전통예술 공연 시장 확대를 위한 관객 유형화와 관객 유형 변화 요인에 관한 연구

임승희(Im, Seunghee) 한국문화산업학회 2014 문화산업연구 Vol.14 No.4

본 연구는 전통예술 시장 확대를 위해 전통예술 시장에 주목하여 전통예술 공연 관객층을 유형화하여 관객 유형별 차이를 규명하는 것을 주요 목적으로 설정하였다. 또한 관객 유형을 전통예술 공연에 대해 소극적 관객층을 보다 적극적인 관객층으로 변화시키는 요인을 밝힘으로써, 전통예술 공연 관객층을 확대하고 나아가 전통예술 공연 시장을 활성화할 수 있는 전략적 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 관객의 행동 특성인 관람빈도와 심리적 특성인 관심도에 따라 전통예술 공연에 대한 저빈도 관람-저관심형, 고빈도 관람-고관심형, 고빈도 관람-저관심형, 저빈도 관람-고관심형으로 관객을 유형화하였다. 또한 구분된 관객 유형에 따라 인구통계적 특성과 공연 구매행동의 특성을 비교분석 하였다. 또한, 정규교육 이외 전통문화예술교육 경험과 관련한 동호회 참여 경험이 관람빈도 및 관심도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 문화예술교육과 전통문화예술 관련 동호회 참여 경험은 저빈도 관람 관객을 고빈도 관람 관객으로 전환시키는데 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마찬가지로 전통문화예술교육과 관련 동호회 참여 경험은 전통예술에 대해 관심도가 낮은 관객층을 관심도가 높은 관객층으로 전환시키는데 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 전통예술 공연에 대한 관심 및 관람 빈도에 전통문화예술교육보다는 관련 동호회 참여 경험이 미치는 상대적 영향력이 더 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 이들의 영향력은 전통예술 공연 관심보다 관람 빈도 변화에 더 큰 것으로 검증되었다. 한편, 전통예술 관람 행동과 관심도간의 상호영향력을 검증한 결과, 전통문화예술에 대한 관심 증가는 전통문화공연의 저빈도 관람 관객을 고빈도 관람 관객으로 유형 변화 시키는데 유의한 영향요인으로 나타났다. 또한 전통문화예술의 관람빈도 증가는 전통문화예술에 대한 저관심 관객을 고관심 관객으로 전환시키는 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되어, 전통문화예술에 대한 관심이라는 심리적 요인과 관람 빈도라는 행동적 요인은 상호 영향을 미치는 요인임을 확인하였다. In recent times, with the advent of the importance on cultural prosperity, there has been a considerable number of an increase of both theoretical and public attempts to extend performing art market. In particular, understanding of audiences in performing art market has been an important issues to establish effective strategy and policy. However, until now, there has been a few attempts to examine audiences within the context of the traditional performing arts. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to classify the typology of the audiences based on the behavior and psychological variables in the traditional performing arts market. Also, this study identifies the differences among audiences’ typology and factors affecting the change of their typology. Results showthat audiences in traditional performing arts market can be classified into four groups according to the number of viewing and the interest on traditional arts: low frequency-low interests, high frequency-low interests, low frequency-high interests, and high frequency-high interests. Also, this study examines that demographic characteristics and performing arts viewing behavior are different among audiences’ cluster. In addition, this study identifies that the experiences of traditional culture educations and cultural club participation are significant factors for changing the audiences’ typology using logit analysis. 