‘(으)로서’ 문장 성분의 文章意味 構成

임채훈 한국어문교육연구회 2012 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.40 No.4

In this paper, we demonstrate how the semantic role of ‘qualification' is represented in Korean sentences. In Korean, the semantic role of ‘qualification' is realized by ‘(eu)ro(seo)', the case marker. Generally, the parts of a sentence constitute each parts of proposition or state of affairs that the sentence represented. That is, each parts of a sentence are the primary informations that specified a state of affairs. For example, the agent as semantic role specifies who does occur the event. However, the constitute by ‘(eu)ro(seo)' does not specify the state of affairs(below “SoAs”) represented the sentence, but constitutes a single state unto itself. Usually, when a single sentence represents two more states of affaires, it have complex clauses by connective endings. But if the constitute by ‘(eu)ro(seo)’ constructs a single state unto itself, the sentence have complex clauses in semantic perspectives. So then, we expect that ‘(eu)ro(seo)’ does not have only 'qualification' as the semantic role, but have semantic connection between the states of affairs(below ‘SoAs'). From these phenomenon, we are going to solve the following problems. 1. What does ‘(eu)ro(seo)' relate to SoAs that the sentence represents?2.What is the difference between the sentence that connective ending realized and the sentence that ‘(eu)ro(seo)' realized?Also, it is the goal of this paper to clarify the semantic action which occurred in the process of generating and interpreting sentence meaning. We have the ability of filling in the blanks thorough inference for inter- preting sentence meaning. 이 論文은 從來 ‘資格’이나 ‘地位’의 意味役割을 한다고 본 ‘으로서’ 成分이 실제로는 문장의미 구성에 있어 어떤 역할을 하는지 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 ‘으로서’ 성분은 다른 副詞語처럼 敍述語와의 意味關係를 통해 문장이 의미하는 事態의 細部的인 情報를 明細하는 것이 아니라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, ‘으로서’ 성분은 主語와 主述關係를 맺으면서 서술어가 의미하는 명제와는 區別되는 명제를 構成한다. 더불어 ‘으로서’ 성분은 敍述語와도 주술관계를 맺으면서 또 하나의 명제를 구성한다. 이 두 가지 명제가 小前提와 大前提를 이루어 三段論法으로써 주어와 서술어가 意味關係를 맺을 수 있도록 하는 것이 ‘으로서’ 성분의 의미기능이라는 것을 밝혔다. 즉, ‘으로서’ 성분은 서술어와 대전제를 이루고 주어와는 소전제를 이룸으로써 結論的으로 주어와 서술어구가 의미관계를 맺을 수 있도록 하는 역할을 한다고 볼 수 있다. 물론 이러한 構成에서 벗어난 用例가 있었으나 이 역시 기본 구성에서 설명될 수 있는 變形과 擴張이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

人主語の使役文と非情物主語の使役文 : コーパスを用いた実証的分析

崔瑞暎 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 日本硏究所 2014 日本硏究 Vol.0 No.61

In this study, I discussed the nature of the subordinate clause and the subject in inanimate subject causative sentence and typical causative sentence. First, I examined 654 cases of typical causative sentence and 688 cases of inanimate subject causative sentence whether or not subject is explicit in sentence. and manifested 296 cases explicit and 358 cases non-explicit in typical causative sentence, although 629 cases explicit and 59 cases nonexplicit in inanimate subject sentence. When identifying non-explicit subject, in typical causative sentence the subject can be identified by ① modality form ② assumption of the subject of unspecified public ③estimation from the context. But in inanimate subject causative sentence the subject can be identified just by ③estimation from the context. And it is pointed out the inanimate subject can take not only "form of noun " but also "form of the clause", so when identifying the non-explicit subject, several possibilities are open. Also I investigated the presence and function of adnominal elements. As a result of the investigation, cases about 31.58% with adnominal elements and about 68.42% without adnominal elements in typical causative sentence. But cases about 85.4% with and cases about 14.6% without in inanimate subject causative sentence. From such a result I point out adnominal elements maintain natural causal relationship by adding background information or limiting the meaning, It is pointed out that in some subordinate clauses can be omitted as like typical causative sentence, but there is also subordinate clauses can not be omitted in inanimate subject sentence. As a phenomenon in its extension, it was also investigated alternation phenomenon of continuous modification and adnominal modification.

