Primo-vessels and Primo-nodes in Rat Brain, Spine and Sciatic Nerve

이병천,소광섭,Ki-Hoon Eom 사단법인약침학회 2010 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.3 No.2

We report a method using Trypan blue staining to detect primo-vessels in the nervous system on internal organs or in the skin of rat. We applied this technique to visualize the primo-vessels and primo-nodes in the brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of a rat. Primo-vessels and primo-nodes were preferentially stained at nerves, blood vessels, or fascia-like membranes and turned blue after the spread and washing of Trypan blue. The physiological role of the primo-vessels within the nervous system is an important question warranting further investigation.

Study of Novel Threadlike Structures on the Intestinal Fascia of Dogs

Zhao-Feng Jia,소광섭,Qiang Zhou,Bo Dong,Wen-Hui Yu 사단법인약침학회 2011 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.4 No.2

The primo-vascular system was visualized in the mesentery surrounding the small intestine of a dog using Trypan blue. This structure, which was first observed in a rat, formed a network as primo-vessel branches were joined to primo-nodes. Other characteristic features of the primo-vascular system, such as bundles of tubes with fibrous extracellular matrix in a primo-vessel and a broken-line alignment of rodshaped nuclei along the primo-vessel, were observed. Blood vessels, lymph vessels,and primo-vessels were present in the same mesentery, and they could clearly be distinguished by histological differences.

프리모순환계와 질병에서의 역할에 관한 문헌적 고찰

이유정 ( Yoo Jung Yi ),김희영 ( Hee Young Kim ) 대구한의대학교 제한동의학술원 2020 제한동의학술원논문집 Vol.18 No.1

OBJECTIVES : In the 1960`s, Kim Bong-han claimed a new anatomical structure which was thought to be ancient acupuncture meridians under the named Bonghan system. Although Bonghan thory dismissed as hypothesis without scientific basis, recently some researchers have reported the morphological and cytological characteristics of Primo-vascular system. The purpose of this study is to review recent articles concerning scientific evidence and property of the PVS in normal or disease states. METHODS : We reviewed recent articles by using the term ‘Primo vascular system’ in the database of Pubmed. RESULTS and CONCLUSION : The composition of the Primo-circular system is divided into the primo-tube and the prim onode, and it is confirmed that the internal organs and signals are exchanged through the inter connection between them. In addition, the primo nodes of the Primo-circular system are rich in biochemical substances such as DNA, suggesting that they may perform immune functions. In addition, several studies suggest the possibility of acting as a signal for treatment in internal organ diseases through cytological and morphological changes in primo node in the condition of disease.

Visualization of Acupuncture Meridians in the Hypodermis of Rat Using Trypan Blue

이병천,소광섭 사단법인약침학회 2010 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.3 No.1

Bonghan Kim claimed that the primo-vessel (Bonghan duct) and the primo-node (Bonghan corpuscle) are anatomical structures corresponding to acupuncture meridians and acupoints, respectively, but this claim has not been confirmed. Recently we found that Trypan blue preferentially stained primo-vessels and primo-nodes on the surfaces of internal organs, not staining other structures like blood or lymph vessels or nerves. In this work, we applied Trypan blue to visualize the putative acupuncture meridian along skin skeletal muscles in the hypodermal layer of a rat. The Trypan blue stained-structures are morphologically similar to the meridian primo-vessels, as claimed by Bonghan Kim. Further study is needed to investigate the network of these Trypan blue-stained structures in order to establish them as acupuncture meridians.

