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      • KCI우수등재

        신뢰성 해석기법을 이용한 배추 가격 예측 모형의 개발

        서교,김태곤,이정재,Suh, Kyo,Kim, Tae-Gon,Lee, Jeong-Jae 한국농공학회 2008 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.50 No.3

        Generally the price of agricultural products has much different characteristics from that of manufacturing products. If products have the limitation of long-term storage and the short period of cultivation, the price of products can be more unstable. Moreover, the price forecasting is very difficult because it doesn't follow any cycle or trend. However price can be regarded as risk instead of uncertainty if we can calculate the probability of price. Reliability analysis techniques are used for forecasting the price change of Chinese cabbage. This study aims to show the usability of reliability analysis for price forecasting. A price-forecasting model was developed based on weather data of the first 10 days of the full cultivating cycle (80 days) 70 days and the average price and standard deviation of wholesale market prices from 1996 to 2001 and applied to forecast the boom price, or the orice which is over the tolerance of market prices, of upland Chinese cabbage in 2002 and 2003. Applied results showed the possibility of boom price forecasting using reliability analysis techniques.

      • KCI등재후보

        가격할인 상황에서 단수가격의 효과

        이은평,박유식,이종학 충북대학교 국가미래기술경영연구소 2018 기술경영 Vol.3 No.4

        This paper focuses on verifying how discount price perception, quality perception and purchase intention of consumers change when a reqular price and a discount price are proposed either as an odd or round price discount situation in a reference price advertising form. The experiment results show that the types of regular prices seem to have a significant influence on discount price perception and purchase intention, but they do not on quality perception. The proposed types of discount prices did not significantly affect discount price perception and purchase intention, but quality perception was affected much more significantly by a round price than by an odd price. As a result of analyzing the interaction effect of a regular price with a discount price, the interaction effect was not observed in discount price perception and quality perception, but it was observed in purchase intention.

      • KCI등재

        Does the Change of Price Limit Affect the Volatility in Stock Price? - Evidence from Korea

        ( Eunwoo Song ),( Jinhyung Cho ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2022 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.27 No.1

        This paper verifies the effects of the changes in the price limit in the KOSPI market by conducting a comparative analysis on stock price’s volatility under the 15% and 30% price limit. We employ time series data for all individual stocks from January 2, 2001 to December 31, 2020. In particular, the focus of our research is to verify the Volatility Spillover Hypothesis, Delayed Price Discovery Hypothesis and Trading Interference Hypothesis. First, analysis for Volatility Spillover Hypothesis indicates that volatility spillover takes place as stocks trade at their limit price. However, after the price limit expands, the volatility spillover for stocks that previously failed to reach the limit decreases. Second, the result for the Delayed Price Discovery Hypothesis suggests that although the price spillover takes place during the trading its price limit, the price spillover for groups that have failed to reach the limit price significantly decreases after the expansion of the price limit. Lastly, the result for the Trading Interference Hypothesis indicates that after the price limit expands, the trading interference decreases as stock price reaches its price limit. In all hypotheses tested, it seems apparent that the volatility in the KOSPI market gradually decreased as a result of the expansion of the price limit.

