한국 성인의 자존감 구성요인 탐색 및 척도개발

차경호,홍기원,김명소,한영석 한국심리학회 2006 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.25 No.1

This study was conducted to explore the structure of self-esteem among Korean adults and to develop a Korean Self-esteem Scale. 61 Korean adults participated in FGI (Focused Group Interview) in which they were asked to indicate situations enhancing their self-esteem as well as situations depressing their self-esteem. The content analysis of their responses yielded 14 categories with 148 characteristics of self-esteem. The list of 148 items, Rosenberg's self-esteem scale(1979), and Ryff's psychological well-being scale(1989) were administered to a nationwide sample of 1503 Korean adults in order to assess their self-esteem and psychological well-being through 6-point Likert scale. Responses from 877 participants were submitted to exploratory factor analysis and 70 items with low factor coefficient were deleted. The Korean Self-esteem Scale consisted of 78 items and 11 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis of the responses from the 611 adults showed that the 11 factor structure derived from the exploratory factor analysis was appropriate. The Korean Self-esteem Scale showed relatively high correlations with Rosenberg's self-esteem scale and Ryff's psychological well-being scale, respectively r=.39, .68. These results supported the construct validity of the Korean Self-esteem Scale. Finally the implications and limitations of the present study were discussed. 본 연구에서는 한국 성인남녀가 생각하는 자존감의 구성요인들을 탐색하고 이를 평가하는 척도를 제작한 후, 확인적 요인분석과 Rosenberg(1979)의 자존감 척도 및 심리적 안녕감 척도(Ryff, 1989)와의 관계분석을 통해 그 타당성을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 모두 두 차례의 조사가 실시되었는데, FGI형식으로 이루어진 1차 조사에서는 성인남녀 61명을 대상으로 자존감에 영향을 미치는 상황들을 조사하여 중복된 응답을 제외하고 148개의 특성들이 도출되었고, 각 특성들의 유사성에 따라 14개의 요인으로 분류되었다. 2차 조사에서는 전국 성인남녀 1503명을 대상으로 148개의 자존감 척도 예비 문항들과 Rosenberg의 자존감 척도와 Ryff의 심리적 안녕감 척도 문항들을 함께 실시하여 자신의 현재 삶의 모습을 평정하도록 하였다. 조사 2에서의 응답결과에 대한 분석은 두 부분으로 나누어 실시하였는데, 먼저 877명의 응답 자료를 바탕으로 문항 선정을 위한 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 요인계수가 낮은 문항을 제외한 후 최종 11개요인, 78개의 문항으로 구성된 자존감 척도가 마련되었다. 나머지 611명의 자료는 확인적 요인분석을 위해 사용되었는데 탐색적 요인분석에서 밝혀진 요인구조가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 개발된 자존감 척도와 Rosenberg의 자존감 척도 및 심리적 안녕감 척도를 이용하여 구성개념 타당도를 확인하였다.

C시 노인의 자아존중감과 영향을 미치는 요인

안황란 대한간호학회정신간호학회 1998 정신간호학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Self-esteem is an essential component in health and the quality of life of the aged. But even though self-esteem among the aged has been documented in western country, few studies have been conducted related to the self-esteem in Korea. Especially, relationship of few the general characteristics and self-esteem has been studied in previous research and literature, but relationship of many variables (16) and self-esteem was studied in this study. The purpose of this study was to identify self-esteem and related factors of the aged in the C city. 179 subjects were participated in the study. The survey questionaire was develoed by Hwang-Ran Ahn(1993). SPSS/PC^+ was utililized for data analysis and included discriptive statistics, t-test, One way ANOVA. The results of this study are summerized as follows : 1. Mean of self-esteem was 55.3, minimum was 31, and maximum was 76. 2. Variables showed statistically significant difference in self-esteem of the aged were ; sex, age, education, existence of spouse, family, occupation, existence and type of interest, personality, satisfaction of life, happiness of marriage, existence and type of disease. But it wasn't significantly different according to religion, existence of unmarried family, economic. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the aged in the C city do have middle degree of self-esteem. And the 13 variables of 16 variables showed statistically significant difference in self-esteem. Therefore further research are needed to develop better self-esteem measurement tool to identify selfesteem of the aged and to develop and evaluate nursing intervention for high self-esteem.