The hyaluronic acid-rich node and duct system is a structure organized for innate immunity and mediates the local inflammation

Choi, Beom K.,Hwang, Sun H.,Kim, Yu I.,Singh, Rohit,Kwon, Byoung S. Elsevier 2019 Cytokine Vol.113 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The Hyaluronic Acid-rich Node and Duct System (HAR-NDS or NDS), Primo Vascular System (PVS) or Bonghan System (BHS), is thought to be a third circulatory system independent of the blood and lymphatic systems and a structure of connected nodes and ducts. Although it seems to be part of the immune system as it is enriched with cells of innate immunity, little is known about its immunological roles. We performed cellular profiling and secretome analysis of NDS in a steady state and under TLR2- or TLR4-mediated local inflammation, and found that the NDS is pre-dominantly enriched with the myeloid cells, selectively attracts the inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils, has a flexible structure just like the lymph node, and is structured with the fibroblastic reticular cells and reticular network. NDS dominantly harbored the myeloid cells in both steady and activated status, and secreted various types of inflammatory cytokines by proinflammatory stimuli. These results suggest that NDS is the lymphoid structure for the innate immunity and plays an intermediary role in the innate immune cell-mediated local inflammation.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> HAR-NDS pre-dominantly enriched with the myeloid cells rather than lymphocytes. </LI> <LI> Inflammatory stimuli produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from HAR-NDS. </LI> <LI> Inflammatory stimuli induce the rapid and transient swelling of HAR-NDS. </LI> <LI> HAR-NDS has a flexible structure just like the lymph node. </LI> </UL> </P>

Differential Gene Expression by RNA-Seq Analysis of the Primo Vessel in the Rabbit Lymph

신준영,Sang-Heon Choi,Da-Woon Choi,Ye-Jin An,Jae-Hyuk Seo,Jong-Gu Choi,Min-Suk Rho,이상석 사단법인약침학회 2019 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.12 No.1

For the connectome of primo vascular system, some long-type primo vessels dyed with Alcian blue injected into inguinal nodes, abdominal node, and axially nodes were visualized, which passed over around the vena cava of the rabbit. The Alcian blue dye revealed primo vessels and colored blue in the rabbit lymph vessels. The length of long-type primo vessels was 18 cm on average, of which diameters were about 20e30 mm, and the lymph vessels had diameters of 100e150 mm. Three different tissues of pure primo vessel, mixed primo þ lymph vessel, and only lymph vessel were made to undergo RNA-Seq analysis by next-generation sequencing. We also analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the RNA-Seq data, in which 30 genes of the primo vessels, primo þ lymph vessels, and lymph vessels were selected for primo marker candidates. From the plot of DEG analysis, 10 genes had remarkably different expression pattern on the Group 1 (primo vessel) vs Group 3 (lymph vessel). With Fragments Per Kilobase of exon per Million the cutoff pvalue for each gene was < 0.05. Fragments Per Kilobase of exon per Million of the 10 genes such as IGHM, HLA-DRA, HIST1H41, LPL, CD36, SRGN, DGAT2, SNCG, CD48, and GPD1 for primo vessels compared with those of lymph vessels increased twice or thrice. These results suggest that the selected genes could be used for the specific marker to construct primo connectome of circuit system in the rabbit.

Primo Bundles Identified by Microcomputed Tomography in Primo Vascular Tissue on the Surface of Rat Abdominal Organs

Chae Jeong Lim,Yiming Shen,최민철,Pan Dong Ryu 사단법인약침학회 2020 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.13 No.4

Background: The primo vascular system (PVS) is a novel network composed of primo nodes (PNs) and primo vessels (PVs). Currently, its anatomy is not fully understood. Objectives: The aim of this study was to elucidate the three-dimensional PNePV structure. Methods: Organ-surface PVS tissue was isolated from healthy and anemic rats. The tissues were analyzed by X-ray microcomputed tomography (CT), hematoxylin and eosin staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Results: From CT images, we identified one or more bundles in a PV. In the PN, the bundles were enlarged and existed in isolation and/or in anastomosis. The transverse CT images revealed four areas of distinct intensities: zero, low, intermediate, and high. The first two were considered to be the sinuses and the subvessels of the PVS and were identified in the hematoxylin and eosinestained PN sections. The enlargement of the PN from anemic rats was associated with an increase in the intermediate-intensity area. The high-intensity area demarcated the bundle and was overlapped with the mesothelial cells. In scanning electron microscopy, the PV bundles branched out, tapering down to a single bundle at some distance from the PN. Each bundle was composed of several subvessels (~5 mm). Clustered round microcells (1e25 mm), scattered flat oval cells (~15 mm), and amorphous extracellular matrix were observed on the surface of the PVS tissue. Conclusions: The results newly showed that the primo bundle is a structural unit of both PVs and PNs. A bundle was demarcated by high CT intensity and mesothelial cells and consisted of multiple subvessels. The PN bundles contained also sinuses.