      • KCI등재후보

        가격 공정성 지각에 관한 비교연구

        이령나,이성근 한국기업경영학회 2009 기업경영연구 Vol.16 No.3

        The price fairness perception of the product is closely related to the reference price. If price of the product is higher than reference price, consumer will perceive it as unfair. As previously reported, the principles of price fairness perception such as dual entitlement theory, cost-plus rule and buffer rule have been discussed by many researchers. Dual entitlement theory means that both buyer and seller has the right. That is to say, sellers have the right to obtain the profit and sellers have the right not to buy when the price is not fair. On the other had, consumers will judge the price ad fair when the price is set on the cost level. Buffer rule means that consumers will judge the price as fair when the price should be constant without considering the fluctuation of the cost level. Kahneman et al.(1986a, b) is the first researcher who applied the dual entitlement theory to the price fairness perception. However, Urbany et al.(1989) also supported partially the effectiveness of the dual entitlement theory. That is, he showed that dual entitlement theory will be valid when the search cost is lower than the amount of price increase. But Kalpurkal et al.(1991) denied entirely the Kahneman’s conclusion and suggested that the cost-plus rule and buffer rule are more effective than dual entitlement theory. According to previous studies, there was no dominant rules to describe the phenomenon of price fairness perception. Under the above mentioned backgrounds, the purpose of this study is to explain which theory is more explainable in different situations. In order to describe which theory would make sense for perceiving the fairness, three scenarios based on the each theories was built and they were applied to three products such as digital camera, lettuces and aromatics which were selected in the pre-study. The hypothesis was that consumers would perceive the price fairness differently when each of three previous theories was applied to each product. The conditions considered are as follows when the products were selected. Firstly, lettuces represent the condition that the sellers can control the cost and the consumers have negotiation power, Digital cameras represent the condition that the sellers can control the cost, and have even negotiation power. Aromatics express that the seller cannot control the cost and the consumers have the negotiation power. To test the hypothesis, 3(three rules) by 3(three products based on the situations) experimental design was used. Each cell is composed of around 30 students who attend ‘S’ university. They are required to check the degree of fairness after reading the scenarios. We judged the degree of fairness by the number of respondents who checked 4(probably fair), or 5(fair) in 5 point interval scale. <Table 1> Scenarios [표] Contrary to the hypothesis, and similarly to the Kalpurkal et al.(1991), the cost plus rule and the buffer rule are more valid than dual entitlement theory for explaining the price fairness perception. The reason why the contradictive results were shown is as following. Because consumers tend to maximize their own profit, they consider the rules to be beneficial as fairness. <Table 2> Results [표] This study has also some limitations. The manipulation of one of the scenarios did not work well in the main experiment, which is contradictory to the pre-study. The case of aromatics was not manipulated in the main experiment. Thus, I could not check the ideas I developed based on the literature review. Secondly, the meaning of dual entitlement theory was not delivered to the subjects because of the its delicate situation. The some of contradictory result was due to it. 가격 공정성 지각은 소비자들의 제품구매에 영향을 미친다. 선행연구에서 이미 제시되었듯이 소비자들은 쌍방권한원칙(dual entitlement theory), 원가가산원칙(cost-plus rule), 완충원칙(buffer rule)에 근거하여 가격 공정성을 판단한다. Kahneman 등(1986a, b)은 가격공정성 지각원칙 중 쌍방권한원칙에 대해 처음으로 제시하였고 소비자들이 쌍방권한원칙을 적용하여 가격공정성을 판단할 때 더 효과적이라고 하였다. 그러나 Urbany 등(1989)은 Kahneman 등(1986a, b)의 쌍방권한원칙의 효과에 대해 부분적으로 부정하였고 Kalpurkal 등(1991)은 Kahneman 등(1986a, b)의 결론을 완전히 부정하면서 쌍방권한원칙보다 원가가산원칙, 완충원칙이 더 효과적이라는 결론을 제시하였다. 이렇듯 선행연구에 따르면 어느 하나의 원칙이 지배적으로 설명력이 있다고 보기 어려울 정도로 여러 가지 결과들이 혼재되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 선행연구에서 나타난 결과를 정리하여, 각 공정성지각의 원칙이 어떤 경우에 더 효과적으로 설명이 가능한가를 밝히기 위하여, 각 원칙들이 설명 가능한 세 가지 상황과 제품군을 시나리오로 설정하여 소비자들이 공정성을 지각하는 방법들을 증명하고자 하였다. 선행연구 결과와는 달리 쌍방권한원칙보다는 원가가산원칙, 완충원칙이 가격 공정성을 지각하는데 더 설명력이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

      • KCI등재

        동아시아 지역의 선박연료유 가격선도성 연구

        최문성 한국통상정보학회 2023 통상정보연구 Vol.25 No.3

        This study analyzes the presence of price leadership of marine fuel oil market(Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore) in the East Asia using cointegration test and vector error correction model (VECM) and examine to determine whether the prices of marine fuel oil are set based on international oil prices. As a result of the analysis, cointegration relationships exist among marine fuel oil prices in the East Asia. Results of a weak exogeneity test to examine long-run price leadership show that the marine fuel price of Singapore lead the prices among ports in East Asia in the long-run, and when Dubai international oil prices are included, Dubai oil price leads the prices of fuel oil markets in East Asia. Results of the Granger causality show that Korea-Japan and Japan-Hong Kong have a two-way causality, resulting in short-run price competition between them. When including the Dubai oil price, it was found that the Dubai oil price unilaterally affects the marine fuel prices of all ports in East Asia in the short-run.

