The Effects of Monolayer Subculture on the Phenotype and Growth of Degenerated Human Intervertebral Disc Cells

( Ji Hao Cui ),( Ho Geun Chang ),( Yong Chan Kim ) 한국조직공학·재생의학회 2012 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.9 No.2

This study investigated the changes in the growth and phenotype of human degenerated intervertebral disc cells depending on the frequency of subculture in vitro monolayer culture system. The annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were cultured in a monolayer manner. At each subculture , we performed an analysis of the morphological changes, the adhesion rate, the proliferation rate and the viability. The expressions of type I, II collagen and proteoglycan were analyzed at the mRNA gene level. All three times of subculture were performed. Both the AF and NP cells gradually showed a fibroblast-like spindle shape from their irregular, polygonal shape while undergoing the third time of subculture. The cell proliferation was the highest at the second subculture time. The viability was markedly lower before the first subculture, but there was no significant difference of viability between the three times of subculture. On RT-PCR, the type II collagen expression was gradually decreased and almost unexpressed at the third subculture, but the type I collagen expression was gradually increased in the NP cells. In the AF cells, the type I collagen expression did not show a significant difference depending on the frequency of subculture. Type II collagen was not expressed from the second time of subculture. The expression of proteoglycan was gradually decreased in both the AF and NP cells and it was almost unexpressed at the third time of subculture. In conclusions, after three times of subculture, the disc cells had completely changed their original growth and phenotypic characteristics.

‘오타쿠 문화 공영권’ 연구: 언어의 전위부대와 보편 언어의 영토

김일림 서울대학교 일본연구소 2022 일본비평 Vol.- No.26

Recently, Japanese Otaku culture does not seem to be as popular as it used to be. In contrast, the discourse surrounding Japanese subculture is being developed as a global movement. It was only from the late 1990s onward that the discourse on subculture field was established in Japan in earnest. This study pays attention to the fact that the so-called “Japanese subculture discourse movement” is regenerating the hierarchical order of the Great East Asia CoProsperity Sphere. In this article, the phenomenon in which the order of Japanese imperialism is regenerated by the discourse on Japanese subculture is called the Otaku Culture CoProsperity Sphere. From this point of view, this paper argues how the Japanese subculture discourse recreates the order of the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. This study analyzes the discourses published from 1987 to 2021 by Eiji Otsuka, one of the most influential Japanese critics. This is because Eiji Otsuka shows his leverage as a frontiersman that pioneers the territory of Japanese subculture while conducting the discourse movement both individually and collectively. This study discusses the following research questions by the discourses of Eiji Otsuka. First, how has been Japanese subculture reborn as art through the discourse movement? Secondly, what is the East Asian publicness asserted by Eiji Otsuka? Furthermore, how is the political order centered on Japan concealed in subculture theory? Finally, this paper argues how do democratic thought and imperialism coexist in Eiji Otsuka’s critical discourse? The conclusions are summarized as follows. First, Eiji Otsuka has established Manga form as an aesthetic theory by rhetoric which links mainstream culture to Japanese subculture. He also transforms Japanese subculture into art theory by connecting the Otaku culture to Western arts trends. Secondly, the East Asian publicness that Eiji Otsuka refers to is the order of a community that shares the ‘story structure’ and ‘montage manga form’, in other words cinematic Manga form, as common language. Manga form is regarded as a universal language that can overcome the historical conflicts in East Asia caused by the Empire of Japan. This study also notes that the hierarchical order is regenerated in the process of creating and regulating grammar for Manga form by aesthetic authority. Japanese subculture secured its place of authority through its originality and historical significance. The Japanese-centered order is concealed by dual apparatuses which are ambiguous terms and double standards for art. Thirdly, opposing values such as democracy and imperialism in discourses coexist in the context of art. Eiji Otsuka is a guerrilla who pioneers a new territory for Japanese subculture through a discourse movement. As a result, the segmented period between Japan’s pre-World War II and post war period is reconnected. He intends to systematize the grammar of publicness through the form of Japanese subculture. For Eiji Otsuka, the publicness means modern project to be accomplished. Eiji Otsuka achieves cultural independence from the West through the subculture discourse movement. However, in relations with East Asia, he falls into the paradox of regenerating the order of the empire.

