우리나라 야생식용 자원식물의 종류 및 발아 특성에 관한 연구

姜炳華,沈相仁,李相珏,朴壽現 韓國作物學會 1997 Korean journal of crop science Vol.42 No.2

우리나라의 자원식물 중 식용으로 이용할 수 있는 식물종에 대한 연구로서 식용자원의 발생 이황에 대한 연구와 유전자원 수집을 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 우리나라에 발생하는 식용 자원식물 중 74 개과에 속하는 609종의 발생이 확인되었다. 2. 식용 자원식물의 수에 다른 과별 순위는 국화과>백합과>십자화과>콩과>장미과>산형과>화본과>석죽과 순으로 나타났다. 3. 국화과, 십자화과, 백합과에 속하는 대부분의 식용식물은 경엽부를 채소로서 이용하고 있었으며, 장미과의 식물과 콩과 식물 중 일부는 과실이나 종자를 식용 자원으로 이용할 수 있었다. 4. 재배하는 작물종과 식물분류학적으로 근연관계에 있는 종의 수가 많은 화본과 식물은 직접 식용으로 이용할 수 있는 종의 수가 극히 적었다. 5. 수집된 종자들의 발아률은 종마다 다양하여 자원식물의 식용을 위해서는 발아율의 낮은 종의 발아율 개선에 대한 연구가 선행되어야 한다. This study was conducted to obtain the basic information of edible resources among plant species. Potentials of resource plants were important in various usages, healthy food, medicinal materials, and breeding materials. Through our investigation 609 species of resources plants were considered as edible resources. These species belong to 74 families in which Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae were major families. Brassicaceae, Liliaceae, and Asteraceae contained large numbers of edible plants because plants belonged to these families were mainly used as vegetable. But Cyperaceae and Poaceae had relatively small numbers of species in the category of edible plant because plants belonged to these families have not been used directly as vegetables, common usage of edible plant. But Poaceae have a potentials as genetic donor for resistance-breeding strategies in major cereals. Although Poaceae can not be used as food directly, Poaceae should be investigated intensely in future for improvement of major cereals or application as fodder plants. The beneficial traits of edible plants as breeding materials have not been studied yet and development of new crop from plant resources requires the information about current situation in occurrence of resources plants genetically related to current crop species. Our results do not cover all plant species in Korea but this classification and identification about edible resources will provide primary information about plant resources. The collected seeds of resource plants showed wide spectrum in germination rate among plant species. The germination rate would probably be affected by collecting times, collected stage, and stored period. The proper methods about improving germination rate have to be elucidated to propagate the resource plants.

Plant genetic resources in China and their application to plant biotechnology

Qing Fu Chen 한국작물학회 2007 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.11

Plant germplasm resources are the plant materials containing useful inheritable characters of actual or potential value. Generally speaking, plant resources include cultivated and wild plants. China is a megadiversity country. A great lot of different complex climate environments in China such as dryness, wetness, clearness, clouding, shade, plain, hill, mountain, and so on, have gestated many Chinese endemic special plants. Some of them have special genes, such as resistance to drought, chilliness, disease, pests, and saltness etc, elite quality, high yield characteristics and so on. There are 470 families、about 3 7000 genus、more than 30 000 species of lichen, fern、seed plants in China. Special species in China involve 200 genus and about 10 000 species. Plant resources in China are conservated in situ and ex situ, by means of reforestation, regrassing, natural protection zones, arboreta, campus, parks, and institutes, etc. National Crop Gene Bank in Beijing, built in 1986, has 3200m2, two long-term rooms (T=-18℃±1℃, RH<50%) with the capability 400,000. There are more than 340,000 accessions in long-term banks of the National Crop Gene Bank of China, involving 35 families, 192 genus, 725 species. Among them, 80% are native to China. Up to now, there have been more than 210 main tree species for artificial forestation in China. Among them, there are more than 120 species for reforestation of barren slopes, deserts, and stony mountains. There are about 800-1000 Chinese traditional medicine plants, which were mainly conservated in situ and ex situ. The application of plant germplasm in China in plant biotechnology were reviewed on the following aspects: (1)Core germplasm construction by molecular marker technology (2)Plant germplasm preservation by biotechnology (3) Plant germplasm reproduction and industrialization by biotechnology (4) Elite gene discoverfrom plant germplasm by biotechnology (5) Plant germplasm in China and gene engineering technology. At last, some problems of plant resources in China were put forward.