소유 의미 해석문의 유의 관계에 대하여

도재학,최호철 고려대학교 한국언어문화학술확산연구소 2017 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.37 No.-

This paper aims at revealing and distinguishing types of sentence meanings and the synonymous relation of them. First of all, types of sentence meanings are divided into locutionary meaning and uttered meaning, and each can be subdivided into designative meaning and interpretative meaning. Based on these classifications, six synonymous constructions that can mean typical [POSSESSION] in the dimension of locutionary meaning are illustrated and analyzed. In this process, it is verified that the meanings of sentences are not to have a homogeneous value in equivalent levels, but to have various kinds of semantic properties in different levels. Given the types of sentence by meaning, there are two kinds of sentential synonymous relation; between meaning-designating sentences or between meaning-interpreted sentences. Actually, six constructions that denote [POSSESSION] are synonymous in a level of meaning-interpreted sentence, not meaning-designating sentence. 본 연구에서는 소유의 의미를 표현하는 것으로 논의되어 온 다양한 구문 구성을 대상으로 그들 사이에서 확인되는 문장의 유의 관계에 대해 논의하였다. 이를 위해 문장의 유형과 문장 의미의 유형에 관해 논의하면서, 문장의 유형으로서는 ‘언표 문장’과 ‘발화 문장’, ‘의미 표시문’과 ‘의미 해석문’을 구별하였고 문장 의미의 유형으로서는 ‘언표 의미’와 ‘발화 의미’, ‘표시 의미’와 ‘해석 의미’를 구별하였다. 그리고 언표 차원에서 원형적인 소유 의미를 표현하는 여섯 가지 구문 유형을 다루면서 이들은 실상 ‘의미 해석문’으로서 유의 관계를 이루는 것이며 ‘의미 표시문’으로서는 세 가지 유형의 소재 구문만이 유의 관계를 이룬다는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 문장의 의미가 동등한 차원에서 동질적인 성격을 가지는 것이 아니라 서로 이질적인 언어 내외적 요인들이 참조되는 것임을 다시금 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 문장의 유의 관계는 어휘적 또는 통사적 방책으로만 성립되는 것이 아니고 여러 문장 구성 요소들의 복합적인 작용을 통해 성립되는 다층적인 것임을 보였다.

機能語トの扱いからみた日本語教育における関連表現

伊藤沙智子 ( Ito Sachiko ) 한국일본어교육학회 2021 日本語敎育 Vol.- No.96

The purpose of this study is to identify what morphological unit is appropriate to make a set of related expressions to be classified into a same linguistic feature category in the Japanese-language education through an analysis of a function word “to.” The study focused on the linguistic feature categories of related expressions in the native spoken Japanese and clarified what morphological/grammatical unit can actually be the “related expressions” for the learners, as opposed to the current education practice. The current trend in the education originates in how “to” is treated in Japanese linguistics: grouping related expressions by extracting a sentence with “to” from a text, segregating the sentence into words, and categorizing with its related expressions which only belongs to the same morphological unit and lexical category. Through this process, any context in the original text is removed. To find how the class can teach “to” and its related expressions to meet the actual needs, this study observed how “to” conditionals and its related expressions are used in the spoken Japanese based on 730 simulated narratives which are extracted from Japanese comic books. By analyzing “to” of each narrative, the research found that the related expressions’ linguistic feature category differs depending on if the sentence is intended to urge the counterpart. The morphological unit of “to’s” related expressions with no intention of provoking/pressuring is word, while the expressions with urging intention required wider variety: from word to sentence. Above results proves that the related expressions in Japanese-language education does not necessarily be the collection of words of the same morphological/lexical category, but it should be from wider category, varied from word to sentence which has similar pragmatic implication. In conclusion, the related expressions in Japanese-language education should be discussed separately from those of Japanese linguistics. Therefore, the discussion requires a broader perspective on how the educational related expressions should be extracted, not limiting to the narrow linguistic definition, to be leveraged to the practical learning experience.