심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성과 조절초점의 부합효과

김경아,최훈석 한국건강심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.19 No.4

The current study was conducted to compare the underlying motivational orientations of individuals who possess secure self-esteem vs. fragile self-esteem. It was hypothesized that, under psychological threat, fragile self-esteem (i.e., high on explicit self-esteem but low on implicit self-esteem) would be associated with prevention focus, whereas secure self-esteem (i.e., high on both explicit and implicit self-esteem) would be associated with promotion focus. In contrast, under low threat we expected that both types of self-esteem would be associated with promotion focus. In Study 1, we surveyed one hundred Korean college students and found that explicit self-esteem was positively correlated with both promotion focus and narcissistic tendency. In addition, we found that fragile self-esteem was positively correlated with narcissistic tendency, whereas secure self-esteem was unrelated to narcissism. In Study 2, we tested the effects of a fit between regulatory focus and the two types of self-esteem under psychological threat using a 2 (secure vs. fragile self-esteem) × 2 (promotion vs. prevention focus) × 2 (high vs. low threat) between-participant design. Results revealed that, under psychological threat, participants with fragile self-esteem showed higher performance in the prevention focus condition than in the promotion focus condition, whereas the opposite trend emerged under low threat. In contrast, no significant effect was observed among participants with secure self-esteem. We found the same pattern of results on narcissism. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed. 본 연구는 자존감 안정성 유형을 외현적 자존감과 내현적 자존감의 차이 양상으로 규정하고, 실험연구를 통해 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성 양상과 조절초점의 부합 효과를 알아보았다. 이를 위하여 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감을 각각 측정하여 내현적 자존감은 낮지만 외현적 자존감은 높은 개인(취약한 자존감)과 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감이 모두 높은 개인(강건한 자존감)을 선별하여 사전 조사를 실시했다. 사전 조사 결과, 두 유형에 해당되는 개인들은 공통적으로 향상초점 경향성을 보이지만, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인이 강건한 자존감을 지닌 개인보다 높은 자기애 경향성을 보이는 점에서 차이를 발견하였다. 이를 토대로 실험에서는 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감의 두 유형(강건한 자존감 vs. 취약한 자존감)에 부합하는 동기적 지향성(향상초점 vs. 예방초점)이 서로 다르고, 자존감 유형과 동기적 지향성이 부합하는 조건에서 부합하지 않는 조건보다 개인의 수행이 우수하다는 가설을 검증하였다. 실험 결과, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인은 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때 예방초점 조건에서 향상초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했으며, 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점 조건에서 예방초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했다. 반면에, 강건한 자존감을 지닌 참가자들은 위협 상황에 따른 조절 초점 조건 간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 강건한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준과 무관하게 향상초점과 부합하는 반면, 취약한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점과 부합하지만 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때에는 예방초점과 부합함을 시사한다. 이 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 제한점 및 장래 연구 방향을 논의하였다.

학대피해아동 형제자매들의 스트레스에 대한 보호요인으로써의 자아존중감에 관한 연구

박명숙(Park, Myung-Sook) 한국피해자학회 2011 被害者學硏究 Vol.19 No.1

This study explored the life stress and self-esteem of children who have abused siblings. Also, this study focused on the variable of self-esteem work as a protective factor in abusing situation. For the study, 149 children were recruited through CPS(Child Protective Service). Their life stress and self-esteem were examined and structured instrument was used for data collection. According to the study results, respondents were more likely to have high level of stress regarding of family and learning than other stress. Also, they had low self-esteem and more likely to have negative attitudes toward themselves. Regression analysis verified the variables which are related to the stress of life; the variable of self-esteem in the stress of parent, the variables of family income and self-esteem in the stress of family, the variable of self-esteem in the stress of friend relationship, the variables of children's age, the length of time to the experience of abuse, and self-esteem in the stress of learning, the variables of the length of time to the experience of abuse and self-esteem in the stress of school, and the variable of self-esteem in the stress of environment. Finally, the variable of self-esteem were identified as a protective variable to decrease all kinds of stress for children who have abused siblings. Based on the study results, psychological services for improving self-esteem of siblings of abused children, financial supports for families having risk of abusing children, and mandatory services to children who have abused siblings were suggested as intervention strategies.

