Sensing Nitrate and Potassium Ions in Soil Extracts Using Ion-Selective Electrodes

Kim, H.J.,Sudduth Kenneth A.,Hummel John W. Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2006 바이오시스템공학 Vol.31 No.6

Automated sensing of soil macronutrients would allow more efficient mapping of soil nutrient spatial variability for variable-rate nutrient management. The capabilities of ion-selective electrodes for sensing macronutrients in soil extracts can be affected by the presence of other ions in the soil itself as well as by high concentrations of ions in soil extractants. Adoption of automated, on-the-go sensing of soil nutrients would be enhanced if a single extracting solution could be used for the concurrent extraction of multiple soil macronutrients. This paper reports on the ability of the Kelowna extractant to extract macronutrients (N, P, and K) from US Corn Belt soils and whether previously developed PVC-based nitrate and potassium ion-selective electrodes could determine the nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil extracts obtained using the Kelowna extractant. The extraction efficiencies of nitrate-N and phosphorus obtained with the Kelowna solution for seven US Corn Belt soils were comparable to those obtained with IM KCI and Mehlich III solutions when measured with automated ion and ICP analyzers, respectively. However, the potassium levels extracted with the Kelowna extractant were, on average, 42% less than those obtained with the Mehlich III solution. Nevertheless, it was expected that Kelowna could extract proportional amounts of potassium ion due to a strong linear relationship ($r^2$ = 0.96). Use of the PVC-based nitrate and potassium ion-selective electrodes proved to be feasible in measuring nitrate-N and potassium ions in Kelowna - soil extracts with almost 1 : 1 relationships and high coefficients of determination ($r^2$ > 0.9) between the levels of nitrate-N and potassium obtained with the ion-selective electrodes and standard analytical instruments.

Potassium Chloride로부터 Nitrogen Dioxide 반응에 의한 Potassium Nitrate로의 전환

임굉,Yim, Going 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 1996 自然科學論文集 Vol.8 No.2

염화물을 이산화질소기체로 반응시킬때와 같이 고체 염화칼륨으로부터 고체 질산칼륨으로의 직접적인 전환이 질산칼륨의 생성을 암시하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또 열역학적 추정에 있어서 자유에너지 변화는 상온에서 유리하며 발열반응을 보여준다. 그리고 높은 수율과 함께 적은양의 물존재로 인하여 상온에서 반응이 일어나며 반응생성물에서 염화니트로실이 동시에 생성되고 있다. The direct conversion of solid potassium chloride to solid potassium nitrate by the reaction of the chloride with gaseous nitrogen dioxide is suggested for the preparation of potassium nitrate. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the free energy change is favorable at ordinary temperatures and that the reaction is exothermic. Experiments are described in which it was found that the reaction takes place at ordinary temperatures in the presence of a small amount of water with good yield. Nitrosyl chloride is produced simultaneously.

Contribution of marine macroalgae genes to plant potassium deficiency tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis

Miyazaki Takae,Moon Ju Yeon,Shin Ryoung 한국식물생명공학회 2021 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.15 No.3

Marine algae survive in a high sodium environment, however, they experience potassium deprivation in cells as a consequence. Our previous study demonstrated that genes from the marine species of macroalgae, Pyropia yezoensis, including the ammonium transporter, PyAMT1, and a β-carbonic anhydrase, PyβCA1, could complement a potassium-uptake defective Escherichia coli mutant. In the present study, various Pyropia genes were expressed in Arabidopsis to determine if Pyropia genes could enhance potassium-defciency tolerance in plants. Overexpression of PyAMT1, a nitrate transporter, PyNRT2.1, PyβCA1, and their Arabidopsis homologs in Arabidopsis, enhanced the tolerance of the transgenic plants to potassium starvation without altering potassium levels in the plants. A Pyropia coatomer gene, which is similar to the Arabidopsis coat protein complex I zeta subunit, also contributed to enhancing potassium defciency tolerance and increasing potassium accumulation in Arabidopsis. The Pyropia PyC5 gene does not have any known homologues in higher plants and lacks any known motifs or domains. PyC5-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants grew much better under potassium defciency conditions compared to control plants. Collectively, the results suggest that marine algae genes could be used as a novel source of genes to aid in the development of stress-tolerant plants.

