Grazing Soybean to Increase Voluntary Cow Traffic in a Pasture-based Automatic Milking System

Clark, C.E.F.,Horadagoda, A.,Kerrisk, K.L.,Scott, V.,Islam, M.R.,Kaur, R.,Garcia, S.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.3

Pasture-based automatic milking systems (AMS) require cow traffic to enable cows to be milked. The interval between milkings can be manipulated by strategically allocating pasture. The current experiment investigated the effect of replacing an allocation of grazed pasture with grazed soybean (Glycine max) with the hypothesis that incorporating soybean would increase voluntary cow traffic and milk production. One hundred and eighty mixed age, primiparous and multiparous Holstein-Friesian/Illawarra cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n = 90/group) with a $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. Each group was either offered treatments of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hoach ex Chiov.) pasture (pasture) or soybean from 0900 h to 1500 h during the experimental period which consisted of 2 periods of 3 days following 5 days of training and adaptation in each period with groups crossing over treatments after the first period. The number of cows trafficking to each treatment was similar together with milk yield (mean ${\approx}18$ L/cow/d) in this experiment. For the cows that arrived at soybean or pasture there were significant differences in their behaviour and consequently the number of cows exiting each treatment paddock. There was greater cow traffic (more cows and sooner) exiting pasture allocations. Cows that arrived at soybean stayed on the allocation for 25% more time and ate more forage (8.5 kg/cow/d/allocation) relative to pasture (4.7 kg/cow/d/allocation). Pasture cows predominantly replaced eating time with rumination. These findings suggest that replacing pasture with alternative grazeable forages provides no additional incentive to increase voluntary cow traffic to an allocation of feed in AMS. This work highlights the opportunity to increase forage intakes in AMS through the incorporation of alternative forages.

Effect of Pasture Finishing on Beef Quality of Japanese Shorthorn Steers

Muramoto, T.,Higashiyama, M.,Kondo, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.3

Effect of pasture finishing on $\alpha$-tocopherol and $\beta$-carotene concentrations, drip loss, cooking loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force, fatty acid composition, meat color and metmyoglobin percentage of m. longissimus thoracis of Japanese Shorthorn steers was studied. Japanese Shorthorn steers (n=8), fattened indoors with a concentrate-based diet until they were 19 months of age were divided into two groups of four steers. Steers of the concentrate-fed group were fattened indoors with a concentrate-based diet until they were slaughtered. Steers of the pasture-fed group were fattened on pasture until they were slaughtered. The $\alpha$-tocopherol and $\beta$-carotene concentrations in the muscle of the pasture-fed group were higher (p<0.05) than those of the concentrate-fed group. The drip loss of the muscle of the pasture-fed group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the concentrate-fed group. Compared with the concentrate-fed group, the concentration of peroxidisable lipids (fatty acids with three or more unsaturated bonds) in the muscle of the pasture-fed group was high (p<0.05). The metmyoglobin percentage during display of the muscle of the pasture-fed group was higher (p<0.05) than that of the concentrate-fed group. These results suggested that pasture finishing decreased drip loss of the beef but lowered meat color stability.

Changes in Goat productivity and Economical Efficiency at Feeding Systems by Castrated Growing Korean Native Goat(Capra hircus coreanae)

Yun, Yeong-Sik,Seong, Hye-Jin,Zhang, Qi-Man,Chung, Sang-Uk,Lee, Ga-Eul,Jang, Se-Young,Lee, Jin-wook,Lee, Sang-Hoon,Moon, Sang-Ho The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2018 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.38 No.3

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats(Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goat. A total of 20 goats were grouped by feeding systems [A mountainous pasture grazing group (Concentrated feed of 1.5% body weight, treatment 1, T1, n=10) and a barn feeding group (TMR, treatment 2, T2), n=10] to conduct study from April to September. The average forage productivity of the mountain pasture was $500.9{\pm}61.41kg/ha$. The average dry matter intake in T1 was 0.64 and the calculated grazing intensity was 21 head/ha. In productivity, when the two treatments(T1, T2) were compared, the dry matter intake was about two to three times the difference. The average daily gain per day during the experiment was 63.3 in the mountain pasture and 120 g in barn feeding. When grazing, considering mountainous pasture productivity it is necessary to increase the productivity through proper feeding. The feed costs of black goats raised by grazing on the grassland in the same period showed an average 75% reduction compared to barn feeding. As a result of this study, it can be expected that a considerable reduction of feed costs can be expected in the breeding of Korean native black goat using the mountain pasture.