아동의 자기수용이 자존감과 외적 자기가치 수반성, 자존감 안정성과의 관계에 미치는 영향

양곤성 한국초등상담교육학회 2024 초등상담연구 Vol.23 No.1

The purposes of this study were to examine the independent effects of self-acceptance in the relationships between self-esteem and self-esteem stability, external contingencies of self-worth and moderating effect of self-acceptance on the relationship between self-esteem and external contingencies of self-worth, self-esteem stability. The subjects were 244 elementary school students in Seoul. Self-acceptance, self-esteem, stability of self-esteem, external contingencies of self-worth scale were examined to children. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, hierarchical multiple regression analysis. According to the results the correlations between self-esteem, self-acceptance and self-esteem stability and external contingencies of self-worth were significant. The effect of self-acceptance on self-esteem stability and external contingencies of self-worth independently of self-esteem was significant. The moderating effect of self-acceptance was significant in the relationship between self-esteem and self-esteem stability. The results of this study demonstrated it is important to consider role of self-acceptance when develop educational interventions for elementary school children.

영재아의 자아존중감에 관한 연구

송수지(Song, Sujie) 한국영재학회 2000 영재교육연구 Vol.10 No.2

This study analyzes the factors influencing self-esteem of the gifted children. The factors are divided into the environmental ones and innate ones. The purposes of this study is presented as follows. 1) To analyze the environmental factors influencing self-esteem of the gifted children ① whether the education period affects self-esteem of the gifted children? ② what influences do the manners of parental child-rearing behavior make? ③ what influences do peer relationships make on self-esteem of the gifted children? 2) To analyze the innate factors influencing self-esteem of the gifted children ① does the gender make a difference to self-esteem of the gifted children? ② does the level of intelligence make a difference to self-esteem of the gifted children? ③ what influences does the locus of control make on the self-esteem of the gifted children? To solve these questions 120 gifted children were selected, who were taking a special education program at C Korea Academy of Gifted Education located at Yangjae-dong Seocho-gu. They were 1st to 3rd grades at elementary school. We used Hare Self-Esteem Scale developed by Bruce R. Hare in 1985, the Index of Peer Relations developed by Hudson in 1986, and Nowicki & Strickland Locus of Control Scale developed by Nowicki and Strickland in 1973. At the other hand the nursing behaviors of 120 mothers of the gifted, were also investigated, based on the Korean Maternal Behavior Inventory, developed by Sungyeon Park in 1989 with some modifications. For statistical analysis we adopted SPSS, a computer software, and calaulated the coefficient of internal appropriateness and the frequencies and percentages of general aspects of the cases. We analysed the factors influencing the self-esteem of the gifted children by way of Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis and Duncan for ex-post-facto approval. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) Influences of the environmental factors on the self-esteem of the gifted children: ① The duration of education period had a significant effect on the self-esteem; the longer the duration were, the higher self-esteem they possessed. ② Of parental child-rearing behaviors, active involvement had positive influence on the self-esteem; on the contrary, authoritarian control and overprotection had negative influences on the self-esteem. ③ An acceptable peer relationship had a positive influence on the self-esteem of the gifted children. 2) Influences of individual innate characteristics on the self-esteem of the gifted children: ① The gender made no difference on the self-esteem of the gifted. ② The intelligence did not have a statistically significant effect on the self-esteem of the gifted. ③ When the locus of control was external, the self-esteem of the gifted tended to be low.

