiently observe how the urban spatial dimension changes. Through a series of processes, the spatial growth characteristics of the city are analyzed, and the influence and results of important factors are analyzed. For this purpose, this paper examines the changes in the city's outer boundary and land use structure through monitoring data on urban areas of 14 cities in Hunan Province, China from 2000 to 2016. Temporal and spatial regularity according to the urban space expansion of these cities were analyzed, and a preliminary assessment was made on whether the urban space expansion is coordinated with the urban population growth. The assessment result showed: (1) The urban space of most cities has been extended rapidly in 2000-2015 however, the rate and the intensity of urban space expanding has been declining. (2) The construction of the industrial park is the core driving force of the urban space expanding, and the change of the urban space structure is manifested as enclave city expansion because that the industrial park is usually far away from the city center. (3) The population agglomeration is another driving force of the urban space expanding. At this time, the urban space expanding is like boundary extension. (4) Except Changsha city, all of the cities has a high urbanization-area-growth elastic coefficient. It means that most of the cities should enhance the land use degree.