본 연구는 전통예술 시장 확대를 위해 전통예술 시장에 주목하여 전통예술 공연 관객층을 유형화하여 관객 유형별 차이를 규명하는 것을 주요 목적으로 설정하였다. 또한 관객 유형을 전통예술 공연에 대해 소극적 관객층을 보다 적극적인 관객층으로 변화시키는 요인을 밝힘으로써, 전통예술 공연 관객층을 확대하고 나아가 전통예술 공연 시장을 활성화할 수 있는 전략적 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 관객의 행동 특성인 관람빈도와 심리적 특성인 관심도에 따라 전통예술 공연에 대한 저빈도 관람-저관심형, 고빈도 관람-고관심형, 고빈도 관람-저관심형, 저빈도 관람-고관심형으로 관객을 유형화하였다. 또한 구분된 관객 유형에 따라 인구통계적 특성과 공연 구매행동의 특성을 비교분석 하였다. 또한, 정규교육 이외 전통문화예술교육 경험과 관련한 동호회 참여 경험이 관람빈도 및 관심도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 문화예술교육과 전통문화예술 관련 동호회 참여 경험은 저빈도 관람 관객을 고빈도 관람 관객으로 전환시키는데 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마찬가지로 전통문화예술교육과 관련 동호회 참여 경험은 전통예술에 대해 관심도가 낮은 관객층을 관심도가 높은 관객층으로 전환시키는데 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 전통예술 공연에 대한 관심 및 관람 빈도에 전통문화예술교육보다는 관련 동호회 참여 경험이 미치는 상대적 영향력이 더 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 이들의 영향력은 전통예술 공연 관심보다 관람 빈도 변화에 더 큰 것으로 검증되었다. 한편, 전통예술 관람 행동과 관심도간의 상호영향력을 검증한 결과, 전통문화예술에 대한 관심 증가는 전통문화공연의 저빈도 관람 관객을 고빈도 관람 관객으로 유형 변화 시키는데 유의한 영향요인으로 나타났다. 또한 전통문화예술의 관람빈도 증가는 전통문화예술에 대한 저관심 관객을 고관심 관객으로 전환시키는 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되어, 전통문화예술에 대한 관심이라는 심리적 요인과 관람 빈도라는 행동적 요인은 상호 영향을 미치는 요인임을 확인하였다. In recent times, with the advent of the importance on cultural prosperity, there has been a considerable number of an increase of both theoretical and public attempts to extend performing art market. In particular, understanding of audiences in performing art market has been an important issues to establish effective strategy and policy. However, until now, there has been a few attempts to examine audiences within the context of the traditional performing arts. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to classify the typology of the audiences based on the behavior and psychological variables in the traditional performing arts market. Also, this study identifies the differences among audiences’ typology and factors affecting the change of their typology. Results showthat audiences in traditional performing arts market can be classified into four groups according to the number of viewing and the interest on traditional arts: low frequency-low interests, high frequency-low interests, low frequency-high interests, and high frequency-high interests. Also, this study examines that demographic characteristics and performing arts viewing behavior are different among audiences’ cluster. In addition, this study identifies that the experiences of traditional culture educations and cultural club participation are significant factors for changing the audiences’ typology using logit analysis.