자기불일치가 사회불안에 미치는 영향에서 자존감 유형의 조절효과

정선태,홍혜영 한국청소년학회 2016 청소년학연구 Vol.23 No.9

본 연구에서는 대학생의 자기불일치와 사회불안의 관계에서 자존감 유형의 조절효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 서울, 경기 지역 소재의 4년제 대학생 353명의 연구 자료가 분석에 사용되었고 측정 도구로는 자기불일치, 자존감 수준, 자존감 안정성, 사회불안 척도가 사용되었다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 실제-이상 자기불일치, 실제-의무 자기불일치는 사회불안과는 유의미한 정적상관을, 자존감 수준과 자존감 안정성과의 관계에서는 유의미한 부적상관을 나타내었다. 둘째, 대학생의 자존감 수준과 자존감 안정성을 기준으로 표본을 군집으로 나누어 분류하였다. 검증력을 높이기 위해 위계적 군집분석과 비위계적 군집분석의 조합하여 2단계 군집분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 대학생의 자존감 유형은 총 4개의 군집으로 나뉘어졌고 그 특성을 기초로 하여 ‘안정적인 자존감’, ‘혼란스러운 자존감’, ‘깨어지기 쉬운 자존감’, ‘스스로 고립된 자존감’으로 각각 명명하였다. 셋째, 자기불일치와 사회불안의 관계에서 자존감 유형의 조절효과를 분석한 결과 자존감 유형은 각각의 자기불일치에서 조절효과가 유의미한 것으로 나타났으나 그 중 실제-이상 자기불일치에서 혼란스러운 자존감만이 사회불안에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과를 통해 본 연구의 시사점 및 제한점에 대해서 논의하고 후속 연구에 관하여 제언하였다. This study attempted to verify the moderating effects of self esteem on the relationship between self discrepancy and social anxiety. For the purpose of the study, a questionnaire survey was conducted to university students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do and 353 of them were used for the analysis. Measurments such as self discrepancy, social anxiety, self esteem, self esteem stability scales were used. The findings are as follows. Firstly, reality-ideal self-discrepancy, reality-duty self-discrepancy had a positive relationship with social anxiety and had a negative relationship with self esteem and self esteem stability. Secondly, as a result of classifying samples into groups, samples were divided into four cluster based on self esteem and self esteem stability. Each groups was named on the basis of the respective characteristics as 'stable self esteem', 'chaotic self esteem', 'fragile self esteem," " isolated self esteem by itself'. Thirdly, the result of Moderating effect analysis on self esteem between self-discrepancy, social anxiety shows that types of self esteem have an moderating effect on each of the self-discrepancies. The findings on limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed Based on the results of this study.

중학생의 청소년 수련관 프로그램 참여가 자아존중감 및 정신건강에 미치는 영향

김태형(Kim Tae Hyeong),조지훈(Cho Ji Hoon),전진욱(Jeon Jin Uk) 한국유산소운동과학학회 2017 한국유산소운동과학회지 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the youth training center program on the change of psychological characteristics such as self-esteem and mental health of adolescents. To accomplish this goal, the youth training center program was implemented for two middle school students who participated in the youth training center located in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do. Among 380 questionnaires, which were not participated in the double youth training center program or those who abandoned moderately, 36 of the questionnaires including no answer, double entry, and no acceptance were coded, followed by SPSS 20.0 versiov statistical program. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe(post-test) tests were conducted to examine differences in mental health. T-tests were conducted to examine the mean and standard deviation of pre- As a result, it was found that after participating in youth training center program activities, the sef -esteem and mental health score of adolescents were increased or decreased by sub - types. The conclusions drawn from this study are as follows. First, in the present study, there was a significant difference in general self-esteem, family self-esteem, and self-esteem at school as a sub-variable of self-esteem and self-esteem. The self-esteem score showed an increase in overall self-esteem from the pre/post test, and the sub-variables of self-esteem such as general self-esteem, social self-esteem, home self-esteem, There was a significant improvement. Second, as a result of the youth training activities, it was found that the self and psychopathology, which are sub-variables of mental health, were significant according to sex and school. Self-efficacy, social support (family), and psychopathology were significant subscales of mental health. Social support (friends and relatives), which is a sub-variable of mental health, was significant according to the number of participation. After performing youth activities, it was found that the subscales of self-efficacy, social support, and psychopathology were significantly higher in mental health subscale.