하위문화 스타일에 나타난 헤어스타일 분석

손향미,조현주 복식문화학회 2010 服飾文化硏究 Vol.18 No.4

The purpose of the study was to examine concept of subculture and style of subculture by each age and to analyze internal meaning of hairstyle in subculture. The study carried out literary review on the basis of books related to subculture and hairstyle focused on the cradle of subculture and preceding researches of subculture style, and strived to find internal meaning of hairstyle by describing in-depth descriptive methods of qualitative research. And the study limited its range in the hairstyle in style of subculture from 1930s to early 1990s commonly described in subculture related books. As a result, there were natural pattern, cutting pattern, exaggerated pattern, set pattern, braid pattern, color pattern and addition pattern in types of hairstyle in subculture. The hairstyle in subculture symbolizes their internal value and ideology and hairstyle is a kind of language to express identity of subculture.

유튜브 패션 콘텐츠에 표현된 남성 하위문화 연구 - 딕 햅디지의 하위문화 이론을 중심으로 -

박주하 ( Juha Park ),김종선 ( Jongsun Kim ) 한국의류산업학회 2020 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.22 No.6

This study focused on popular YouTube subculture content and male YouTuber characteristics. We conducted a case study on YouTube videos and viewer’s comments of male YouTubers who interacted with subculture or fashion themes within YouTube. Based on Dick Hebdige’s subculture theory, we categorized male subculture characteristics of style expression to show how YouTube plays a role in the formation of subculture. The representative types of male subculture were divided into metro sexual, adolescent boys, drag queen, and homosexual. YouTube simultaneously played a role in accumulating video viewing as well as indirect experiences in various communication activities and cultures among viewers. YouTube was used as a space for video producers as well as viewers and subscribers to discover and build identity. Subculture makes people aware of cultural diversity within society, and their doubles and lifestyles serve as important clues to track culture and fashion changes. This research is significant in the field of fashion media and subculture research due to its examination of male subculture phenomenon on YouTube based on an analysis of the video content of culture insiders and viewers' comments as well as immediate responses.

스포츠 하위문화 연구의 종합적 이해

남상우 한국스포츠사회학회 2018 한국스포츠사회학회지 Vol.31 No.1

The study was conducted to understand what conceptual and theoretical aspects of sport subculture that exist in various aspects of our society. Combining the leading subculture studies made in Sociology of Sport in Korea, the study suggested how future subculture studies should be conducted. To that end, the researchers analyzed a total of 20 subculture studies that have been empirically dealt with from 1999 to 2016 on research community of physical education, according to a major analysis category. As a result, most of the sport subculture studies focused on the sport clubs, with the research purpose of analyzing characteristics and functions of the clubs. The problem on this tendency is that most sport subculture studies have ‘made assumptions’, not to evidently shown as to why the particular sport analyzed is subculture. This is because most research did not try to delineate what parent culture or dominant culture looks like in opposition to the sport subculture. With this limit, it was also revealed that most studies were performed to only analyze characters and functions of sport subculture, without developing a unique conceptual framework after reviewing the extensive subculture theory. This led to a theoretical gap in which the sport subcultures were unable to successfully draw the clear picture of the domestic sports world. 이 연구는 우리 사회 내 다양한 모습으로 존재하는 스포츠 하위문화가 어떠한 개념적, 이론적 지형을 그리고 있는가를 이해하고자 수행되었다. 국내 스포츠사회학계에서 선도적으로 이루어진 하위문화 연구를 종합하면서, 이 연구는 향후 스포츠 하위문화 연구가 어떻게 이루어져야 할지를 제안하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구자는 1999년부터 2016년까지 국내 체육계에서 스포츠 하위문화를 실증적으로 다룬 총 20편의 연구를 주요 분류 범주에 따라 분석하였다. 그 결과, 국내 스포츠 하위문화 연구의 초점은 대부분이 ‘동호회’에 모아졌고, 연구목적 역시 ‘특성’과 ‘기능’에 집중되어 이루어진 것으로 나타났다. 문제는 대부분의 스포츠 하위문화 연구가 대상으로 삼은 특정 스포츠 종목이 왜 하위문화인가를 보여주지 않고 ‘가정’했다는 사실이다. 이는 하위문화의 부모/주류문화가 무엇인지를 상정하지 않은 데서 나타난 한계다. 광범위한 하위문화 이론을 검토한 후, 고유의 개념적 틀을 만들어 현상에 들어가지 않은 채 선행연구의 일반적 나열에 따른 특성과 기능 분석에 임했던 모습도 드러났다. 이는 국내 스포츠계의 모습을 명징하게 드러낼만한 스포츠 하위문화 개념화로 이어지지 못하는 결과로 나타났다.

