試用期間의 勤勞契約 法理

윤광희 한국노동법학회 2003 노동법학 Vol.0 No.16

It is probational periods system that employers make laborers be on the job approximately 2-3months gazing on their aptitudes and abilities to work. It has relation to the life-time employment system. And the employers can exercise their rights to rescind consideration certain evaluations before making formal employments. Because the contract of probational periods system reserves rights to rescind, the probational periods are allowed to exercise within 3months. The laborers in probational periods can be under the protection of the Labor Standards Law before expiration. And they can get qualification of formal employees. However the claim rescission relays on employers' judgements, they can reject to enter into formal employments in their own. In this case, Laborers in probational periods are divested qualifications being under the protection of law. The exercising rescission is allowed more extensively, the positions of the laborers are lack of stability. Therefore the rescission should be admitted strictly consideration resonable, rational bases such as attitude, ability and eligibility in working. Also the evaluating eligibility should be impartial and objective. Whether the rescission of formal employment is not based on rational reason or the probational periods are excessively protracted, it will be invalid because of the abuse of rights. The extend or the renewal of the probational periods is prohibited for protection of the employees. And the contract of the probational periods which are indefinite should be annulled. If the rescind formal employment is sentenced for invalid or so, it should be taken for making formal employment at the expiration date of the probational periods.

고로쇠 수액의 유출시기별 이화학적 특성과 영양성분

정수정(Su Jeong Jeong),이창현(Chang Hyeon Lee),김현영(Hyun Young Kim),이상훈(Sang Hoon Lee),황인국(In Guk Hwang),신창섭(Chang Seob Shin),박의석(Eui Seok Park),이준수(Junsoo Lee),정헌상(Heon Sang Jeong) 한국식품영양과학회 2011 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.40 No.10

고로쇠수액의 채취시기별 이화학적 특성 및 영양성분을 분석하였다. 고로쇠수액의 갈변도 및 탁도는 채취시기가 늦어질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, pH 및 총산도는 큰 차이가 없었다. 유기산은 citric acid 및 malic acid가 검출되었으며, citric acid는채취시기가 늦어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고 malic acid는 증가하였다. 유리당은 sucrose와fructose 및 glucose가 검출되었으며, sucrose는 채취시기가 늦어질수록 감소한 반면, fructose는 증가하였고 glucose는 채취시기 후반기에만 검출되었다. 조단백질과 조회분은 채취 초중반기에는 변화가 없었으나, 후반기에 많은 증가를 보였다. 무기성분은 Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg 및 Mn 등이 검출되었으며, K, Mg 및 Fe는 채취기시가 늦어질수록 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 채취시기 후반기에 채취되는 고로쇠수액은 탁도의 증가로 인하여 음용하기 어렵지만, 조단백질, 유기산, 무기성분 등의 증가로 영양적으로 우수할 것으로 판단되므로 적절한 가공방법을 이용하여 탁도를 제어한다면 이용률 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and nutritional components of Goroshoe (Ace rmono Max.) sap related with collection periods. The changes of browning index, turbidity, pH, total acidity, organic acids, free sugar, crude protein, crude ash, and minerals were investigated. Browning index and turbidity were slightly increased, while pH and total acidity were not changed as collection periods increased. Citric acid decreased slightly from 0.081 to 0.045 mg/mL at middle collection periods. Malic acid also decreased from 0.494 to 0.416 mg/mL at middle collection periods but then afterward increased to 0.674 mg/mL as collection periods increased. Sucrose decreased from 1.759 to 1.000%, while fructose increased from 0.023 to 0.044% as collection periods increased. Crude protein increased remarkably from 0.80 to 17.49 mg% as collection periods increased. Crude ash decreased slightly from 0.04 to 0.03% at middle collection periods, and then increased afterward to 0.06% as collection periods increased. Potassium increased from 13.43 to 49.75 mg/L as collection periods increased. These results indicate that the useful components of Goroshoe sap increased with increasing collection periods, but turbidity could be reduced.