Applying Pym’s Typology Of Translation Solutions To Korean-English Text Analysis: A Preliminary Study To Use The Typology In An Undergraduate Translation Class

안수경,노혜민,정서림 이화여자대학교 통역번역연구소 2022 T&I review Vol.12 No.2

This paper presents an analysis of Pym’s typology of translation solutions and identifies some points to be considered when applying the categories to translations from Korean into English. The study tracks a full-text translation produced by a professional translator with the aim of drawing pedagogical implications for undergraduate translation classes. As the definitions and explanations of the typology are sometimes confusing, and the examples are insufficient to comprehend the terminology, it has been essential to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of the typology. This study tries to improve translation teachers' understating and application of the typology, given that they may struggle to implement the strategies while using the typology as the basis of their teaching methods. Based on the results, which were established after five rotations of text analysis by three co-researchers, the study suggests that teachers refer to a frequency chart and a modified typology of translation solutions for Korean-English translation. This study ultimately seeks to effectively guide translation teachers through the typology. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Moses in the Typology of European Art in the Middle Ages

William Johnstone 한국신학정보연구원 2009 Canon&Culture Vol.3 No.1

The large stained glass windows, which the Gothic style of architecture made possible, opened up new ways for expressing and teaching Christian doctrine. The theory behind the iconographical programs of these windows is that of typology. In that representations of Moses at the burning bush in medieval stained glass at, e. g., Fairford in England, Sens in France, and Köln in Germany, what does the burning bush of Exodus 3:2 symbolize? One influential interpretation understands it as symbolizing Israel(as in Exod 3:7-8). But a Jewish interpretation(by, e.g., Rashi of Troyes, east of Paris, 1040-1105, the most influential Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages) has understood the burning bush as symbolizing Moses: the man in whom the flame of God’s inspiration burns is not consumed by that flame but still keeps his human character. For the medieval Christian mind (putting the two Testaments together typologically, the Old as type of the New), the burning bush thus becomes a symbol of the virgin birth: Mary conceives by the Holy Spirit without losing her virginity. The discussion must now be broadened out to set this Mosaic typology within a wider framework of the theory and practice of typological interpretation of the Bible in Christian medieval art. Whatever one may think of the “pre-critical” interpretation of Scripture in these four senses in the medieval period, it presents a challenge to the modern interpreter to bring out the full Biblical message in equally coherent terms; and to bring that message to bear on ethical practice today and on hope for the future. The large stained glass windows, which the Gothic style of architecture made possible, opened up new ways for expressing and teaching Christian doctrine. The theory behind the iconographical programs of these windows is that of typology. In that representations of Moses at the burning bush in medieval stained glass at, e. g., Fairford in England, Sens in France, and Köln in Germany, what does the burning bush of Exodus 3:2 symbolize? One influential interpretation understands it as symbolizing Israel(as in Exod 3:7-8). But a Jewish interpretation(by, e.g., Rashi of Troyes, east of Paris, 1040-1105, the most influential Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages) has understood the burning bush as symbolizing Moses: the man in whom the flame of God’s inspiration burns is not consumed by that flame but still keeps his human character. For the medieval Christian mind (putting the two Testaments together typologically, the Old as type of the New), the burning bush thus becomes a symbol of the virgin birth: Mary conceives by the Holy Spirit without losing her virginity. The discussion must now be broadened out to set this Mosaic typology within a wider framework of the theory and practice of typological interpretation of the Bible in Christian medieval art. Whatever one may think of the “pre-critical” interpretation of Scripture in these four senses in the medieval period, it presents a challenge to the modern interpreter to bring out the full Biblical message in equally coherent terms; and to bring that message to bear on ethical practice today and on hope for the future.

A Typology of Modern Housing in Malaysia

( Seo Ryeung Ju ),( Saari Bin Omar ) 대한가정학회 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

Modernization of cities and housing in Malaysia is a reflection of the history of the establishment of colonial trading ports for worldwide maritime trade and exchange. In cosmopolitan cities, new housing typology appeared from the influence of various ethnic immigrants and with the fusion of traditional Malay housing characteristics. This study is to focus on classifying the housing typologies of Malaysia which were formed through the modernization process of cities. The typologies of modern housing in Malaysia can be classified into two categories. The first category is the ``transformation of traditional housing``. The representative typology of this group is the ubiquitous shophouse. The shophouse was originally brought in by the Chinese immigrants from the south coast of China and transformed into the Malaysian urbanscape. The other typology is a detached-house known as the bungalow, which was the housing style combining the Malay traditional timber house and European palazzo. The second category is the ``modern urban housing typology``. Modern urbanization after the independence from the British in 1957 required the maximum utilization of land. To accommodate new social and economic needs, the new typologies were developed in the form of medium-density terrace houses (row houses) and high-density apartment. In the suburban areas, the British terrace house was adopted and developed into unique Malaysian terrace house and semi-detached house based on the British system of land sub division. In premium area of the city, luxurious housing type in the form of high-end condominium is one of the popular housing for upper middle-class and high-class society.

조나단 에드워즈의 모형론 연구

조현진 ( Hyun Jin Cho ) 한국복음주의역사신학회 2010 역사신학 논총 Vol.20 No.-

This article examines Jonathan Edwards` view of typology. In his typology, Edwards shows creative and distinctive biblical interpretation skills. He considered various levels of spiritual meanings in nature and history as well as the Bible. For Edwards, the physical universe and human history are the stages in which God says and does. Every thing in nature and history includes holiness as the shadow of heavenly things. According to Edwards` dispositional ontology, God as a communicative being becomes the resource of holiness in all creation. Christ and His Kingdom are central to the spiritual meanings in nature and history. Christians with "a sense of the heart" which is offered by the Holy Spirit are able to recognize the meaning of the divine languages. In his typology, Edwards tried to overcome traditional typology, matching and corresponding only the two testaments. In this process, he made a contribution to understand nature and history as divine language. He exhibits the dynamic unity of God`s saying and doing in nature and history as well as the Bible. Even though Edwards made some errors in his typology, his creative work extending typology to nature and history is very valuable. As the theological descendants of Edwards, evangelical theologians have a responsibility to inherit and develop traditional doctrine and biblical hermeneutics in their contemporary situations.