Combination of ammonium nitrate, cerium chloride and potassium chloride salts improves Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Nicotiana tabacum

Maheshwari, Priti,Kovalchuk, Igor 한국식물생명공학회 2013 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.7 No.2

The frequency of plant transformation can be improved by addition of various chemical into transformation media. In the past, we showed that exposure of tobacco, wheat and triticale explants to ammonium nitrate, cerium and lantanium chloride and potassium chloride resulted in an increase in the frequency of transformation. Here, we tested whether a combination of increased concentrations of the aforementioned salts yielded a higher transformation frequency. We found that exposure to 61.8 mM ammonium nitrate caused a 5.0-fold increase in transformation frequency, whereas exposure to 1.0 ${\mu}M$ cerium chloride or 47.0 mM potassium chloride resulted in 1.2- and 2-fold increases, respectively. Exposure to 61.8 mM ammonium nitrate and 1.0 ${\mu}M$ cerium chloride led to a 4.8-fold increase in transformation frequency, whereas exposure to 61.8 mM ammonium nitrate and 47.0 mM potassium chloride let to a 5.2-fold increase. Finally, exposure to 61.8 mM ammonium nitrate, 1.0 ${\mu}M$ cerium chloride and 47.0 mM potassium chloride produced a 5.1-fold increase. The analysis of the intactness of T-DNA borders showed that plants exposed to ammonium nitrate and a combination of ammonium nitrate with other salts had the more intact right borders and the less intact left borders. The best results were observed when all three salts (ammonium nitrate, potassium chloride and cerium chloride) were used. Thus, we concluded that the addition of cerium chloride and potassium chloride does not substantially improve the transformation rate beyond the improvement observed upon treatment with 61.8 mM ammonium nitrate, but may slightly improve the intactness of T-DNA borders.

Combination of ammonium nitrate, cerium chloride and potassium chloride salts improves Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Nicotiana tabacum

Igor Kovalchuk,Priti Maheshwari 한국식물생명공학회 2013 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.7 No.2

The frequency of plant transformation can beimproved by addition of various chemical into transformationmedia. In the past, we showed that exposure oftobacco, wheat and triticale explants to ammonium nitrate,cerium and lantanium chloride and potassium chlorideresulted in an increase in the frequency of transformation. Here, we tested whether a combination of increased concentrationsof the aforementioned salts yielded a highertransformation frequency. We found that exposure to61.8 mM ammonium nitrate caused a 5.0-fold increase intransformation frequency, whereas exposure to 1.0 lMcerium chloride or 47.0 mM potassium chloride resulted in1.2- and 2-fold increases, respectively. Exposure to61.8 mM ammonium nitrate and 1.0 lM cerium chlorideled to a 4.8-fold increase in transformation frequency,whereas exposure to 61.8 mM ammonium nitrate and47.0 mM potassium chloride let to a 5.2-fold increase. Finally, exposure to 61.8 mM ammonium nitrate, 1.0 lMcerium chloride and 47.0 mM potassium chloride produceda 5.1-fold increase. The analysis of the intactness ofT-DNA borders showed that plants exposed to ammoniumnitrate and a combination of ammonium nitrate with othersalts had the more intact right borders and the less intactleft borders. The best results were observed when all threesalts (ammonium nitrate, potassium chloride and ceriumchloride) were used. Thus, we concluded that the additionof cerium chloride and potassium chloride does not substantiallyimprove the transformation rate beyond theimprovement observed upon treatment with 61.8 mMammonium nitrate, but may slightly improve the intactnessof T-DNA borders.

Effect of Potassium Nitrate on the Biochemical Parameters of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Goudar, K.S.,Kaliwal, B.B. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2001 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.3 No.1

The effect of supplementation with potassium nitrate on biochemical constituents was analyzed following treatment of last larval stadium. The fat body glycogen and haemolymph trehalosre significantly increased in all the treated groups. The fat body and haemolymph protein also increased significantly in all the treated groups except 500 ${\mu}g$/ml where increased fat body protein and decreased haemolymph protein were not significant. The total lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids of the fat body increased significantly in all the groups except 50 and 300 ${\mu}g$/ml where the fat body phospholipids increased but the increase was not significant. However the total lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids are significantly decreased in 500 ${\mu}g$/ml treated group when compared with that of the carrier control.