중국 남북조시대 불교의례의 육시(六時) 규정

김보과 ( Kim Bo-gwa ) 세계불학원 2024 세계불학 Vol.4 No.0

불교의례에 있어 가장 기본이 되는 것은 예불이다. 중국불교는 전통적으로 동진시대 도안이 육시에 의례의 실천을 규정한 이래 육시예불이 일반적으로 행해졌다. 육시는 낮과 밤을 각각 3등분한 시간대인데, 사실 이러한 구분은 니까야와 아함, 율장에 나타나는 시간관념이다. 또한 육시에 예불한다는 관습도 이미 『십주비바사론』 같은 한역문헌에 명시되어 있다. 따라서 도안의 육시에 의례를 행하라는 규정은 그의 독창적인 창안이 아니며, 이미 인도·서역에서 시행되고 있던 관습을 근거로 규범을 마련하였던 것임을 알 수 있다. 한편 도안 이후 남북조시대 불교교단에서 육시예불이 행하여졌음은 승제(僧制) 문헌군을 통해 확인되는데, 6세기 중후반에 활동하였던 천태 지의의 『입제법』과 삼계교 신행의 『제법』에 관련 내용이 규정되어 있다. 각각의 승제들은 육시의 각 시간대마다 실행해야 하는 예불의 구체적인 양상을 명시하고 있으며, 이를 통해 불교교단마다 행한 예불에 차이가 있었다는 점과 육시 각각의 시간대마다 행하였던 예불도 달랐음을 확인할 수 있다. 특히 이 두 승제는 밤 시간의 경우 어느 정도의 취침시간을 보장하고 있다는 점에서 공통된다. 이것은 육시가 단순히 관념적인 시간 규정이 아니었고, 규정 제정자들은 수행자의 현실적인 측면을 고려하여 육시예불을 행하였다는 사실을 잘 보여준다. The most basic Buddhist ritual is the Buddhist worship. In Chinese Buddhism, six periods of worship(六時禮佛) has traditionally been practiced since the Dao’an(道安) of the East Jin Dynasty (東晉) stipulated the practice of rituals at six periods. The six periods constitute a time zone dividing day and night into three equal parts, a concept found in Nikāyas, Āgamas, and Vinayapiṭaka. Additionally, the custom of Buddhist worship at six periods was already specified in literature such as Sizhupiposha-Lun(十住毘婆沙論). Therefore, Dao’an’s establishment of the six periods of worship is not his own creations but was enacted based on customs already practiced in India. Meanwhile, it can be confirmed through the Monastic Regulations(sengzhi 僧制) that worshiping at six periods was performed in Buddhist orders during the Northern and Southern dynasties after Dao’an, with related contents stipulated in the tiantai(天台) Buddhist sect‘s lizhifa(立制法) and sanjiejiao(三階敎)’s zhifa(制法). Each Monastic Regulations specifies the detailed aspects of the Buddhist worship that must be performed at each time of the six periods, and through this, it can be seen that there were differences in the Buddhist worship performed by each Buddhist orders, as well as the Buddhist worship performed at each time of six periods. In particular, these two Monastic Regulations share a commonality in ensuring a period of sleep during the nighttime. This illustrates that the six periods were not merely conceptual divisions of time, and the regulators took into account the practical aspects of practitioners by performing the six periods of worship.

국제상사계약에 관한 일반원칙(PICC)하에서 제척기간에 관한 법적 기준

심종석(Chong-Seok Shim) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2016 통상법률 Vol.- No.132

PICC are dealing with scope of limitation periods, modification or new of limitation periods, suspension, alternative dispute resolution, the effects of expiration of limitation period. The exercise of rights governed by the principles is barred by the expiration of a period of time, referred to as limitation period, and does not govern the time within which one party is required under the principles, as a condition for the acquisition or exercise of its right, to give notice to the other party or to perform any act other than the institution of legal proceedings. In cases in which the parties reference to the principles is considered to be only an agreement to incorporate them in the contract, mandatory rules on limitation periods of national, international or supranational origin relating to the length, suspension, and renewal of the limitation periods as well as to the right of the parties to modify them, prevail over the rules laid down in this chapter. Basic structure of the limitation regime provides for a rather short three-year limitation period starting the day after the obligee knows or ought to know the facts on which its right is based and this right can be exercised. And provides for a ten-year maximum limitation period, commencing at the time when the right can be exercised, regardless of the obligee's actual or constructive knowledge. The obligee has a real possibility to exercise its right only if it has become due and can be enforced. The general three-year limitation period starts the day after the day the obligee knows or ought to know the facts as a result of which the obligee’s right can be exercised. Since, in the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the obligor can normally perform its obligation in the course of the whole day of the debt’s maturity, the limitation period does not start on that same day but only on the following day. the obligee is in any event, i.e. irrespective of whether it knew or ought to have known the facts giving rise to its right, prevented from exercising the right ten years after it could have exercised it. Limits of modifications shortened to less than one year starting from the moment of actual or constructive knowledge, and to shorten the maximum period by stating that it may not be shortened to less than four years. The requirements for the commencement of judicial proceedings are determined by the law of procedure of the court where the proceedings are instituted. Arbitration has the same effect as judicial proceedings. The expiration of the limitation period does not extinguish the obligor's right, but only bars its enforcement. The effects of the expiration of the limitation period do not occur automatically. They only occur if the obligor raises the expiration as a defence.