복지국가의 유형과 문화 - 집단-격자 문화이론을 적용한 복지국가 유형론 정립 -

주재현 ( Jaehyun Joo ),신현중 ( Hyeon Joong Shin ),박치성 ( Chisung Park ) 한국정책학회 2016 韓國政策學會報 Vol.25 No.4

본 연구는 집단-격자 문화이론에 토대를 둔 복지국가 유형론을 제시하고 그 타당성을 검토하는 데 목적을 둔다. 본 연구에서 제시된 복지국가 유형론은 Esping-Andersen(1990) 유형론의 약점인 정태성과 적용 제한성을 극복할 수 있도록 설계되었으며, 이를 위한 개념적 장치로서 이념형(ideal type)과 혼합형(hybrid)을 구분하였다. 이론적으로 도출된 복지국가 유형론의 타당성을 경험적으로 검토하기 위해서 퍼지셋 이념형 분석을 실시하였으며, 이를 위해 European Value Survey와 World Value Survey에서 OECD 19개 국가에 관한 3개 시기(1989-1993, 1999-2001, 2008-2012)의 데이터를 자료로 삼았다. 분석결과, 미국?포르투갈?스웨덴은 복지국가의 이념형에 부합하는 것으로 나타났으나, 나머지 국가들은 혼합형이었다. 문화이론에 근거한 복지국가 유형론 분석의 적정성을 확인하기 위해서 복지정책 관련 지표 중 집단과 격자의 특성을 나타내는 세후 재분배정도와 고용보호지수를 퍼지셋 이념형 분석결과에 적용하여 비교분석하였고, 그 결과 문화이론에 근거한 복지국가 유형론의 적정성이 뒷받침되었다. 집단-격자 문화유형론을 적용한 본 연구의 복지국가 유형분석은 복지국가군 내에서 나타날 수 있는 복지국가 형태의 차이를 포착하고 이해하는 데 필요한 개념적 장치를 제공하며, 적용범위 면에서 상당한 보편성을 지닌다. 또한, 본 연구는 각 복지국가가 하나의 상태에 고정되어 있지 않고 시간의 흐름에 따라 변화하고 있다는 점을 개념적?실제적으로 파악할 수 있는 유용한 지침을 제공한다. This study aimed to develop a new typology of welfare state, challenging the established typology of Esping-Andersen(1990) which could be characterized by its limited coverage and static feature. In order to propose an alternative way of looking at the welfare state regimes, this study applied grid-group cultural theory which not only provided four ideal and fifteen hybrid types of welfare state, but also enabled us to overcome the limitations of Esping-Andersen's typology. Empirical test of the new typology was conducted by adopting fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, and by selecting nineteen OECD countries in Europe and America with three periods(1989-1993, 1999-2001, 2008-2012) of European/World Value Survey data. The results of the analyses showed that while US, Portugal and Sweden belonged to the ideal type suggested from cultural theory, the other countries belonged to the hybrid types. As to confirm the validity of the theoretical and empirical results, this study applied two indices - income redistribution after tax and employment protection index - to compare the fuzzy set analysis results, which supported the validity of the new typology. Upon these findings, this study argued that the welfare state typology based on grid-group cultural theory could provide better understandings of the welfare state configurations and the dynamics of welfare states along with the passage of time.