      • Pricing add-on products : The effect of price differences among base and add-on products of mobile games on add-on product sales

        Seongsoo Jang,Jaihak Chung 한국마케팅관리학회 2019 한국마케팅관리학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.10

        Prior pricing literature has focused on pricing multiple products offered simultaneously, with less attention to pricing add-on products whose prices are non-observable and offered sequentially in the electronic marketplace. This research examines how inter-price relationships among base and add-on products affect the sales of a new add-on product in the mobile gaming context. Based on theories of price fairness, product familiarity and price-quality relationship, a research model was drawn and tested on a sample of 6,766 weekly observations derived from 74 base games and 514 add-on virtual goods. Our empirical results show that the relative price of a new add-on product, when compared to the base game price, is negatively related to the add-on product sales, but positively related to its sales, when compared to prices of existing add-on products. Furthermore, the inter-price relationships among base and add-on gaming products are moderated by visual richness and game genre. This study provides the implications for IS research and practice.

      • KCI등재

        번들가격할인 프레이밍과 메시지 프레이밍이 소비자의 번들구성제품에 대한 평가에 미치는 영향

        박소진 한국마케팅학회 2011 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.13 No.3

        This study investigate the interaction effects of bundle price discount framing and message framing on consumer’s attitude of bundle component. Although each effect of bundle price discount framing and message framing has been explored individually, few attempts have been made to invest them jointly. This study tests the interaction effects of bundle price discount framing and message framing on consumer’s evaluation of bundle component. Moreover, this research focuses on consumer’s evaluation of individual bundle component while the existing research on bundling primarily focused on consumer’s evaluation of the bundle. Prior research suggests that consumers are sensitive to the framing of prices and discounts in the presentation of the bundle offer. For example, there is considerable evidence that partitioning or consolidating the prices of a bundle can influence the attractiveness of the bundle offer. Similarly, there is evidence that an equivalent price reduction to the overall bundle, one of the individual products in the bundle, or distributed among the individual products in the bundle can alter the perceived attractiveness of the offer (e.g. Chakravarti, Krish, Paul, and Srivastava 2002; Hamilton and Srivastava 2008; Janiszewski and Cunha 2004; Johnson, Herrmann and Bauer 1999; ; Morwitz, Greenleaf, and Johnson 1998; Yadav 1994; 1995). In line with these earlier research, this research suggests that the bundle type can influence the consumer’s evaluation of bundle component. There are two types of bundle - mixed-leader bundle and mixed-joint bundle. In mixed-leader bundling, the price of one of the two products is discounted when the other product is purchased at the regular price. In mixed–joint bundling, a single price is set when the two product are purchased jointly. This study supposes that the teeth whitening product is the leader product in a mixed-leader bundle. So bundle price discount framing is manipulated such as “Buy the teeth whitening product (regular price ₩80,000) and get 50% discount on the functional toothpaste(regular price ₩40,000), special set price ₩100,000" or "Buy the functional toothpaste and the teeth whitening product as a set and get discount for the set, special set price ₩60,000". Message framing is manipulated through the product claims described in an advertising bill. The positive framing presents that “Over 95% of users achieved the expected 2-3 shades of improvement in two weeks” where as the negative framing presents “less than 5% of users did not achieve the expected 2-3 shades of improvement in two weeks”. This study uses hypothetical brand name of the teeth whitening product and the functional toothpaste. This study is based on a 2x2 factorial design with bundle discount framing (mixed-leader bundle vs. mixed-joint bundle) and massage framing (positive vs. negative). The dependant variables are consumer’s perceived quality and attitude of the teeth whitening product The data reveals that two dependant variables are correlated, so the data is analyzed with two- way MANOVA. This research explores the significant interaction effect of bundle discount framing and message framing on consumer’s perceived quality and attitude of the teeth whitening product. When the message framing is positive, consumer's perceived quality and attitude of the teeth whitening product is higher in mixed-leader bundle than mixed-joint bundle condition. However, when the message framing is negative, consumer's evaluation is higher in mixed-joint bundle than mixed-leader bundle. The author explains this result by stating that consumers are less likely to use heuristics such as price-quality association and value discounting hypothesis(Raghubir 2004) in the negative message framing condition. Additionally, consumer's perceived risk of the teeth whitening product in the negative message framing condition can be more reduced by the bundle partner(e.g. the toothpaste) in mixe... 가격번들링(price bundling)의 형태에는 ‘믹스드리더번들(mixed-leader bundle)’과 ‘믹스드조인트번들(mixed-joint bundle)’이 있는데 전자는 패키지 구성요소 중 하나는 정상가에 판매하고 다른 하나는 할인된 가격에 판매하는 것(예를 들면, 치아미백제를 구매하면 치약 할인)이고, 후자는 패키지의 가격을 통합하여 하나의 할인된 가격(예를 들면, 치아미백제와 치약을 함께 구매하면 총금액 할인)으로 제시하는 것이다. 메시지 프레이밍이란 동일한 광고 메시지를 어떻게 표현하느냐 하는 것인데, 제품을 사용할 경우 얻게 될 혜택 또는 긍정적인 제품 속성을 강조하는 긍정적 프레이밍과 대안을 채택하지 않을 경우 입게 되는 손실 또는 부정적인 제품속성을 강조하는 부정적 프레이밍이 있다. 본 연구는 치아미백제의 메시지 프레이밍을 ‘95%가 미백효과를 보았다(긍정적 프레이밍)’와 ‘5% 미만이 미백효과를 보지 못했다(부정적 프레이밍)’로 제시하였다. 본 연구는 개별제품에 대한 소비자의 지각된 품질수준과 태도에 대한 번들가격할인 프레이밍과 메시지 프레이밍의 상호작용효과를 탐구하였다. 연구결과 메시지 프레이밍의 주효과와 상호작용효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 긍정적 메시지프레이밍 조건에서는 믹스드조인트번들보다 믹스드리더번들에서 치아미백제에 대한 지각된 품질 및 태도가 높았으나, 부정적 메시지 프레이밍 조건에서는 믹스드리더번들보다 믹스드조인트번들에서 더 높았다. 본 연구는 번들 내 개별제품에 대한 번들가격할인 프레이밍과 메시지 프레이밍의 상호작용효과를 발견했다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있으며, 메시지 프레이밍의 형태에 따라 번들가격 제시방법을 달리해야함을 제안하고 있다.