Alterations in Lipid Metabolism between the Growing and the Laying Periods of White Leghorn Layers

Lien, Tu-Fa,Lu, Jin-Jenn,Jan, Der-Fang Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.10

This study compared the lipid metabolism of white Leghorn layers between the growing and the laying periods. The study was conducted on thirty layers in the growing period (14 weeks old) and in the initial laying period (36 weeks old; 14 weeks from the onset of laying). Results indicated that all plasma lipid traits were significantly different (p<0.05) between the two periods. The estrogen concentration in the laying period was about 3 fold that in the growing period. Triacylglycerol (TG) concentration in the laying period was about 12 fold that in the growing period. The phospholipids, cholesterol, glycerol and non esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the laying period were also higher than those in the growing period (p<0.05). Lipogenic enzyme activities in the laying period were higher than in the growing period (p<0.05). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was the largest lipoprotein portion in growing layers. In laying hens, the major lipoprotein portion was very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). It was also shown that protein is the primary component of HDL and TG is the largest portion of VLDL in both periods. In laying hens, VLDL contained more TG than that in growing layers (p<0.05). The VLDL particle size in laying hens was larger than that in growing layers (p<0.05). This study indicates that the lipid metabolism traits of a layer in the laying period were different from those in the growing period. The lipogenesis related traits in the laying period were markedly greater than in the growing period.

한국 가을가수의 Mechanism

김일곤 경북대학교 사회과학대학 지리학과 1997 地理學論究 Vol.- No.17

본 연구에서는 한국의 가을(9,10,11월) 강수에 대하여 다우기의 지상 및 상층기압장을 소우기와 비교 분석하고 가을 강수의 종관적 mechanism을 밝히고자 하였다. 지상 기압분포의 특색을 고찰하고 위하여 각 월별로 다우기(강수가 집중되는 2旬)와 소우기(강수가 거의 없는 2旬)에 대한 북반구 197개 格子点의 기압을 분석한 결과 소우기에는 다우기에 비하여 한반도 부근에서 기압이 높고 중국의 북서측 내륙에 1016hpc의 국부적인 고기압역이 발달하고 있다. 또한 상층의 순환특성을 파악하기 위하여 850hpc면과 500hpc면의 고도, 습도 및 바람場의 특성을 고찰한 결과 양 고도 모두 다우기와 소우기의 고도와 고도편차분포가 상이하며, 9~10월에는 한반도 부근이 다우기에 저고도와 부편차를 나타내고 소우기에는 고고도와 정편차를 보인다. 11월에는 다우기에 고고도와 정편차를, 소우기에는 저고도와 부편차를 나타낸다. 850hpc면의 습도분포는 다우기에는 소우기에 비하여 높고 9월에는 10,11월로 감에 따라서 전체적으로 습도가 낮아지는 경향을 보인다. 바람場의 경우 다우기는 풍속 15m/s 이상의 low level jet stream의 출현을 볼 수 있으며, 풍향은 다우기에 남성분이 탁월한데 비하여 소우기에는 일정방향의 경향을 나타내지 않는다. The purpose of this study are to identify the synoptic of dry and wet periods by comparing pressure fields of surface and upper level, and to clarify the characteristics of mechanism of autumn precipation in Korea. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. 1. Synoptic characteristics of surface pressure fields: 1) Local anticyclone is created at parts of inland China during the dry period. This phenomenon is readily identifiable in the distribution of height anomaly. 2) The wet period has more frequent occurrence of front than the dry period through all three months of September, October and November. The densely developed area of front moves southward as every month goes by. This phenomenon results from polar front moving southward. 3) A moist tongue covers most of the Korean Peninsula during wet periods. However, it moves far away from the Peninsula during dry periods, and an area of quasi-dry develops northwest of the Korean Peninsula. 2. Circulational characteristics of 850hpc and 500hpc levels over the Korean Peninsula: 1) Characteristics of 850hpc and 500hpc levels have a close resemblance to those of surface pressure field. 2) Height distribution of these levels has a different pattern between the wet and the dry periods. September and October are characterized by the dry period showing higher height(positive anomaly) and by the wet period showing lower height(negative anomaly) and by the wet period showing lower height(negative anomaly). On the other hand, November show the reversed pattern of the dry period having lower height and the wet period having higher height. 3) During the wet period 850hpc and 700hpc levels have a low-level jet stream whose velocity is more than 15m/s. But they do not show the phenomenon of a low-level jet stream during the dry period. 4) The wet period has a dominant south wind, while the dry period does not show a specific pattern of wind direction.