식물유전자원관련 국제협약 및 국제협상에 관한 최근동향

김태산,김창영,박동석,백형진,조규택,강정훈,이명철,김정봉,박기훈,윤성탁 한국국제농업개발학회 2009 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.21 No.4

The current international debate on legal regimes for plant genetic resources has its origins in the late 1970s and early 1980s when developing countries became concerned over the inequity of continuing the free flow of genetic resources. Two major international instruments that handle these important issues are the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). The Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted in 1992, at the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro. Currently, 196 countries are parties to the CBD. The Conservation of Biological Diversity, the sustainable use of their components, and the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of the genetic resources are the objectives of the CBD. The Convention on Biological Diversity reaffirmed the sovereign rights of countries over their own biological resources and established that states have the authority to determine access to genetic resources under their jurisdiction. Under the CBD, the individual or institution seeking to collect or receive biological samples must get the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) from the national authority. The applicant and the national authority must negotiate the Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) for the use of the material and the sharing of the benefit. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was negotiated to address the outstanding issues not resolved by the CBD. The ITPGRFA entered into force on June 29, 2004 after ratification by 40 countries. The IT creates a Multilateral System (MLS) for access and benefit sharing that creates a common pool of PGRFA for research and breeding. The scope of the MLS extends to the crops and forages listed in the Annex 1 of the Treaty which are under the management and control of the government and are in the public domain. In order to make the MLS, the Treaty member countries agreed the text of a Standard Material Agreement (SMTA) to be used for all the transfers of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) within the system. The SMTA is a contract between the provider and the user of the resources. Today, scientists and other professionals dealing with plant genetic resources cannot access, develop or conserve these resources without negotiating their way through a complex set of laws and policies. There are different measures governments need to adopt to advance the implementation of these regimes. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to give genetic resources professionals and related scientists the information they need to be more sensitive to the policy and legal environment in which they do their work. 유전자원과 관련이 된 국제 규범은 생물다양성협약(Convention on Biological Diversity) 과 식량농업 식물유전자원국제조약(International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture)의 두개의 규범이 있다. 이러한 국제적 규범에 따라서 종전에는 유전자원은 인류의 공동유산으로 간주되어 누구에게나 자유롭게 접근 활용이 가능하였던 것이 유전자원에 대한 국가 주권이 인정되면서 유전자원의 활용에 따라 발생하는 이익에 대하여 공정하고 균등한 분배를 해야 하는 등 유전자원에 대한 소유권 개념에 커다란 변화가 오고 있다. CBD에서는 유전자원의 접근 및 이익공유에 사전통보승인(PIC), 상호동의조건(MAT)을 명문화하여 유전자원에 접근 및 활용이 쌍자간의 협의에 의하여야 함을 의무화 하고 있다. 이와 대조적으로 IT에서는 64개의 식량농업유전자원에 대해서는 다자체제(Multilateral System)하에서 표준물질이전계약서(Standard Material Transfer Agreement)를 통하여 접근 및 활용이 가능하도록 규정 하므로써 농업용 유전자원의 원활한 접근 및 활용을 완화하는 추세이다. 이밖에도 유전자원 관련 한 국제협약으로 신품종 보호연맹(UPOV), 무역관련지식재산권 협약(TRIPS), 세계무역기구(WTO), 세계지식재산권기구(WIPO)등이 있어 유전자원의 소유권과 이들에 대한 접근에 대한 국제적 논의도 활발하게 진행이 되고 있어 유전자원을 일선에서 다루고 있는 종자은행의 과학자나 유전자원관련 정책입안자, 종묘업계나 육종가들도 시시각각으로 변화하고 있는 유전자원관련 국제정책과 규범에 대하여 충분한 지식을 가질 것이 요구된다. 우리나라도 2009년 초 정식으로 IT회원국이 됨에 따라서 다자체제하에서 각국회원국 보유 유전자원 및 국제농업연구센터 보유 유전자원에 대한 접근이 가능해졌으며 아울러 우리나라 국가연구기관 보존 유전자원에 대해서도 외국의 접근을 허용해야 하는 의무도 함께 발생하였다. 이러한 국제적 추세에 발맞추어 우리나라도 2008년 8월부터 유전자원보존관리 및 이용에 관한 국내법을 제정하여 시행하고 있으며 다른 여러 나라들도 국가수준에서의 IT 이행을 위하여 많은 노력을 기울이고 있으며 특히 다자체제 하에서의 유전자원 접근 및 이익공유 이행을 서두르고 있다.