Effects on Performance of Sulla and/or Maize Silages Supplements for Grazing Dairy Cows

Chaves, Alexandre V.,Woodward, S.L.,Waghorn, G.C.,Brookes, I.M.,Burke, J.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.9

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of either maize or sulla silage supplementation to grazing dairy cows in summer. Forage mixtures used in the four week trial were based on previous experimental results but inclusion of rumen fistulated cows in five treatments enabled rumen sampling and use of in sacco incubations to determine the diet effects on digestion kinetics. Sulla and maize silages were used to supplement pasture and to meet minimum requirements for dietary protein concentration. Five groups of ten cows were grazed on a restricted daily allowance of 18 kg dry matter (DM) pasture/cow to simulate a summer pasture deficit, and four of these five groups received an additional 6 kg DM $cow^{-1}d^{-1}$ of silage (sulla, maize, or sulla and maize silages). A sixth group was given a relatively unrestricted (38 kg DM $cow^{-1}d^{-1}$) pasture allowance. The silage mixtures and pasture were incubated in sacco during the final week of the trial. The pasture was of high nutritive value and not typical of usual summer conditions, which favoured a response to quantity rather than quality of silage supplements. There was no difference in cow performance with the four silage supplements and the low milk solids (MS) production (about 1.0 kg $MS\;d^{-1}$) relative to full pasture (1.3 kg $MS\;d^{-1}$) showed the principal limitation to performance was dry matter intake. Milk composition was not affected by silage type and the low level of pasture substitution (0.29) suggested metabolizable energy (ME) was the principal limitation to performance. Samples of rumen liquor and in sacco data demonstrated significant effects of supplement; DM degradation rates (k) was highest ($0.084h^{-1}$) when cows were fed 6 kg sulla silage whereas diets with a high proportion of maize silage were slowly degraded (p<0.01).

운봉지역 목초지의 토양미소절지동물

권용립 한국토양동물학회 1998 한국토양동물학회지 Vol.3 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the composition of soil microarthropods in pasture at the Unbong Area, to fulfil this purpose, samples were taken from National livestock research institute Namwon branch from 24. June, 1998 to 18. Setember. The results of this study were as follow. Collembola was hight in cattle and goat pasture, and Acarina was hight in wild and gathering pasture. Oribated mites were also hight in wild and gathering pasture more than cattle and goat pasture. Oribatid mites as a vectors of cestodes were identified 7 species of Carabodes peniculatus, Carabodes sp., Scheloribates laevigatus, Scheloribates latipes, Scheloribates rigidisetosus, Galumna cuneata and Galumna sp. The diversity indices showed hight in wild and gathering pasture. According to the MGP analysis I was type GP, and analysis II was type P.

독립 후 키르기스스탄 초지공유제도의 성과 일례 - 사르모굴(Sary Mogul) 마을 카샤르 주위의 공생관계 -

공원국 ( Gong Wonkuk ) 중앙아시아학회 2021 中央아시아硏究 Vol.26 No.1

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan immediately implemented privatization reforms, and pasturelands were also subject to long-term leases. But due to private occupation, livestock movement was restricted and the minimum mobile-units necessary for movement could not be formed, resulting in side effects such as deterioration of summer pastures as well as pastures around the settlements. For this reason, the government banned private occupation of pastures and implemented a Community-based Pasture Management System from 2010. The essence of this system is that certain villages occupy and autonomously manage pastures exclusively. Even though the new system exposed various problems that correspond to the so-called “tragedy of the commons” such as free-riding practices, but such problems have been rapidly improved over the past decade. This paper aims to reveal how pastoralists accept and adapt to this system, using the large-scale barn built in the Soviet period called ‘Kashar’, and how they resolve conflicts and contradictions within given conditions. As a result of a field study conducted in Sary Mogul village in the Pamir mountain area, the current system turned out to be more suitable for mobile pastoralism than the former one, and the stratification within the pastoralist society, which is expected to hinder the survival of the present system, turned out to be smaller than expected. In addition, in the pasture, pastoralists were responding to the current system by developing various symbiotic relationships and using them as cultural assets to manage the commons, i.e., pastures. These observations prove that pastoralists always view pasture resources from the point of view of ‘reproduction’ rather than one-time production, and that when a certain kind of institutional conditions are met, pastoralists can demonstrate their capabilities to manage common resources. And finally, the results of this study will be able to offer policy makers a new perspective in formulating policies to utilize pasture resources in the steppes of Eurasia in the future.