진공포장 수준이 돈육 건조품의 품질에 미치는 영향

양철영,채수규,이수한 서울보건대학 1996 서울보건대학 부설 한국보건과학연구소 논문집 Vol.3 No.1

Experiments were carried out to investigate the quality of dried pork jerky according to vacuum packaging level on the during storage at 20℃ and 40℃. 1. The changes of weight was decreased on vacuum level 76cmHg at 20℃, and the during storage at 40℃ was decreased as the follows: 76cmHg<non-vacuum<60cmHg, in order. 2. TBA values was increased as the follows: 60cmHg<76cmHg<non-vacuum, in order at 20℃, and the during storage at 40℃ were increased as the follows: 76cmHg<non-vacuum<60cmHg, in order with an increase in stroage periods. Also, there is no significant difference among the various vacuum level, storage periods and storage temperature. 3. The effect of water activity at 40℃ were higher than during storage at 20℃, as the water activity were decreased at storage period 120 days than initial period, also there is no significant difference among the storage periods. 4. Hhardness showed remarkably different according to vacuum packaging level, storage temperature and storage periods. Strength were remarkably influenced according to various storage conditions, and as the strength value at 40℃ were higher than at 20℃ in storage periods 12Odays. 5. The lightness(L) tended to decrease according to an increase in storage periods at 20℃ and 40℃, redness(a) showed remarkably different according to the various storage temperature from storage period 120 days, yellowness(b) were influenced highly at 40℃ on the vacuum packaging level. 6. Sensory score of overall acceptance for the vacuum packaging level to dried pork jerky were 4.35∼4.50 ranges at storage temperature 20℃. and the storage temperature 40℃ were 1.14∼1.64 ranges.

자형분석을 통한 진문자(秦文字) 단대(斷代)연구 ― 단대(斷代)기준자 옹(雝)과 위(爲)를 중심으로

이소화 ( Lee Sohwa ) 한국중국언어학회 2020 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.90

This study aimed at investigating two Qín characters 雝 (yōng) and 爲 (wèi) based on period division using an overall character form analysis. To this end, based on the preceding study results supplemented with newly excavated Qín character documents, the following three lists of Qín character documents were set up in the order of creation: “Qín Bronze Inscription Periodization Chart,” “Qín Stone Carving Text Periodization Chart,” and “Qín Bamboo and Wooden Manuscript Periodization Chart.” Following this, the etymological origin of the two Qín characters 雝 (yōng) and 爲 (wèi) were examined and related Qín character documents were collected and arranged in a chronological order for period division. The results of this study are as follows. With regard to the writing style of the Qín Character 雝 (yōng), a conservative style was sustained in succession to the style of Xīzhōu characters before the reign of Qín Xìaogōng in the Zhànguó period. However, after the 16th year of Qín Xìaogōng’s reign, the upper left part of this character changed to three short strokes while its lower left part was transformed into a form similar to “邑.” This style is even present in the Xiǎozhuàn style. It is therefore considered that the Qín character 雝 (yōng) underwent a change in form that represents the change of the times in the middle of the Zhànguó period. The Qín character 爲 (wèi) went through many changes in form over a long period of time. Among them, two predominant changes enable the distinction of eras. First, this character changed to have a form similar to “日” with an oblique top after the 2nd year of Qín Wǔwáng’s reign, and this writing style is mainly found in Qín bamboo strips. Second, from the 51st year of Qín Zhāoxiāngwáng’s reign to the era of Qínshǐhuáng, simplified forms that removed the top of this character were partially used. As this writing style is shown only in 「Rìshū (日書)」 or 「Zhānmèngshū (占夢書)」 recorded during the same period and is not found in any documents of other periods, it can serve as a clear standard for period division. The results of this study are expected to be used for the dating of Qín character documents to be excavated in the future, while serving as a basis for the dating of Qín character documents whose creation year has not yet been clearly identified. Furthermore, given the current situation where new Qín character documents are constantly unearthed, it is expected that relevant research will continue based on ample data. A more precise dating of Qín character documents based on these new findings will greatly contribute to the study of other related disciplines including history and archeology.