위험유형에 따른 정부 책임성과 거버넌스

김병섭,김정인 한국행정학회 2016 韓國行政學報 Vol.50 No.4

This research categorized four risk typologies based on the criteria of risk problem characteristics and risk target group characteristics, and examined bureaucratic responsibility by focusing oncases relevant to each of the four risk typologies. The risk problem characteristics were categorized by the degree of uncertainty or unpredictability of the risk problem, and the risk target group characteristics were divided according to the degree of the limit or particularity of the target group. More specifically, based on the two responsibilities outlined by Mosher(1968), bureaucratic responsibility regarding risk typology was explained by objective responsibility and subjective responsibility. The first risk typology included the characteristics of low levels of uncertainty regarding the risk problem and a limited number of risk target groups, which could explain the Sewol ferry disaster and the screen door disaster in Guui Station. The second risk typology had the characteristics of high levels of uncertainty regarding the risk problem and a limited number of risk target groups, and explained the case of Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Mad Cow Case. The third risk typology included the characteristics of low levels of uncertainty regarding the risk problem and an unlimited number of risk target groups, which was related to car accidents. The final risk typology had the characteristics of high levels of uncertainty regarding the risk problem and an unlimited number of risk target groups, which was applicable to the cases of MERS-CoV and micro-dust. The results of the case studies indicated that the relevant bureaucratic responsibility depended on the traits of he four risk typologies. In addition, the four risk typologies could affect the relevant governance for a risk solution. These results provide us with some important implications or active and effective bureaucratic responsibility for risk in the highly risky society. 본 연구에서는 위험유형을 위험문제 특징과 위험 대상집단의 특성 기준에 따라 네 가지 유형으로 구분하고, 이러한 위험유형에 해당하는 사례를 중심으로 정부 책임성을 분석하였다. 위험문제 특징은 위험문제의 불확실성 또는 예측불가능성 정도에 따라 구분하였으며, 위험 대상집단의 특성은 대상집단의 제한성 혹은 특정성으로 구분하였다. 그리고 위험유형에 따른 정부 책임성은 Mosher(1968)의 논의에 따라 객관적 책임성과 주관적 책임성으로 구분하여 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서 각각의 위험유형에 해당하는 사례를 분석한 결과 각 위험유형에 있어서 요구되는 관료 책임성의 양태가 달라졌고, 위험에 대한 정부 책임성을 확보하는 방안(예: 위험해결 거버넌스 구축)도 다르게 제시될 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 고도의 위험사회 속에서 위험에 대해 적극적으로 대응하는 효과적인 정부 책임성 확보 방안을 모색하는데 중요한 함의점을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

사상체질에 따른 류마티스 관절염 환자 대조군 연구

김수용,이상훈,이현종,이두익,이윤호,이재동 대한침구의학회 2004 대한침구의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the susceptibility of the patients diagnosed by rheumatoid arthritis to Sasang Typology. Methods: This study are planned to detect the susceptibility of the patients diagnosed by rheumatoid arthritis to Sasang Typology. In order to analyze the susceptibility of rheumatoid arthritis to Sasang Typology, 147 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 147 matched controls are assessed with QSCCⅡ question for Sasang Typology. Then the frequencies of patients by Sasang constitution are compared to those of control, which are statistically analyzed and adjusted by age, sex, smoking status, alchol intake, BMI, and economic status. Results: The demographic characteristics of the study population are similar in sex and age distribution, smoking status, and alcohol intake (p>0.05). 147 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 147 matched controls are assessed with QSCCⅡ question for Sasang constitution. Soeumin is the most susceptible to rheumatoid arthritis compared to Taeumin or Soyangin (Crude OR[95% CI]; 3.82[2.19-6.64]). It is statistically significant after adjusting age, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, and economic status (Adjusted OR[95% CI]; 3.01[1.47-6.15]). Conclusions: It is suggested that the specific Sasang Typology associated with rheumatoid arthritis is used as its susceptibility marker and further as basic data to prevent the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis.