식물유전자원에 대한 접근 및 이익공유(ABS)에 관한 국제쟁점 동향과 시사점

이호선,이석영,백형진,정응기,김정곤,김연규 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

식물유전자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유(Access to genetic resources and Benefit Sharing : ABS)에 대한 국제규범은 식량농업식물유전자원국제조약(International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture : ITPGRFA)과 생물다양성협약(Convention on Biological Diversity : CBD) ABS 의정서(일명 ‘나고야의정서’)가 있는데, 그 목적에 따라 다른체제를 가지고 있다. ITPGRFA는 지속적 농업발전과 식량안보에 기여하는 식량 및 사료작물 64작물에 대해 다자체제를적용한다. 유전자원에 대한 접근과 유전자원을 이용한 후 발생하는 이익에 대해서는 유전자원 제공자와 수령자 사이에 표준물질이전협정(Standard Material Transfer Agreement :SMTA) 체결에 의해 이루어질 수 있다. 상업적 이익이 발생하였을 때는체결한 표준물질이전협정에 따라 수익의 일정 부분을 식량농업식물유전자원국제조약 재정기구에 납부해야한다. 그렇게 지불된 자금은 개발도상국과 경제체제전환국의 농부들에게 직·간접적으로 지원하는데 사용된다. CBD ABS의정서는 ITPGRFA의다자체제와는 다른 자원제공자(혹은 제공국)와 이용자(혹은 이용국)간의 양자체결에 의해서 이루어진다. 생물유전자원 뿐만 아니라 이와 관련된 전통지식을 포함하여 이용을 위해 접근 할경우 사전에 자원제공국이나 제공자에게 허가를 받아야 하며(사전통보승인, Prior Informed Consent, PIC), 유전자원의 이용에서 발생하는 이익을 자원제공자와 이용자간 상호합의조건 (Mutually Agreed Terms, MAT)에 따라 공유하도록 규정한다. 이러한 절차나 내용은 각국의 법으로 규정하도록 되어 있다. 또한 ABS의정서는 PIC나 MAT와 같은 절차의 이행여부를 모니터링 하고, 그와 관련된 내용을 ABS 정보공유소(ABS Clearing House)에 등록하도록 되어있다. 이러한 ABS 국제규범으로 인하여 유전자원에 대한 국가의 주권의식이 높아지고자국의 유전자원의 보호와 관리가 강화됨에 따라 국내 유전자원의 다양성 확보와 보존 및 활용을 위해 국제동향에 맞추어능동적으로 준비하는 것이 필요하다. Access to plant genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefit arising from their utilization (ABS), together with conservation and sustainable use, are the heart of both the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) ABS Protocol (hereinafter “Nagoya protocol”) and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, (ITPGRFA). The ITPGRFA established a Multilateral System of ABS for those plant genetic resources that are most important for security and on which countries are most interdependent. For such 64 crops, which are listed in Annex of the ITPGRFA, the Contracting Parties have agreed on standard terms and conditions that will govern their transfer for the purpose of research, breeding and training. These standard terms and conditions are set out in the SMTA (Standard Material Transfer Agreement). The financial benefits arising from commercialization form part of the Funding Strategy under Article 18 of the ITPGRFA. An essential element of the Strategy is the direct or indirect support for biodiversity conservation and in particular for the long-term ex situ conservation and availability of PGRFA. The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement aimed at ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources that contribute to biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol seeks to further implement the Convention’s provisions governing access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of such resources. The Nagoya Protocol calls upon each nation to establish clear rules and procedures requiring for genetic resources users to obtain prior informed consent before accessing a country’s genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol also reinforces the authority of each country to the users to enter into benefit-sharing agreements, based on mutually agreed terms(MAT), stemming from the use of such resources. To support compliance of ABS, each party shall take to monitor and to enhance transparency about the utilization of genetic resources. Such measures shall include the designation of checkpoints to monitor the implementation of MAT and the establishment of ABS Clearing House as a means for sharing of information related to access and benefit sharing. The international agreements relevant to ABS recognize the sovereign rights of nations over the genetic resources and strengthen in the conservation and management of their own genetic resources. For securing of domestic diversity of genetic resources and utilization of them, it is necessary to prepare actively in accordance with international issues.