      • KCI등재

        온라인 시장의 가격수용성에 관한 연구: 가격의식과 상품관여도의 영향을 중심으로

        이형재,정의석 한국고객만족경영학회 2007 고객만족경영연구 Vol.9 No.3

        For implementing differentiated pricing in online marketplaces, firms should know how level of and latitude of acceptable price are determined by online customers. Price acceptability in the online market may be influenced by price consciousness, product involvement. If customers don't have enough knowledge about products, quality may be inferred positively through price and level of acceptable price would be changed. In online markets, customers easily price information and non-price information on products without large costs. This study analyzes the effects of price consciousness and product involvement on the price acceptability.The results of an empirical study imply that for online purchases, product involvement has a positive effect on the level and latitude of acceptable price. Price consciousness has also a negative effect on level and latitude of acceptable price. 차별화된 가격정책을 펴기 위해서는 우선적으로 소비자들이 온라인 상점에서 지각하는 가격수용수준(level of acceptable price)과 가격수용영역(latitude of acceptable price)이 어떻게 형성되며, 어느 정도의 수준에서 형성되는지 이해하는 것이 필수적일 것이다. 소비자가 지각하는 가격수용수준과 가격수용영역은 가격의식(price consciousness), 제품관여도(product involvement)의 영향에 의해서 변화한다. 하지만 제품의 가격에 대한 정보와 비가격 정보를 적은 노력을 통해 손쉽게 탐색할 수 있는 온라인 환경에서의 소비자의 가격수용수준과 가격수용영역은 기존의 연구결과와는 조금 다르게 나타났다. 온라인 상점에서 소비자의 가격수용수준과 가격수용영역에 영향을 미치는 가격지각과 제품관여도의 관계를 분석하였다. 연구의 결과를 통해서 온라인 상점에서 제품을 구매할 때 제품관여도는 소비자의 가격수용수준과 가격수용영역에 양의 영향을 미치는 반면에 가격의식은 가격수용수준과 가격수용영역에 부의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