Visualizing the Peripheral Primo Vascular System in Mice Skin by Using the Polymer Mercox

Miroslav Stefanov,김정대 대한약침학회 2015 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.18 No.3

Objectives: As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a vascular casting material Mercox injected directly into the skin to take advantage of a simple procedure to visualize PVS structures as primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs) in the skin. Methods: Two colors of the polymer Mercox were injected into mouse skin. After a partial maceration of the whole body with potassium hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the Mercox that had been injected into the PVS. Results: Injection of Mercox directly into the skin allowed the PVs and the PNs to be visualized. This approach can fill the PVS when the material is ejected out of the PVs or PNs. The shapes, sizes, and topographic positions of the nodes and the vessels are the hallmarks used to identify the PVS in skin when Mercox is used as a tracer. Conclusion: The direct injection of the casting material Mercox into skin, with modified partial maceration procedures, is a promising method for visualizing the PVs and the PNs in the peripheral part of the PVS in skin. The polymer Mercox can penetrate through the primo pores of the primo vascular wall and fill the PVs and the PNs. The data prove that PVs and PNs exist on the hypodermal layer of the skin.

Visualizing the Peripheral Primo Vascular System in Mice Skin by Using the Polymer Mercox

Stefanov, Miroslav,Kim, Jungdae KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2015 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.18 No.3

Objectives: As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a vascular casting material Mercox injected directly into the skin to take advantage of a simple procedure to visualize PVS structures as primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs) in the skin. Methods: Two colors of the polymer Mercox were injected into mouse skin. After a partial maceration of the whole body with potassium hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the Mercox that had been injected into the PVS. Results: Injection of Mercox directly into the skin allowed the PVs and the PNs to be visualized. This approach can fill the PVS when the material is ejected out of the PVs or PNs. The shapes, sizes, and topographic positions of the nodes and the vessels are the hallmarks used to identify the PVS in skin when Mercox is used as a tracer. Conclusion: The direct injection of the casting material Mercox into skin, with modified partial maceration procedures, is a promising method for visualizing the PVs and the PNs in the peripheral part of the PVS in skin. The polymer Mercox can penetrate through the primo pores of the primo vascular wall and fill the PVs and the PNs. The data prove that PVs and PNs exist on the hypodermal layer of the skin.

알시안블루와 형광나노자성입자가 염색된 토끼의 림프내 프리모관의 자성특성 연구

신준영(Jun-Young Shin),최상헌(Sang-Heon Choi),최다운(Da-Woon Choi),안예진(Ye-Jin An),서재혁(Jae-Hyuk Seo),최종구(Jong-Gu Choi),이상석(Sang-Suk Lee) 한국자기학회 2018 韓國磁氣學會誌 Vol.28 No.3

For displaying the connectome of primo vasculature system (so called kyungrak circulatory system) of rabbit, the steady mixture solution of alcian blue with the fluid of fluorescent nano-magnetic particles was injected the lymph node in the neighbor the vena cava of a rabbit. After the mixed staining fluid had been injected into the lymph node, the color of the primo vessel inside the lymph vessel presented to a dark-green-blue one. We confirmed the presence of primo vessel floating inside the lymph vessel and observed the magnetic properties by using the periodic motion of the primo vessel according to the horizontal movement of a permanent magnet in vitro status. The attractive curvature of one isolated primo vessel depended on the intensity of magnetic field passed through inside of primo vessel that had adsorbed the alcian blue and fluorescent nano-magnetic particles.