연구논문 : 사회과학 ; 식물유전자원에 대한 접근 및 이익공유(ABS)에 관한 국제쟁점 동향과 시사점

이호선 ( Ho Sun Lee ),이석영 ( Sok Young Lee ),백형진 ( Hyung Jin Baek ),정응기 ( Eung Gi Jeong ),김정곤 ( Chung Kon Kim ),김연규 ( Yeon Gyu Kim ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

식물유전자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유(Access to genetic resources and Benefit Sharing: ABS)에 대한 국제규범은 식량농업식물 유전자원국제조약(International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: ITPGRFA)과 생 물다양성협약(Convention on Biological Diversity: CBD) ABS의정서(일명 ``나고야의정서``)가 있는데, 그 목적에 따라 다른 체제를 가지고 있다. ITPGRFA는 지속적 농업발전과 식량안보에 기여하는 식량 및 사료작물 64작물에 대해 다자체제를 적용한다. 유전자원에 대한 접근과 유전자원을 이용한 후 발생하는 이익에 대해서는 유전자원 제공자와 수령자 사이에 표준물질이전협정(Standard Material Transfer Agreement: SMTA) 체결에 의해 이루어질 수 있다. 상업적 이익이 발생하였을 때는 체결한 표준물질이전협정에 따라 수익의 일정 부분을 식량농업식물 유전자원국제조약 재정기구에 납부해야 한다. 그렇게 지불된 자금은 개발도상국과 경제체제전환국의 농부들에게 직·간접적으로 지원하는데 사용된다. CBD ABS의정서는 ITPGRFA의 다자체제와는 다른 자원제공자(혹은 제공국)와 이용자(혹은 이용 국)간의 양자체결에 의해서 이루어진다. 생물유전자원뿐만 아니라 이와 관련된 전통지식을 포함하여 이용을 위해 접근 할 경우 사전에 자원제공국이나 제공자에게 허가를 받아야 하며 (사전통보승인, Prior Informed Consent, PIC), 유전자원의 이용에서 발생하는 이익을 자원제공자와 이용자간 상호합의조건 (Mutually Agreed Terms, MAT)에 따라 공유하도록 규정한다. 이러한 절차나 내용은 각국의 법으로 규정하도록 되어 있다. 또한 ABS의정서는 PIC나 MAT와 같은 절차의 이행여부를 모니터링 하고, 그와 관련된 내용을 ABS 정보공유소(ABS Clearing House)에 등록하도록 되어있다. 이러한 ABS 국제규범으로 인하여 유전자원에 대한 국가의 주권의식이 높아지고 자국의 유전자원의 보호와 관리가 강화됨에 따라 국내 유전자 원의 다양성 확보와 보존 및 활용을 위해 국제동향에 맞추어 능동적으로 준비하는 것이 필요하다. Access to plant genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefit arising from their utilization (ABS), together with conservation and sustainable use, are the heart of both the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) ABS Protocol (hereinafter "Nagoya protocol") and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, (ITPGRFA). The ITPGRFA established a Multilateral System of ABS for those plant genetic resources that are most important for security and on which countries are most interdependent. For such 64 crops, which are listed in Annex of the ITPGRFA, the Contracting Parties have agreed on standard terms and conditions that will govern their transfer for the purpose of research, breeding and training. These standard terms and conditions are set out in the SMTA (Standard Material Transfer Agreement). The financial benefits arising from commercialization form part of the Funding Strategy under Article 18 of the ITPGRFA. An essential element of the Strategy is the direct or indirect support for biodiversity conservation and in particular for the long-term ex situ conservation and availability of PGRFA. The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement aimed at ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources that contribute to biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol seeks to further implement the Convention`s provisions governing access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of such resources. The Nagoya Protocol calls upon each nation to establish clear rules and procedures requiring for genetic resources users to obtain prior informed consent before accessing a country`s genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol also reinforces the authority of each country to the users to enter into benefit-sharing agreements, based on mutually agreed terms (MAT), stemming from the use of such resources. To support compliance of ABS, each party shall take to monitor and to enhance transparency about the utilization of genetic resources. Such measures shall include the designation of checkpoints to monitor the implementation of MAT and the establishment of ABS Clearing House as a means for sharing of information related to access and benefit sharing. The international agreements relevant to ABS recognize the sovereign rights of nations over the genetic resources and strengthen in the conservation and management of their own genetic resources. For securing of domestic diversity of genetic resources and utilization of them, it is necessary to prepare actively in accordance with international issues.