국내 교정공무원의 하위문화 유형

이승주,이윤호 한국교정학회 2019 矯正硏究 Vol.29 No.1

Correctional organizations conduct various forms of work, have different inclinations, and consist of diverse members. For example, they experience paradigm shifts in calibration goals, suffer conflicting organizational goals, have various organizational values, and are composed of corrections officers and inmates. Therefore, they likely have subcultures. However, previous studies conducted in South Korea solely focused on the subcultures of inmates, and no study has evaluated the subcultures of corrections officers. The objectives of this study were to examine the existence of subcultures and identify the characteristics of corrections officers’ subcultures in South Korea. A survey was conducted on corrections officers, and 431 questionnaires were collected. In order to classify the types of the subculture of corrections officers, cluster analysis was conducted. Specifically, this study utilized four factors: ‘acceptance of the correctional authority ideology’, ‘cynical job attitude’, ‘interaction with coworkers’ and ‘interaction with inmates.’ The results showed that there were three subculture types: “Independent-Immersion”, “Receptive-Ritualism”, and “Receptive–Immersion." First of all, “Independent-Immersion” type valued their independent works and actively engaged in works, although their correctional belief did not agree with that of the correctional authority. It was also found that this group did not have a specific interaction with their peers or inmates. Moreover, “Receptive – Ritualism” type accepted the ideology of the correctional authorities but showed a cynical job attitude. On the other hand, this type of officers were likely to be intimate with their peers and inmates. 'Receptive-Immersion” type was about half of the respondents. The type of officers accepted the ideology of the correctional authority and showed a positive attitude toward their work. It was found that they interacted closely with fellow employees but maintained a distance from the inmates. The results implied that “Receptive-Immersion” was the most ideal subculture type among the three types in the correctional organization. This study is meaningful in that it is the first study to empirically examine the subculture of corrections officers in South Korea. I expect that the results of this study will be used for actual policy and future studies will further evaluate the subculture types of corrections officers in South Korea based on them because higher performance is expected when an organization manages members with considering subcultures as well as the entire organizational culture. 교정조직은 교정목표의 패러다임 변화, 상충된 조직의 목표, 조직원의 가치관, 교정공무원과 재소자의 관계 등 다양한 형태의 업무와 성향 및 구성원으로 이루어졌기 때문에 하위문화가 존재할 가능성이 높다. 그러나 국내 교정조직내의 하위문화에 대한 연구는 오로지 재소자를 대상으로 한 연구만 존재할 뿐, 교정공무원을 대상으로 한 하위문화 연구는 전혀 찾아볼 수가 없다. 따라서 이 연구는 국내 교정공무원의 하위문화를 유형화하여 특성을 살펴보았다. 이 연구는 교정공무원을 대상으로 총 431부의 설문지를 조사자료로 활용하였다. 그리고 교정공무원 하위문화 유형을 분류하기 위해 군집분석(Cluster analysis)을 실시하였다. 구체적으로 ‘교정당국 이념수용’, ‘냉소적 직무태도’, ‘동료직원과의 상호작용’, ‘재소자와의 상호작용’ 등 4가지 요인들을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 하위문화 유형은 총 3가지의 집단으로 나타났으며, 각 집단을 ‘독자적-몰입형’, ‘수용적-의례형’, ‘수용적-몰입형’으로 명명하였다. 이 연구는 국내에서 처음으로 교정조직 내 교정공무원의 하위문화 유형화에 대한 실증적 논의를 가능케 했다는 점에서 큰 의의를 갖고 있다. 따라서 이 연구결과를 바탕으로 국내 교정공무원의 하위문화 유형에 대한 집중적인 후속 연구와 동시에 정책적 자료로 활용됨을 기대해 본다.