名詞述語文であらわされる<関係>

요시다 레이코 동아시아일본학회 2018 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.66

This paper considers ‘relation’ expressed by noun-predicate sentences. These ‘relation’ are formed by the connection between the two arguments being related and the predicate that relates them. Firstly, there are symmetrical and asymmetrical ‘relation’. In the former, the sentence remains grammatical even if the syntactic positions of the two arguments are swapped, while this is not the case in the latter. Additionally, in symmetrical relationships, because they are in a reciprocally equal relation, it is possible to set both of the two related arguments as subjects, or to set one as a subject and the other as a complement or an adnominal modifying element. Sentences representing relationships of difference / similarity, as well as a subset of human relationships come under this type, and the nouns that are used here are typically nouns that represent ‘relation’. On the other hand, in asymmetrical relationships, one argument must represent a subject and the other an adnominal modifying constituent. In sentences representing affiliation or ownership relations, which come under this type, the predicate noun generally does not indicate ‘relation’, and interpretation of ‘relation’ relies on context.

설계품질검토 자동화를 위한 건축법규 문장 간 관계 정의

김현정(Hyunjung Kim),이진국(Jin-Kook Lee),박서경(Seokyung Park),신재영(Jaeyoung Shin),황금화(Jinhua Whang) (사)한국CDE학회 2016 한국 CAD/CAM 학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.동계

This paper aims to define the relation types between atomic sentences (AS) in Korea Building Code, as an intermediate research and development process for the automated building design assessment tools. The approach depicted in this paper enables the sentence relations to be accurate in order to complete the logical representation of Building Code named KBimCode. KBimCode is a computer-readable form of Building Code sentences based on a logic rule-based mechanism. Korea Building Code is compose of a decree, regulation, or ordinance and consisted of building related laws with complex structures and relations. One law sentence is usually consisted of the condition statement(CS) and the key statement(KS). KS part judges, delegates or refers to the lower level law. The process of research conducted on this paper is as follows. 1)We chose nine articles from the Building Code and divided them into 1,239 ASs including associated laws. 2)We divided AS into CS and KS parts. 3) And we analyzed CS part and KS part based on TAS unit. 4)Lastly, we analyzed relations between sentences and define types to capture the accurate meaning of building permit-related requirements. Analyzing and Typing precise relations between TASs supports for improving accuracy of the automated design assessment.

인허가관련 설계품질검토 자동화를 위한 건축법규 문장 관계논리에 관한 연구

김현정(Hyunjung Kim),이진국(Jin-Kook Lee) (사)한국CDE학회 2016 한국CDE학회 논문집 Vol.21 No.4

This paper aims to define the relational logic of in-between code articles as well as within atomic sentences in Korean Building Code, as an intermediate research and development process for the automated building permit system of Korea. The approach depicted in this paper enables the software developers to figure out the logical relations in order to compose KBimCode and its databases. KBimCode is a computer-readable form of Korean Building Code sentences based on a logic rule-based mechanism. Two types of relational logic definition are described in this paper. First type is a logic definition of relation between code sentences. Due to the complexity of Korean Building code structure that consists of decree, regulation or ordinance, an intensive analysis of sentence relations has been performed. Code sentences have a relation based on delegation or reference each other. Another type is a relational logic definition in a code sentence based on translated atomic sentence(TAS) which is an explicit form of atomic sentence(AS). The analysis has been performed because the natural language has intrinsic ambiguity which hinders interpreting embedded meaning of Building Code. Thus, both analyses have been conducted for capturing accurate meaning of building permit-related requirements as a part of the logic rule-based mechanism.