식량농업식물유전자원에 대한 국제조약의 분석

吳玧錫(Yun-Seok Oh) 대한국제법학회 2008 國際法學會論叢 Vol.53 No.2

유전자원은 인류의 생존에 있어 필수불가결한 재료이다. 전통적으로 국제사회는 식물유전자원에 대한 접근을 인류공동유산원칙에 입각하여 무상으로 자유롭게 허용하였다. 그러나 생명공학기술의 발전과 함께 유전자원에 대한 인식은 변화하였고, 인류공동유산원칙은 인류의 공동관심사원칙으로 대체되었다. 이 변화를 처음 수용한 것은 생물다양성협약이다. 생물다양성협약은 생물 다양성을 보존하고, 그 구성요소를 지속가능하게 이용하며, 그 이용의 결과 발생하는 이익의 공정하고 형평한 공유를 규정하고 있다. 이러한 목적을 실현하기 위해 생물다양성협약은 유전자원에 대한 국가주권의 승인과 함께 자원에 대한 접근을 결정할 권한이 자원보유국에 있고 유전자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유를 자원의 제공국과 이용국 간의 사전통지동의와 상호 합의된 조건하에서 이루어질 것을 규정하고 있다. 생물다양성협약은 유전자원을 포괄하는 국제협약으로 너무 포괄적인 성격을 갖고 있다. 따라서 개별 유전자원에 대한 국제적 규율이 필요하여 2001년 식량농업기구는 지속가능한 농업과 식량안보를 위하여 식물유전자원조약을 채택하였다. 식물유전자원조약은 생물다양성협약에 부합하여 식량농업식물유전자원의 보존과, 지속가능한 이용 및 그 이용결과 발생하는 이익의 공정하고 형평한 공유를 목적으로 규정하고 있다. 식물유전자원조약은 보존과 지속가능한 이용을 위하여 국가들의 일반적인 의무, 기술지원 및 국제협력을 규정하고 있고, 식물유전자원을 보존한 농부들의 기여를 보호하기 위하여 농부의 권리를 규정하고 있다. 또한 자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유를 위하여 다자체제를 설립하였다. 다자체제는 동 조약의 운영에 있어 핵심적인 기구로 운영기구를 창설하였다. 운영기구는 동 조약에서 중요한 내용에 대한 의사를 결정한다. 우리나라는 생물자원이 부족하여 해외자원에 대한 의존이 심한데, 앞으로 자원에 대한 지속적인 접근과 이용을 위하여 자원에 대한 접근과 이익공유를 규정하고 있는 식물유전자원조약에 신속하게 참여하는 것이 필요하다. Genetic resources are indispensable materials for human existence. Conventionally, access to genetic resources is based on the universally accepted principle that genetic resources are a common heritage of mankind. But, with the development of the biotechnology, a common heritage of mankind is replaced by a principle of common concern. The Convention on Biological Diversity provide the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of it. And, the Convention recognize the sovereign rights to exploit their own genetic resources and the authority to determine access to genetic resources. And, the Convention provide the access shall be on prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms between providing state and using state. The Convention has the comprehensive nature. So, Food and Agriculture Organization was adopted the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture(ITPGRFA) on 2001. The Treaty provide the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use. This article aims that overview ITPGRFA and prepare for necessary measures of Korea on the ITPGRFA. The objectives of the ITPGRFA are conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use. The ITPGRFA provide sovereign rights of state over their plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, farmers' rights, the multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing. So, contracting parties to the ITPGRFA shall ensure the conformity of its laws, regulations and procedures with obligations as provided in this treaty. At present, Korea isn't a contracting party of the ITPGRFA. Korea is short of plant genetic resources and it shall introduce diverse plant genetic resources from abroad. So, I suggest that Korea should access to the ITPGRFA and participate in making decision to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, at the multilateral system of the treaty.