럭셔리 패션브랜드에 나타난 하위문화 양상의 의미 분석

한자영 한국의상디자인학회 2022 한국의상디자인학회지 Vol.24 No.1

This study identified the characteristics of the subculture aspects that led to the success of luxury brands and analyzed the implications of those aspects. For this, semantic analysis in a socio-cultural context was performed. Additionally, this study took the theoretical background, the change in subculture and post-subculture, the digital youth generation, and the change in the meaning of subculture style into consideration. The subculture style aspect and its meaning in luxury fashion brands were analyzed as follows: First, there are challenges that betray the legitimacy or values of luxury brands. Through this, the brand gained recognition and increased sales, and the designer gained a reputation as an innovative creative director. It can be seen that more successful branding was promoted by securing a more subcultured fandom. Second, by combining subculture image fragments, these brands cater to the diverse tastes of a myriad of subcultures. This maximizes commercial profits. Third, most promotional marketing activities are collaborative and done digitally, which allows for a wider customer base, but the difference is in digital capabilities. Limited editions or application use on social networks can act as another driver. It is said that the distinction in high-priced luxury brands is not only driven by economic power but also by sub-cultural capital and digital ability.

세포 치료를 위한 인간 추간판 세포의 적절한 체외 계대 배양 횟수 -세포의 성장 및 표현형-

김용찬,김기복,박문수,김석우 대한척추외과학회 2010 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Study Design: This is an in-vitro experimental study Objectives: We wanted to analyze the changes in the growth and phenotype of human degenerative intervertebral disc cells depending on the frequency of subculture in an in vitro monolayer culture system. Summary of the Literature Review: A subculture of disc cells is needed to obtain an adequate amount of disc cells for cell therapy,tissue engineering and analysis of the biological characteristics of degenerative disc cells Materials and Methods: The obtained intervertebral discs were divided into the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the annulus fibrosus (AF). The AF and NP cells were cultured in a monolayer manner, respectively. At each subculture time, we analyzed the morphological changes,the adhesion rate, the proliferation rate and the viability. The expressions of types I and II collagen and proteoglycan were analyzed at the mRNA gene level. Results: Both the AF and NP cells gradually showed a fibroblast-like spindle shape while undergoing subculture. The adhesion rate was higher at the second and third times of subculture. The cell proliferation was the highest at the second subculture time. The viability was markedly lower prior to the