중ㆍ고등학교 태권도 선수들의 자아존중감이 우울, 신체화 및 사회불안에 미치는 영향

김현미(Kim Hyeon Mi),안효자(An Hyo-Ja),정성필(Chung Sung-Pil),박은석(Park Eun-Seok),김공(Kim Kong) 한국체육과학회 2009 한국체육과학회지 Vol.18 No.4

This study aims at looking into an influence on depression, Somatization, and Social Anxiety of middle school and high school Taekwon-do students' Self-esteem and offering fundamental data helpful to living guidance, learning instruction, and mental health of Taekwon-do youths. The object was selected by Convenience Sampling Method from a sample group composed of middle school and high school Taekwon-do students participating in winter training session from January 2, 2009 to 24. As for a questionnaire, this study used Self-esteem Scale developed by Rosenberg(1965) and revised by Jeon(1974) and the items of depression and Somatization of Symptom Chelist 90-Revision developed by Derogatis, Rickels, and Rock(1976) and revised by Kim, Kim and Won(1984). In addition, this study used Social Anxiety Scale Adolescents developed by LaGreca과 Lopez(1998) and revised by Moon and Oh(2002). This study performed and collected the questionnaire survey by Self-Administration Method. In the SPSS/WIN 14.0 program, frequency analysis, factor analysis, Pearson's correlation, Multiple Regression Analysis were used. The positive Self-esteem and negative Self-esteem had positive correlation. All of the positive Self-esteem and negative Self-esteem had negative correlation between depression, Somatization, Social Anxiety1(Fear of negative evaluation), and Social Anxiety2(Fear of new situation). Depression, Somatization, Social Anxiety1, and Social Anxiety2 had significant positive correlation. The negative Self-esteem factor of Self-esteem had a significant negative influence on Depression and Social Anxiety statistically. The negative Self-esteem of Self-esteem had a significant negative influence on Social Anxiety1 and Social Anxiety2 statistically. Level or related factor contents were found out to be different, depending on the ways to measure Self-esteem of adolescence, positive view or negative view. Taekwon-do players' fear of negative evaluation and fear of new situation of Depression, Somatization, and Social Anxiety were influenced on negative Self-esteem, rather than positive Self-esteem. So, it is necessary to have a concernment on negative Self-esteem and effective intervene ways.

군 병사의 자기복잡성과 심리적 디스트레스의 관계: 개인자존감과 집단자존감의 매개효과

심윤기,김완일 한국상담학회 2014 상담학연구 Vol.15 No.6

본 연구는 군 병사를 대상으로 긍정․부정 자기복잡성과 개인 및 집단자존감이 심리적 디스트레스에 미치는 영향을 구조회귀 모형을 통해 검증하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 강원도 지역에서 복무하고 있는 병사 372명을 대상으로 자기복잡성, 개인 및 집단자존감, 심리적 디스트레스 척도를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 긍정․부정 자기복잡성은 개인자존감에 영향을 미치고, 개인자존감은 집단자존감에 영향을 주며, 집단자존감은 다시 심리적 디스트레스에 차례로 영향을 미치는 순차적 완전매개 효과가 나타났다. 본 연구는 자기복잡성과 개인 및 집단자존감 등 다양한 자기개념 변인들을 살펴봄으로써 그 관계성을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다. 본 연구 결과는 먼저, 군 병사들의 심리적 디스트레스를 감소시키기 위해 개인 및 집단자존감을 포괄하는 자기개념증진 집단프로그램 개발의 필요성을 시사한다. 다음으로, 군 병사들을 대상으로 한 상담 시 개인 및 집단자존감을 고양시킬 필요가 있음을 시사하고 있다. 마지막으로, 본 연구결과에 대한 논의와 추후연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to test the effects of positive/negative self-complexity, personal self-esteem and collective self-esteem on psychological distress among military soldiers with structural regression model. For this purpose, this study administered a self-complexity scale, personal and collective self-esteem scale and psychological distress scale to 372 military soldiers who served in Gangwon-do region. The result showed that there is a sequential mediating effect in which the positive/negative self-complexity affected personal self-esteem, which in turn affected collective self-esteem which affected psychological distress, in sequence. The implication of this study is to examine various self-concept variables including self-complexity, personal and collective self-esteems to demonstrate their relationships. The findings suggest that there is a need for self-concept enhancement group program encompassing personal and collective self-esteems in order to reduce psychological distress among military soldiers. Next the findings suggest that there is also a need to enhance personal self-esteem as well as collective self-esteem in counseling with military soldiers. Finally, the discussion on this study and suggestions for future study were presented.