국내 식물자원 및 약용식물 추출물이 벼 유묘 생장에 미치는 영향

지기수,김용훈,박지성,김건우,Ji, Gi-Su,Kim, Yong-Hun,Park, Jee-Sung,Kim, Kun-Woo 한국유기농업학회 2014 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.22 No.2

국내 식물자원 및 약용식물들의 식물 생장촉진 효과를 조사하기 위하여 64종 65점의 추출물 시료를 조제하여 벼(Oryza sativa) 유묘 생장에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 11종 12점의 쑥(Artemisia princeps) 경엽, 엉겅퀴(Cirsium japonicum var. maackii) 전초, 진달래(Rhododendron mucronulatum) 가지와 잎, 갈대(Phragmites communis) 줄기, 율무(Coix lacrymajobi var. mayuen) 전초, 싸리(Lespedeza bicolor) 가지와 잎, 산수국(Hydrangea serrata f. acuminata) 전초, 속단(Phlomis umbrosa) 전초, 감초(Glycyrrhiza uralensis) 근경, 감초(G. uralensis) 경엽, 당귀(Angelica gigas) 뿌리 및 천궁(Cnidium officinale) 근경 추출물은 벼 유묘 생장을 촉진시키는 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과에 따라 상기 식물 종의 부위들은 식물 생장촉진용 농가 자가제조 액비 개발을 위한 소재로써 활용가능성이 있는 것으로 판명되었다. This study was conducted to identify plant growth promoting effects of native plant resources and medicinal plants. 65 kinds of plant extracts from 64 species were evaluated based on two rice(Oryza sativa) seedling bioassays for gibberellins and gibberellin-like substances. 12 extracts of Artemisia princeps stem and leaf, Cirsium japonicum var. maackii whole plant, Rhododendron mucronulatum branch and leaf, Phragmites communis stem, Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen whole plant, Lespedeza bicolor branch and leaf, Hydrangea serrata f. acuminata whole plant, Phlomis umbrosa whole plant, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Rhizome, G. uralensis stem and leaf, Angelica gigas root, and Cnidium officinale rhizome showed growth promotion of rice seedlings. Our results suggested that the parts of these plants could be the potential sources as farm-made liquid fertilizers for plant growth promotion.