      • THE MYTH OF THE SOCIAL CONSUMER – IMPACT OF INDIVIDUALISM ON PRICE INCREASE FAIRNESS

        Doreen Pick,Stephan Zielke 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

        Introduction Marketing research habitually claims that customers are willing to pay a price premium for fair-trade products, for environmental-friendly production and other environmental or social matters. We question this paradigm by asking for contextual variables. We identify under which circumstances consumers perceive price increases caused by social reasons as more fair. In particular, we examine the role of individualism as a key trait influencing price fairness perception. Our empirical study (n>400) shows that the subdimensions of individualism differently impact perceptions of price increase fairness: consumer competition decreases fairness perception for social price increase reasons, uniqueness increases fairness perception caused by environmental-friendly production and consumer independence has a neutral effect. Theoretical Development In our study, we reason that different types of individualism differently influence fairness perception of price increase reason because of different social reasons. First, independence reflects an individual’s value of autonomy in judgment, decision making, and actions (e.g., Markus & Kitayama, 1991). We expect that people who feel independent put more emphasis on their person’s freedom and do not feel strong connections to others. Consumer competition represents an interpersonal comparison between the self and others and the individual’s desire to get ahead of others and striving for individual achievements (e.g., Triandis & Gelfand, 1998). Consumers also compete for the costs and benefits of higher prices. Thus, we expect that consumer competition reduces fairness perception for all subdimensions of individualism. Uniqueness is the perceived importance of developing the self’s unique identity and expressing characteristics that are different from others (e.g., Markus & Kitayama, 1991). People who feel unique typically strive for lifestyles to show their uniqueness by purchasing items, which are socially visible and symbolic of identity (Berger & Heath, 2007). They might also be willing to pay more for products and services, which support this uniqueness such as a more environmental-friendly production of products. Research Design We test the hypotheses using a paper-and-pencil survey approach in Germany because in Germany, price increases for CSR topics were very common in many industries in the past few years. We measured the three dimensions of individualism using the scale by Chen and West (2008). The fairness measurement of three types of price increase justifications follows the study by Homburg, Hoyer and Koschate (2005) using established 7-point Likert scales. The sample consists of more than 400 respondents. Results and Conclusion As assumed, results show no significant impact of consumer independence on fairness perception of price increases caused by higher payments for suppliers and environmental-friendly production. Furthermore, the effect for price increases caused by better employee payment is positive, but only small and marginally significant. These results support our hypotheses, assuming a neutral effect of independence. As expected, consumer competition decreases price fairness perception for all price increase reasons, which supports our hypotheses. Perceived uniqueness has no influence on fairness perceptions of price increases caused by higher payment for suppliers and better payment for employees, but increases fairness perception of price increases caused by environmental-friendly production. Age and gender as control variables have mainly no influence on price fairness perception. Our work contributes to marketing theory by originally showing that differences in cultural orientations within a country can explain fairness perceptions of socially justified price increases. Simple country comparisons often neglect heterogeneity in the population. Nevertheless, our results should also be generalizable for country comparisons. Secondly, consumer competition has a negative impact on price fairness for all price increase justifications, while independence has mostly neutral influences and, uniqueness partly even positive effects. This suggests to differentiate dimensions of individualism. Thirdly, the effects differ across social price increase justifications. Thus, consumers seem to evaluate carefully what benefits they personally get from a specific price increase reason. For example, uniqueness increases fairness perceptions if the company refers to an environmental-friendly production, but not for better payment of suppliers and employees. Hence, customers might perceive a higher signaling benefit from buying and consuming environmental-friendly produced products. These findings deepen our knowledge on effects of price increase justifications.

      • KCI등재

        Nikkei225 옵션시장의 가격결정커널에 관한 연구

        류두진 ( Doo Jin Ryu ) 한국경영공학회 2012 한국경영공학회지 Vol.17 No.2

        This study examines the pricing kernels implied by the Nikkei225 index and option prices. Following Rosenberg and Engle(2002), based on the two specifications of the pricing kernels (one is the power pricing kernel and another is the polynomial pricing kernel), we estimate the empirical pricing kernels that successfully explain the price dynamics of the Nikkei225 options. We find some interesting results in the Japanese financial market. First, the power pricing kernel generally decreases with the underlying Nikkei225 index returns, which shows stark contrasts with the results in the S&P500 (U.S.) options market. Second, the time-varying pricing kernels generally outperform the time-invariant pricing kernels in explaining the dynamics of the Nikkei225 option prices, but this does not hold when pricing ITM options which are not actively traded. Third, the (time-varying) polynomial pricing kernel, which has more complicate and flexible functional structure than the (time-varying) power pricing kernel, shows better pricing performance. Considering that there is little research on the Nikkei225 options and there is not a single published article that investigates the pricing kernels in the Japanese options market, this study can be a stepping stone for the future research.

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