문장 간의 관계성에 관한 고찰

정종수 ( Jong Su Jung ),신아영 ( A Young Shin ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2012 텍스트언어학 Vol.32 No.-

Studies on the relations among the sentences up until now have focused only on those of main and supporting sentences, but these would be difficult to explain the connection within the paragraphs. For this reason, it would be necessary to do research on the connection relations between sentences. Besides, if further studies on the connection relations between preceding sentences and follow-up sentences were conducted, it would help people conduct writing easily. The study applied Kant`s relations theory into the sentences and divided the relations between sentences into inclusion relations, dependency relations and relative relations. Inclusion relations referred to the relations, in which a sentence was included in another sentence, and they were made up of word inclusion relations and proposition inclusion relations. Dependency relations signified that a sentence was dependent upon another sentence and they were made up of the case that the preceding sentences were the results and the case that the follow-up sentences were the results (the relations of reason, condition, background, concession and addition). Relative relations indicated that a sentence was equally connected with another sentence and they consisted of enumeration relations and paradigmatic relations.

近现代汉语“被”字句比较分析

장찌,장태원 동아인문학회 2018 동아인문학 Vol.45 No.-

The Bei sentence is a special syntactic structure in Chinese. A comprehensive and in-depth study of Bei sentence is of great significance for us to understand the characteristics of Chinese. This paper uses the corpus of the Chinese Language Research Center of Peking University to retrieve the words “Bei” appearing in the Song Dynasty's Zhuzi Category, the Qing Dynasty's Dream of Red Mansions and the modern Collection of Shen Congwen's Works. The use of Bei as a noun and verb is separated, and the sentence of Bei used as a preposition is sorted out and classified from three aspects: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. And through the comparison of the “Bei” sentences in different periods, this paper investigates the characteristics of the times and the historical development process of the modern “Bei” sentences. The full text is divided into six parts. The first part is the preface. The second, third and fourth parts focus on the three aspects of syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and make a comprehensive horizontal analysis of the three works of the three eras. The fifth part links up the analysis of Zhuzi Category, A Dream of Red Mansions and Collection of Shen Congwen's Works, carries on the longitudinal comparative study, excavates its diachronic dynamic change characteristics. The sixth part summarizes the results of comparative study. By classifying, analyzing and sorting out the “Bei” sentences in the Zhuzi Category, A Dream of Red Mansions and Collection of Shen Congwen's Works, this paper draws the following three conclusions: First, at the syntactic level, “bei” as a preposition is the most common, and the use of “bei” as a verb gradually disappears; the typical syntactic structure of “bei” sentence is “(NP1)+bei+ (NP2)+VP+ (NP3)”. With the need of various expressions in society, the grammatical structure types of Bei sentence are also developing towards diversification and complexity. Secondly, on the semantic level, the verb V which can be used in the “bei” sentence is generally “multi-valent”, and the second valence is the most common. Most of the semantic identities of NP1 in the Bei sentence are objects. The majority of the NP2's semantic identity as the subject in the “bei” sentence is the agent, while the majority of the NP3's semantic identity is the involved and the patient. Thirdly, at the pragmatic level, the derogatory “bei” sentence has always been the mainstream, while the neutral “bei” sentence and the commendatory “bei” sentence have gradually expanded with the need of diversity of expression. The frequency of negation of “Bei” is gradually decreasing, and it is extremely low in modern times. Finally, in the Song Dynasty, “Bei” as a function word did not completely become a function word, but retained the meaning of verbs, and gradually completed the evolution in modern times. “被”字句是汉语的特有一种句法结构。全面而深入的研究被字句对我们了解汉语的特点有着重大的意义。 本文利用北京大学中国语言研究中心语料库,检索宋代的≪朱子语类≫,清代的≪红楼梦≫,以及现代的≪沈从文作品集≫中出现的“被”字。剥离出作为名词和动词的使用情况,着重从句法、语义和语用这三个方面,对“被”字作为介词使用的“被”字句进行整理分类。并且通过各个时期“被”字句的比较,考察近现代“被”字句的时代特点和历史发展过程。 全文分为六个部分。第一部分为序言。第二、三、四部分分别集中从句法、语义和语用三个方面,对三个时代的这三部作品进行全面的横向分析。第五部分则将≪朱子语类≫,≪红楼梦≫,≪沈从文作品集≫的各自分析串联起来,进行纵向的对比研究,挖掘其历时的动态的变化特征。第六部分总结出对比研究的结果。 本文通过对宋代的≪朱子语类≫,清代的≪红楼梦≫,现代的≪沈从文作品集≫中出现的“被”字句逐一分类、分析和整理,得出如下三个方面的结论: 第一,在句法层面上,“被”作为介词使用的情况最为普遍,作为动词的使用情况逐渐消失;“被”字句的典型句法结构句式是“(NP1)+被+(NP2)+VP+(NP3)”。随着社会多样表达的需要,“被”字句的语法结构类型也朝着多样化,复杂化方向发展。 第二,在语义层面上,能“被”字句中使用的动词V一般为“多价”,以二价为最普遍。“被”字句里充当客体的NP1的语义身份绝大多数为受事。“被”字句里充当主体的 NP2的语义身份绝大多数为施事,NP3的语义身份较多的是涉事和受事。 第三,在语用层面上,表示贬义“被“字句一直以来占主流地位,中性“被”字句和褒义“被”字句随着表达多样性的需要,有逐步扩展的趋势。“被”字句的否定式出现的频率逐渐减少,在近现代极低。最后,在宋代“被”作为虚词没有完全虚化,尚保留动词意义,在近现代逐步完成其虚化演变。