장안산과 팔공산(전북 장수)의 식물상 및 보전관리방안

오현경 ( Hyun Kyung Oh ),한윤희 ( Yun Hee Han ),박경욱 ( Kyung Uk Park ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2013 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.16 No.1

The vascular plants in the trail from Jangansan to Palgongsan were listed 389taxa (8.0% of all 4,881taxa of Korean vascular plants); 84 families, 226 genera, 325 species, I subspecies, 55 varieties and 8 forms. Furthermore, hemicryptophytes (H) were 110 taxa (28.3%), geophytes (G) were 77taxa (19.8%), megaphanerophytes (MM) were 48taxa (12.3%), nanophanerophytes (N) were 47taxa (12.1%) showed high proportional ratio in life form. So, resource plants of 237taxa of edible (60.9%), 278taxa of medicinal (7 1.5%), 229taxa of ornamental (58.9%) and 178taxa of the others (45.8%). Based on the list of rare plants, 7taxa (1.8% of all 389taxa of flora and 1.2% of all 571taxa of rare plants); Paeonia japonica (VU), Viola albida, Viola, diamantica Lilium distichum, Disporum ovale, Tricyrtis dilatata, Iris ensata var. spontanea (LC), etc. Based on the list of endemic plants, 7taxa (1.8% of all 389taxa of flora and 2.1% of all 328taxa of endemic plants);Salix koriyanagi, Aconitum pseudolaeve var. erectum, Thalictruin actaefolium var. brevistylurn, Philadeiphus schrenckii, Asperula lasiantha, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, etc. Based on the list of specific plants, 46taxa (11.8% of all 389taxa of flora and 4.3% of all 1,071taxa of specific plants);2taxa (Wisteria floribunda for. floribunda, Cardamine yezoensis, etc.) in class IV, 6taxa (Acer palmatum, Ulmus davidiana, etc.) in class m,14taxa (Ligularia fischeri, Cymoprerus melanotilingia. etc.) in class II, 24 taxa (hex macropoda. Fraxinus ,nandshurica, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 6 families, 16 genera, 18 taxa (Phytolacca americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Oenorhera odorata, Erechrites hierac(folia, Festuca arundinacea, etc.) and invasive alien plants were 3taxa; Rumex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus. Naturalization rate (NR) was 4.6% of all 389taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 5.6% of all 321taxa of naturalized plants.

신지식재산 분야 국제동향과 법적 대응에 관한 고찰 — 식물신품종과 유전자원을 중심으로 —

허인,심연주 한국경영법률학회 2013 經營法律 Vol.23 No.3

CBD and the discussions on the biological genetic resources The importance of genetic resources is growing with the economic value as the materials for bio-industries such as the development of new varieties and new medicine as well as with the value in the society, ecology, and bio-resources. On the other hand, each nation has been going under the fierce competition to acquire the bio-resources with rapid decrease of biological diversities. And the conflicts of interests is getting worse between the countries having the resources and the developed countries using the resources. The developed countries insist on the intellectual property rights to the results developed from the genetic resources which they are trying to acquire, and the developing countries which reserve genetic resources insist on the rights to share the benefits in the use of the nations' genetic resources. In this context, the international society has discussed various issues on genetic resources: CBD and ITPGRFA have tried to make regulations on the access and he utilization of other countries' resources; WIPO(World Intellectual Property Organization) has tries to gather intergovernmental opinions and to seek certain agreements on the issues of the intellectual property rights to genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore. These efforts, however, have not narrowed the gaps on opinions. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture(ITPGRFA) and the recently-concluded Nagoya Protocol which has bounding forces, both of which, however, are still in unstable status. CBD explicitly states that the access to genetic resources shall be made under the mutually agreed terms(MAT) and the contract is the most general way to set the mutually agreed terms. 'The Panel of Experts on Access and Benefit Sharing' was established in 1999 following the discussion results from COP(Conference of Parties) of CBD. With reference to the reports of 'the Panel of Experts' , Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising Out of Their Utilization was drafted in 2001 and adopted in 2002 by the 6th COP. WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (the IGC) is undertaking the negotiations between the developed and developing countries about the issues on the benefit sharing and the disclosure requirements in patent applications that relate to genetic resources in a claimed invention. The developing countries having genetic resources such as Brazil and India insist that the disclosure requirement, prior informed consent, and benefit sharing should have legal binding power by the international treaties. On the other hand, the developed countries using the genetic resources such as USA and Japan oppose to the developing countries arguing the disclosure requirement can restrain the new research and development, suggesting to build database to protect genetic resources. Europe and the Switzerland have opinion to make the disclosure requirement formal in PCT and PLT. On 30 October 2010, the tenth Conference of Parties of Convention on Biological Diversity(the CBD) adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing. Until now (2012.11) 92 countries including South Korea signed, 9 countries; India, Mexico, Ethiopia, Fiji, Laos, Gabon, Jordan, Rwanda, Seychelles Islands, ratified the protocol. The Nagoya Protocol is a legally binding instrument dedicated to ABS and the international community is now shifting its attention from negotiating a legally binding instrument to ensuring its entry into force and implementation. After the CBD in 1993, the objective of fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources has been a big issue. To negotiate the international regime for ABS of genetic resources is a main mandate for in the past years and ABS becomes an inev...