A Study on Evaluation of Effect of Mitigating Dentin Hypersensitivity of Dentifrice Containing Potassium Nitrate (KNO3:101.10) and Aluminum Lactate (C9H15AIO9:294.19)

이수영,이천희,박용덕,심지현,조자원 대한예방치과학회 2017 International Journal of Clinical Preventive Denti Vol.13 No.4

Objective: To identify whether dentifrice containing two ingredients of potassium nitrate and aluminum lactate has mitigating effect on dentin hypersensitivity. Methods: The study dentifrice contained potassium nitrate and aluminum lactate, and standard dentifrice was a usual dentifrice with dental type silica as the main ingredient containing sodium monofluorophosphate. The degree of dentin hypersensitivity was measured at the base, after 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 4 weeks+3 days, and 6 weeks. The results were compared. Results: There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in the electrodermal stimulation test between the experimental group and the control group using the 6-week treatment, and after the 4-week application of the corrective agent (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05) and 4 weeks (p<0.01) in the case of wind stimulation test, and 3 days (p<0.01) in the additional experiment using standard detergent after 4 weeks At 2 weeks (p<0.05), significant teeth appeared. in cold stimulation test, there was a significant difference at 2 weeks (p<0.05) and 4 weeks (p<0.01), and 2 weeks respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was found that the use of dentifrice containing potassium nitrate and aluminum lactate was effective in reducing the dentin hypersensitivity.

A Study on Evaluation of Effect of Mitigating Dentin Hypersensitivity of Dentifrice Containing Potassium Nitrate (KNO3:101.10) and Aluminum Lactate (C9H15AIO9:294.19)

Soo-Young Lee,Cheon-Hee Lee,Yong-Duk Park,Jee-Hyeon Shim,Ja-Won Ch 대한예방치과학회 2017 International Journal of Clinical Preventive Denti Vol.13 No.4

Objective: To identify whether dentifrice containing two ingredients of potassium nitrate and aluminum lactate has mitigating effect on dentin hypersensitivity. Methods: The study dentifrice contained potassium nitrate and aluminum lactate, and standard dentifrice was a usual dentifrice with dental type silica as the main ingredient containing sodium monofluorophosphate. The degree of dentin hypersensitivity was measured at the base, after 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 4 weeks+3 days, and 6 weeks. The results were compared. Results: There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in the electrodermal stimulation test between the experimental group and the control group using the 6-week treatment, and after the 4-week application of the corrective agent (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05) and 4 weeks (p<0.01) in the case of wind stimulation test, and 3 days (p<0.01) in the additional experiment using standard detergent after 4 weeks At 2 weeks (p<0.05), significant teeth appeared. in cold stimulation test, there was a significant difference at 2 weeks (p<0.05) and 4 weeks (p<0.01), and 2 weeks respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was found that the use of dentifrice containing potassium nitrate and aluminum lactate was effective in reducing the dentin hypersensitivity.

Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) Test with Potassium Nitrate and 2-Methylpentane

( Kyung Taek Rim ),( Soo Jin Kim ),( Sung Bae Lee ),( Jong Kyu Kim ),( Jeong Sun Yang ) 한국환경분석학회 2011 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.14 No.2

We investigated the genotoxicities or mutagenicities of two chemicals (potassium nitrate and 2-methylpentane) that have limited toxicological data in spite of their common usage based on Ames reverse mutation test. In this test, treatment of two chemicals at each five dose did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA 1537, and in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA with and without metabolic activation. These results indicate that two chemicals do not have mutagenic potentials under the conditions of our study.

Effect of Potassium Nitrate Supplementation on Economic Parameters of the Silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Goudar, K.S.,Kaliwal, B.B. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2000 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.1 No.1

The effect of supplementation with potassium nitrate on economic parameters was analysed following treatment of last larval stadium. The treated larvae showed a significant increase in larval weight at 500$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and silk gland weight in all the treated groups along with other enhanced larval, cocoon and adult parameters. The larval period was significantly decreased in all the treated groups with increased female and male cocoon weights its shell weights filament lengths at 500$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. The denier was significantly decreased in all the groups. The filament weight moth emergence percentaged length of the ovariole were unaffected. However, eggs per ovariole, fecundity and hatching percentage significantly decreased compared with the corresponding parameters of the carrier control.