개화기 문학 교육의 문제점과 개선 방향 : 고등학교의 문학 교과서를 중심으로

우창호(Woo, Chang-Ho) 한국문화융합학회 2005 문화와 융합 Vol.27 No.-

This study is to find problems of the literature textbooks of high school and provide ways to improve them by considering the literature of enlightenment period in the textbooks. When thinking the reality in which the literature of enlightenment period is not paid as much attention as modern literature or traditional one is, it will be meaningful to analyze literature textbooks of high school and find out the problems related. Classifying the period of the enlightenment is so confusing and of so various kinds that even teachers feel confused. Though it is a matter that is needed to be discussed more in the academic world, it will be reasonable to standardize roughly how to classify the period of the enlightenment and teach students. Another thing is naming the literature of enlightenment period. Since it is impossible to accept every theory of all scholars, it will be much better to choose the one widely accepted and use it in the textbooks. Moreover, in the 7th Curriculum, the number of works is decreased in the textbooks and works of enlightenment period is found neither in the textbooks of middle school nor in the textbooks of high school when works of modern times and of traditional times are. And Korean SAT has not make any questions out of literature of enlightenment period. As a result, teachers teaching literature in schools tend to put less emphasis on literature of this period, and in turn, students are affected not to read the works. In addition, it is hard to find works of enlightenment period and this is another difficulty in education of literature in the enlightenment period. As ways to improve the problems pointed out previously, this study suggest to standardize how to classify the periods and name them, to put works of the enlightenment period in the textbooks of middle school and high school, to furnish works of the period so as to help students to read whenever they want, and so on. When the problems are improved in the way suggested here, the education of the literature of enlightenment period will be done properly.

유배기 정약용 삼대토지제도론의 추이

윤석호(Yoon, Suk-ho) 연세대학교 강진다산실학연구원 2019 다산과현대 Vol.12 No.-

사환기의 다산은 전업에 기초한 ‘농자득전’을 삼대 토지제도의 이상적 원리로 제시했다. 하지만 『맹자집주』의 고법 이해를 따랐던 까닭에, ‘농자득전’의 고법을 삼대 전역에서 해명하지는 못했다. 유배기의 다산은 여러 경전을 탐구하고 통섭하는 가운데, 몇 번의 단계를 거쳐 ‘농자득전’의 고법적 양상을 삼대 전역에서 논증해갔다. 먼저 정지가 시행된 時空을 삼대 전역으로 확대했고[삼대정지론], 이어 모든 정지에 공전이 설치되었다고 보았으며[일원적 삼대공전론], 마지막으로는 10구법과 정지를 구분하여 양자가 각기 권역을 달리해 기내에서 시행되었다고 보았다.[이원적 삼대공전론] 이같은 과정 속에서 다산은 3경과 『주례』를 중심으로 4서를 통섭 및 재해석했다. 그리고 공전을 삼대의 보편적이고도 핵심적인 제도로 간주했다. This article aims to argue the course of understanding about the Three Periods"s land system. In Jeonron(〈田論〉, 1798)”, he proposed Land-to-the-Tiller Principle(農者得田) as the ideology of the Three Periods"s land system under nine consecutive jobs. However, he could not explain the principle under Old Law(古法) because his method of understanding old law was based on the Collected Commentaries on the Book of Mencius(『孟子集註』), which regarded Nine-square Field(井田) as a partial land system of Three Periods. Dasan explored the Three Periods ruling system and its Old Law(古法) during his exile period(1800-1818), and constantly modified and supplemented the viewpoint of the period of official career. It can be broadly divided into three stages. The first was the Samdae Jungjiron(三代井地論), which regarded the Nine-square Field(井田) as a section of the whole area of the Three Periods Land by breaking away from the way of understanding Nine-square Field(井田) of Collected Commentaries on the Book of Mencius(『孟子集註』). However, he maintained the Classical style of Mencius(『孟子』), which matched Gongjeon(公田) with Jobeob(助法). The second stage was a One-way Samdaegingjeonron(一元的三代公田論) which considered Gongjeon(公田) was installed inwhole agricultural land of Three Periods. This opinion couldbe made by breaking away from the Classical style ofMencius(『孟子』), which matched Gongjeon(公田) with Jobeob(助法). As a result, the ideology of Bunjeon(分田) and Jerock(制祿) could be specifically proved through the Old Law(古法) of Gongjeon(公田). The third stage was Two-way Samdaegingjeonron(二元的 三代公田論), which means that although Gongjeon(公田) was installed around the whole agricultural area of Three Periods, the division method was different from the Ten-square Field(10溝法) and the Nine-square Field(井田). In particular, Dasan studied Zhou-li(『周禮』) in earnest under the Two-ways Samdaegingjeonron(二元的 三代公田論), and through this he regarded Gongjeon(公田) as the key law of the ruling system including the land system.