불교 경전 속 식물 연구의 의의와 활용 방안

민태영 동아시아불교문화학회 2015 동아시아불교문화 Vol.0 No.21

In Buddhist scriptures, the plants appear a variety of ways that it related the Buddha’s life as well as representing the Buddhist doctrine and becoming an object of metaphor or symbol. So, I proposed that clarifying the plants in Buddhist scriptures and studying the plants Buddhist and botanically was new method for easy to understand Buddhist doctrine. Also, in a broad sense, Buddhism contains not only the Buddha’s word but culture, I emphasized that study plants in Buddhist scriptures should be used as a basis for development of Buddhist cultural products. Because still early stage, the research level is revealing name and properties of plants, arranging plants on the use of scriptures and doctrine and classifying resource plants of the Buddha’s birthplace-oriented plants. However, in the future, plants in Buddhist scriptures are made a judgment that it can be performing a role as enough materials of the Buddhist culture products as well as an axis of contents development. Especially if we have pay attention to aspect of resource plants through continuous research, besides a useful plant resources, we can provide Buddhist cultural things to see by utilization and plantation of plants based on Buddhist philosophy for landscaping around the temples. Also utilizing Buddhist theme park as the Buddhist culture space, expansion of the base of Buddhism and Buddhist culture can be expected. 불교 경전 속에는 붓다의 생애와 관련된 식물과 더불어 불교의 교리를 대변하거나 비유와 상징의 대상이 되는 등 다양한 방식으로 식물이 등장한다. 따라서 불교 경전 속의 식물을 명확히 밝혀내어 불교적으로나 식물학적으로 규명하는 연구는 불교의 교리를 쉽게 이해하게 하는 새로운 방식이라는 점을 제시하였다. 또한, 넓은 의미에서의 불교는 단순히 붓다의 말씀 뿐 아니라 문화를 포함하고 있다는 점을 인식하고 불교 경전 속 식물 연구를 불교 문화상품 개발의 기초 자료로서 활용할 수 있어야 한다는 논지를 정리하였다. 아직은 관련 연구가 초기 단계여서 식물명과 특성을 밝혀내는 정도이고 교리와 경전에서의 활용 중심으로 식물들을 정리한다거나 붓다의 탄생지 식물들을 대상으로 자원식물학적으로 분류를 해놓은 정도에 머물고 있다. 그러나 향후 경전 속의 식물들은 불교 문화상품의 소재로서나 불교 콘텐츠 개발의 한 축으로서도 충분한 역할을 수행할 수 있다고 판단된다. 특히 지속적인 연구를 통해 자원식물학적인 측면으로도 관심을 기울인다면 유용한 자원식물로서 뿐 아니라 우리나라 사찰 주변의 조경에 있어서도 보다 불교 철학과 사상에 입각하여 식물을 활용하고 식재하여 불교적인 볼거리를 제공할 수 있다. 특히 불교문화 공간으로서의 불교 테마 공원 조성에 활용함으로써 불교와 불교문화의 저변 확대도 기대할 수 있다.