야생화초지의 조성에 관한 연구

이인덕(In Duk Lee),이형석(Hyung Suk Lee) 한국초지조사료학회 2008 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.28 No.2

본 연구는 야생화초지 조성을 위한 기초연구로 국내산 야생화초지와 외국산 야생화초지의 2처리를 두어 시험하였다. 공시초종은 기본초종으로 잔디형 목초로 Kentucky bluegrass(Midnight)를 공시하였고, 국내산 야생화는 패랭이꽃 (Dianthus sinensis L.), 벌노랑이 (Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus Regel), 꼬리풀(Veronica linariaefolia Pallas), 벌개미취 (Aster koraiensis Nakai), 부처꽃 (Lythrum anceps Makino), 톱풀 (Achillea sibirica Ledeb), 붓꽃 (Iris nertschinskia Lodd) 및 원추 천인국(Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt.) 등 8종을 공시하였고, 외국산 야생화는 서양말냉이 (Iberis umbellata), 기생초(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt), 물망초(Myosotis sylvatica Hoffmann), Baby blue eyes (Nemophila menziesii), 참 제비꽃 (Delphinium ajacis), 아프리칸 데이지 (Dimorphotheca aurantiaca), 왜성수레국화(Centaurea cyanus), Dwarf godetia (Clarkia amoena), 왜성 기생초(Coreopsis tinctoria, dwarf), 왜성 적 기생초(Coreopsis tinctoria, red), Spurred snapdragon (Linaria maroccana), 끈끈이대나물(Silene ameria), 러시안 꽃 무우 (Cheiranthus allionii), 캘리포니아 양귀비(Eschscholzia californica Cham), 아이스랜드 양귀비 (Papaver nudicaule), 왜성 제비꽃(Viola cornuta), Bellflower (Campanula carpatica), Sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima), 흰 점나도나물 (Cerastium biebersteinii), 큰 달맞이꽃 (Oenothera lamarckiana Ser.), 큰 금계국(Coreopsis lanceolata L.), 각시 패랭이 (Dianthus deltoids L.), Baby blue eyes (Nemophila menziesii) 및 참 제비꽃 (Delphinium ajacis) 등 24종을 공시하였다. 시험은 충남대학교 농과대학 초지시험포장에서 2006년 9월부터 2007년 12월까지 수행하였으며, 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 야생화초지의 꽃 색깔은 외국산 야생화초지가 국내산 야생화초지보다 다양하였으나 개화가 봄철에 편중되는 등 계절분포 및 영속성이 문제시되었다. 국내산 야생화초지는 꽃 색깔은 다양하지 못하였으나 계절분포 및 영속성이 상대적으로 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 다년간 식생을 유지하기 위한 야생화 초지의 조성은 기본초종인 잔디형 목초는 물론이고 야생화초종을 지역별로 초기생육 및 개화특성 등을 검토하여 초종을 다양화하는 것이 중요하다고 하겠다. 더욱이 야생화초지를 추파하여 조성할 경우, 외국산 야생화초지는 월동전에는 다양한 식생을 유지하였으나 월동 후에는 내한성의 문제로 식생이 단순화되는 양상을 보였다. 국내산 야생화초지는 내한성에는 문제가 없었으나 식생이 다양화하지 못하였다. 따라서 야생화초지를 다년간 유지할 목적이라면 다년생의 야생화를 중심으로 하되 여기에 단년생을 혼합하여 야생화 초종을 다양화 하는 것이 좋을 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to suggest the basic data for establishment of wildflower pastures. The experimental design includes two treatments: Native wildflower pasture (NWP, Kentucky bluegrass + native wildflower 8 species) and Introduced wildflower pasture (IWP, Kentucky bluegrass + introduced wildflower 24 species). The field trials were carried out on the experimental pastures plots at Chungnam National University throughout from Sep. 2006 to Dec. 2007. The results obtained are as follows: In terms of the flower color in the wildflower pastures, the IWP was found more various than the NWP. But such problems as seasonal distribution and continuity were raised and moreover the time of flowering depended mainly upon the spring season. Even though the flower color in the NWP did not show up its variousness, seasonal distribution and continuity were found comparatively satisfactory. To perennially maintain the botanical composition, the variousness of wildflower species are found important after examining locally the beginning rearing and flowering characteristics of wildflowers as well as the basic turfgrass. Moreover, when the wildflower pastures was constructed in autumn, since most of the introduced wildflower were annuals, it maintained various botanical composition before wintering, but after wintering the botanical composition were found simplified due to the winter tolerance. The NWP did not show any problems in the winter tolerance but it could not make the botanical composition diversified. Accordingly, to maintain the wildflower pasture for many years, diversifying wildflower species based upon perennials including annuals seems to be good.