국어 접속문의 시제 해석과 관련된 몇 가지 문제

백낙천 한국국어교육학회 2008 새국어교육 Vol.0 No.79

The paper aims to explain tense phenomenon of conjunctive sentence in Korean by its constituent of morphological interpretation For beginning, I examine that coordinate-conjunctive sentence distinguish from subordinate-conjunctive sentence and the problems related to it. And then, this paper focus on tense in the conjunctive sentence. I discuss that conjunctive sentence which first or ended constituents explained the syntactical characteristics and meaning based on the constituent morph and meanings. Through this paper, I can explain to clarify the tense relationship of the Korean conjunctive endings, also with the overall tense category of the Korean grammar. 그 동안 국어 접속문의 시제 해석은 접속문의 통사 구조에 대한 이해라는 틀에서 이루어졌다. 그러다 보니 대체로 접속문의 시제 해석은 ‘통사적 형식화’에 초점이 맞추어졌던 것이 사실이다. 그리하여 국어 시제 문제에 대한 중요한 실마리가 풀리는 결과를 가져왔지만 접속문과 관련해서는 기존의 논의의 틀에서 크게 벗어나지 못했다. 가령, 대등 접속과 종속 접속이 통사적으로 분류 기준이 명확히 구분되기 어려움에도 불구하고 접속어미를 대등 접속과 종속 접속으로 나누어 놓고 논의를 전개하였다는 점과 접속어미가 문맥에서 보여주는 다양한 의미 기능을 여과 없이 수용하면서 시제 해석을 하다 보니 설명의 난맥상을 초래한 부분이 있었다. 국어 접속어미는 대부분 다양한 구성 요소들이 재구조화된 통합형 접속어미이기 때문에 이들 구성 요소들의 형태, 의미론적 특징에 대한 전반적인 이해가 우선해야 한다. 그러므로 국어 접속문의 시제 해석은 개별 접속어미의 형태론적 특성을 고려하여 설명하고 이에 대한 국어 접속문의 시제 해석 원리를 제시하는 것이 바람직하다.