subculture. On RT-PCR, the type II collagen expression was gradually decreased in the NP cells. In the AF cells, Type II collagen was not expressed from the second time of subculture. The expression of proteoglycan was gradually decreased in both. Conclusions: Following the 3rd subculture, the degenerative disc cells had completely changed their original growth and phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, we believe that it is not desirable for us to do passage cultures more than three times for cell therapy. 연구 계획: 시험관 실험적 연구목적: 사람의 퇴행성 추간판 세포를 체외에서 배양하면서 계대 배양의 횟수에 따른 성장 및 표현형의 변화를 분석하고자 한다. 선행문헌의 요약: 세포 치료, 조직공학 및 추간판 세포의 생물학적 특성의 분석을 위해서는 퇴행성 추간판 세포의 계대 배양을 거쳐 많은 양의 세포를 획득하여야 한다. 대상 및 방법:. 적출된 추간판 조직을 수핵과 섬유륜 부분으로 나누어서 단층 배양하였다. 계대 배양을 거치면서 세포의 형태 변화, 부착율, 증식율 및 생존율 분석을 진행하였다. 또한 RT-PCR 검사를 시행하여 제 1, 2형 교원질 (type I, II collagen) 및 단백다당 (proteoglycan) mRNA 발현을 유전자 수준에서 분석하였다. 결과: 세포의 모양은 수핵 및 섬유륜 세포 모두 점차적으로 방추형인 섬유모세포 모양을 나타냈으며, 부착율은 2차 및 3차 계대 배양에서 상대적으로 증가하였고, 증식율은 2차 계대 배양에서 가장 우수했으며, 세포의 생존율은 배양을 거치기 전에는 현저히 낮았다. RT-PCR 분석 상 수핵 세포의 제2형 교원질 발현은 점차적으로 감소하는 양상을 보였으며, 섬유륜 세포의 제 2형 교원질은 2차 계대 배양 시부터 발현이 되지 않았다. 단백 다당의 발현은 수핵 및 섬유륜 세포 모두에서 점차 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 결론: 퇴행성 변화를 일으킨 추간판의 섬유륜 및 수핵 세포는 체외에서 계대 배양의 횟수가 3차 계대 배양에서는 고유의 성장과 표현형을 잃어버렸다. 이에 세포치료에 있어서 체외에서 단층 배양 시 3번 이상의 계대 배양을 거치지 않는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

고스 하위문화 스타일의 미적 특성

임은혁 ( Eun Hyuk Yim ) 한국패션비즈니스학회 2013 패션 비즈니스 Vol.17 No.2

Subcultural style is the center of subcultural identity and the clothes and adornments are the most visible symbol of membership. The Goth subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion. The style symbolized the strong subjective subcultural identity held by most Goths and acted as the practical basis to demonstrate their commitment to the subculture. This study investigates the aesthetic and the style of Goth subculture in its heyday of 1980s which has continued to affect mainstream fashion and culture since its birth. In order to inquire the concept of subculture and its style, this study executes literature survey as well as investigates the images of street style magazines to analyze the visual elements. The stylistic and the aesthetic characteristics of Goth subcultural style analyzed in this study are grouped into four categories as follows: first, Victoriana, which embodies the fear of death and the nostalgia for the past using Victorian morning dresses and corsets, second, vampirism, in that some Goths who are fascinated by vampires are costumed in vampire figures to advocate diabolism and decadence, third, sexual ambiguity of male Goths which emphasizes feminine appearance in the pursuit of androgyny, and fourth, sexual fetish of female Goths which represents aggressive eroticism utilizing fetish paraphernalia.