퍼스 기호 유형론의 건축 디자인 적용 연구

황영삼 ( Hwang Yeong-sam ),박미진 ( Park Mi-jin ),김영희 ( Kim Yeong-hee ) 한국기호학회 2018 기호학연구 Vol.54 No.-

본 연구는 건축기호학에서 퍼스 기호학의 논리적 장점을 건축 디자인에 활용하기 위해 필요한 연구의 일환으로서 퍼스 유형론의 적용성을 검토하고 건축 디자인에 접목하기 위한 방법을 모색하는 연구이다. 이를 위하여 형식논리학 관점에서 양자의 접목 방법에 대하여 검토한다. 나아가서 본 연구에서는 기호포함구조가 기호 성장 모델의 근간 역할을 할 수 있는 가능성에 대해서 검토한다. 본 연구에서는 퍼스의 기호 유형론의 역삼각형 구조를 재구성한 기호포함구조의 도식을 제시하고 이것을 중심으로 논의를 진행하였다. 연구 결과 건축 디자인에서 이루어지는 해석, 생성 작업의 연속성과 논리성이 본 연구에서 제시된 기호포함구조의 삼중 구조를 적용함으로써 논리적, 구조적 설명과 분해가 가능하고 이를 통해 디자인의 질 향상에 기여할 수 있다는 것이 나타났다. 나아가서 제시된 기호포함구조는 건축 디자인에서 이루어지는 기호의 확장 또는 성장 모델의 배경 프레임 역할을 할 수 있다는 가능성이 나타났다. 향후 적용성을 높이기 위한 과제로서 건축 디자인 사고와 기호 유형론에 근간한 포함 관계적 사고를 추론 프레임으로 결합하기 위한 연구의 필요성이 나타났다. This research is to investigate the way to combine Peirce’s typology of signs with architectural design. A new diagram is suggested to ensure the continuity of Peirce’s typology, by rearranging and reconstructing the well known inverted triangle diagram showing the structure of the typology. The new diagram is easier to understand the organization of the typology, by showing the linkages between sign types and their relationships with other types. A way to adapt the new diagram to architectural design for the purpose of representing typology as well as ensuring model growth as semiotic model for architectural design model. The new model is organized of three sign clusters, sinsign cluster, legisign cluster, and symbolic cluster. They are interrelated through successive inclusion and case inclustion. The new model is organized of threefold layers. The first layer is internal structure of each cluster. The second is interrelation between cluster. The third is mediation of symbolic cluster between sinsign cluster and legisign cluster. This paper investigate and demonstrate the possibility of adaptation of the new model in architectural design. It has been argued that the theoretical basis of sign typology is adaptable to architectural design by principle. More future research issues are discussed.

언어 지역 유형론적 관점에서 본 漢語와 소수 민족 언어의 파열음 운미 유형 - 중국 중·남부 지역을 중심으로

노혜정(Roh, Hye-jeong) 한국중어중문학회 2020 中語中文學 Vol.- No.82

The purpose of this study is to typologically analyze plosive coda ‘-p, -t, -k’ and areal typology of the Sinitic languages and minority languages distributed in central and southern China, centering on the Yangtze River basin and the southern part of the Yangtze River, and to consider the relationship and influence of ethnic minority languages distributed together in or around the same region from a view of areal typology. Mainland China is a complex distribution of languages belonging to various language families, such as the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kra-Dai languages, Austronesian languages, Austroasiatic languages, and Altaic languages. Since they have strong linguistic contacts over a long period of time, the study of language typology in mainland China has a very important meaning not only for the study of Chinese but also for the study of world language typology. First of all, this paper compares and analyzes the classification of Chinese dialect area in the preceding studies to reconsider the criteria and methods for classifying language typology in Chinese dialect area, and discusses the need for subdividing Mandarin dialects and adding other ethnic languages. In addition, by creating a language altas of typology about the plosive coda of the Sinitic dialect and ethnic minority languages, we observe the areal typology of the plosive coda of Sinitic dialects and ethnic minority languages distributed in mainland China from a macro perspective. In addition, in connection with ethnic minority languages distributed in the central and southern regions of China and its neighboring regions, it attempts to analyze the regional type of the plosive coda of the Chinese central and southern regions from a regional typological angle. By observing and analyzing the type of areal distribution of the plosive coda in the same region together based on the plosive coda ‘-p, -t, -k’ and the areal distribution of the plosive coda in the ethnic minority languages, the close language contact and language shift phenomena of the Sinitic languages and ethnic languages are discussed.