최근의 미국 복음주의 하위문화(Subculture)의 동향에 대한 연구: WWJD 캠페인을 중심으로

윤영훈 ( Young Hoon Yoon ) 한국복음주의신학회 2009 성경과신학 Vol.50 No.-

본 논문은 최근의 미국 복음주의의 "하위문화"(subculture)의 주요 성격에 대해 1990년대의 중요한 도덕 캠페인인 WWJD 운동을 중심으로 분석한다. 이 운동은 1897년 출판된 찰스 쉘던의 종교소설 예수라면 어떻게 할 것인가?의 재발견과 새로운 적용을 통해 현대의 도덕관의 쇠퇴에 대해 염려하는 미국의 복음주의자들의 가장 시급한 문제의식을 대변하며 발흥하였고 일종의 "반동문화"(counter-culture)로 설명되어져 왔다. 처음 미시건 주의 작은 교회에서 시작된 이 캠페인은 이후 복음주의 출판사와 여러 회사들의 상업적 마케팅에 의해 폭발적인 반응을 얻게 되었고 미국의 사회와 문화에 확고히 뿌리내리는 대성공을 거둔다. 오늘날 다양한 복음주의 그룹들은 여러 차이점에도 불구하고, 그들 그룹의 종교적 정체성 밑에 공통된 "하위문화"를 형성하며 발전하고 있다. 이들 복음주의 그룹들의 가장 두드러진 하위문화는 교리에 있지 않고 "행위의 기준들"(behavioral standards)이다. 오늘날의 복음주의자들은 현대 사회와의 접촉 속에서 그 문화의 조류를 의도했든 그렇지 않든 적극적으로 수용하고 활용하는 문화적 유연성을 보여 왔다. 이들 문화적 시도의 주목적은 불신자들의 전도, 신자들의 양육, 그리고 자신들의 대안 오락이라는 세 가지 방향으로 사역과 사업의 양면성의 균형을 시도하며 발전하였다. 하지만 이것은 그들이 세속문화와 가치관을 무비판적으로 수용하였다는 것은 아니다. 이들은 오히려 자신들을 세속성과 구별됨을 강조하며 그들만의 반동문화적 복음주의 그룹 정체성을 구축하며 부흥하였다. 이 논문은 WWJD 캠페인을 사례로 복음주의 하위문화의 성격을 다음의 세 가지로 제시한다. 첫째 그들은 "Just Do it"이란 광고문구가 대변해주는 도덕적 위험성을 예수 그리스도가 모든 행위의 규범이 되심을 강조하는 자신들의 카운터 슬로건을 통해 전통적 도덕관을 강조하고 홍보한다. 둘째, 그들은 20세기 후반 자기개발과 자아성장이라는 영성의 분위기를 수용하며 예수 그리스도를 통한 내적 건강과 치유를 추구한다. 셋째, 각종 대중적 문화를 수용하고 마케팅 기술을 도입하여 복음 상품들의 광범위한 보급을 시도하며 사업과 사역의 사이에 균형을 시도한다. 하지만 이러한 성격 사이에 복음주의 하위문화는 편협성과 세속화의 위험에 노출되어 있는 것도 사실이다. 본 논문은 이러한 복음주의 하위문화의 양면성과 고민에 대해 사회문화적으로 분석하고 비평하려 시도하였다. This article examines recent trends of evangelical subculture with a special case study of the WWJD campaign. In spite of the differences of today`s various evangelical groups, there is a strong common "subculture", which is not the matters related to doctrines, but to "behavioral standards." Evangelicals have responded to modern challenges by constructing a subculture as a means of differentiating themselves from modernity. Evangelicalism derives its strength from establishing a strong identity. The WWJD movement can be simply described as an "evangelical" "countercultural" "youth" movement that occurred during the 1990s. With a concern for the nation`s moral decline, a number of Christians spread the motto, WWJD(What Would Jesus Do?), as the norm for their religious and moral commitment. The primary purpose of the motto was to remind them to act in a manner that Jesus would approve. This campaign began as a small program led by a local Youth minister, who had been inspired by Charles Sheldon`s novel, In His Steps. Later, this WWJD campaign became a sensational evangelical movement with the marketing project of Christian publishers like Zondervan. Various media products have continued to develop as a disciplinary programs for a countercultural response to secular ideas such as Nike`s advertising slogan, "Just do it." The success of the WWJD movement is due to the American blend of religious zeal and the entrepreneurial spirit. In this paper, I will examine the history and the characteristics of the WWJD movement, focusing on today`s "evangelical subculture" that emphasized on both Christian moral commitment and therapeutic self-improvement which is a major spiritual/psychological trend in the late 20th century. I will also carefully analyze and evaluate the relationship between the evangelicals` effective adaptation of mainstream media and marketing techniques, and their ministerial purpose for the younger generation to teach them to keep Christian value in the midst of the secular cultural trend.