무인기와 디지털카메라를 이용한 산지초지에서의 애기수영 분포도 제작

이효진,이효원,고한종,Lee, Hyo-Jin,Lee, Hyowon,Go, Han Jong 한국초지조사료학회 2016 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.36 No.4

본 연구는 산지초지에서 애기수영의 분포를 신속하고 정밀하게 파악하기 위안 무인기 촬영 항공영상의 이용가능성을 실험하였다. 항공영상은 일반 디지털카메라로 촬영한 RGB 영상과 자체 제작한 NIR 카메라로 촬영한 NIR 영상을 이용하여 각각 Red, Green, Blue 벤드와 NIR 밴드를 이용하였고, 밴드조합에 따른 애기수영의 건물비율과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 다중선형회귀분석 결과 NIR+R+G+B 밴드의 조합이 가장 높은 상관관계($R^2$, 0.96)를 보였으며, R+G+B 밴드의 조합이 다음으로 높은 상관관계를 보였고 ($R^2$, 0.91) NIR+R 밴드($R^2$, 0.45)와 NIR+G 밴드 ($R^2$, 0.27)는 상대적으로 낮은 상관관계를 보여 NIR+R+G+B 밴드조합이 애기수영 분포 파악을 위하여 가장 적합한 것을 확인하였다. R+G+B 밴드 조합의 경우 NIR+R+G+B 밴드의 조합과 비교하여 예측정확도가 큰 차이가 나지 않았으며 근적외선 카메라 없이 일반 디지털 카메라로 영상정보의 획득이 가능하기 때문에 현장적용성 면에서 장점을 가질 것으로 판단된다. Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), as one of exotic weeds in Korea, was dominated in grassland and reduced the quality of forage. Improving current pasture productivity by precision management requires practical tools to collect site-specific pasture weed data. Recent development in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has offered cost effective and real time applications for site-specific data collection. To map red sorrel on a hill pasture, we tested the potential use of an UAV system with digital cameras (visible and near-infrared (NIR) camera). Field measurements were conducted on grazing hill pasture at Hanwoo Improvement Office, Seosan City, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Korea on May 17, 2014. Plant samples were obtained at 20 sites. An UAV system was used to obtain aerial photos from a height of approximately 50 m (approximately 30 cm spatial resolution). Normalized digital number values of Red, Green, Blue, and NIR channels were extracted from aerial photos. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the correlation coefficient between Rumex content and 4 bands of UAV image was 0.96 with root mean square error of 9.3. Therefore, UAV monitoring system can be a quick and cost effective tool to obtain spatial distribution of red sorrel data for precision management of hilly grazing pasture.

산지축산으로 생산된 축산물 속성별 지불의사금액 추정 : 쇠고기를 중심으로

이혜민(Hyemin Lee),이승훈(Seunghun Lee),임정빈(Jeongbin Im) 한국농식품정책학회 2021 농업경영정책연구 Vol.48 No.3

As the importance of animal welfare livestock grows in Korea, various kinds of government support programs for revitalizing ecological livestock industry are in effect. In particular, the promotion of livestock industry using mountainous pasture has been one of them. However, the biggest question is whether mountainous livestock is profitable, which is an important research topic that needs to be analyzed empirically. In this regard, we attempt to measure the value of livestock products produced at mountainous pasture, by estimating willingness to pay (WTP) for attributes of the beef sirloin using choice experiment (CE) method. The analysis result shows that consumers have greater WTP for the product when the grade of beef is higher, produced using mountainous pasture, and when it is from Hanwoo. What’s worth noticing is that WTP for the produced-using-mountainous-pasture attribute is estimated to be even larger than WTP for the grade and Hanwoo attribute. Such results serves as one of the evidences that producing beef at mountainous pasture might be a profitable business model if continuous efforts by both the private sector and the government to secure the economic viability of mountainous livestock are pursued.

Feeding strategies and ageing time alter calpain system proteins activities and meat quality of Braford steers

Coria María Sumampa,Pighin Dario,Grigioni Gabriela,Palma Gustavo Adolfo 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.2

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ageing and feeding strategies on the calpain protease system and meat quality traits in Braford steers. Methods: Thirty Braford steers were employed; 15 animals were supplemented with corn silage during finishing and 15 were kept only on pasture. Meat quality traits and calpain system protein activity were evaluated in longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) steaks aged for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. Results: Aged meat showed higher pH and calcium content, while Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) decreased to day 21. No interaction between ageing and diet was seen for quality traits. Steers finished with corn silage showed higher values of water holding capacity, WBSF and free calcium, and lower values of pH and cooking loss. Calpain and calpastatin activities decreased with ageing. Finishing steers on pasture produced higher values of calpains and lower values of calpastatin activities. The higher values of calpain 1 activity were observed in muscles aged 2 days from pasture finished animals, and the lower activity of the inhibitor in the 21 days aged samples of the same group. Conclusion: These results suggest a diet by ageing interaction in calpains and calpastatin and this interaction impact in Warner Bratzler Shear Force in Braford LTL muscle. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ageing and feeding strategies on the calpain protease system and meat quality traits in Braford steers.Methods: Thirty Braford steers were employed; 15 animals were supplemented with corn silage during finishing and 15 were kept only on pasture. Meat quality traits and calpain system protein activity were evaluated in longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) steaks aged for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days.Results: Aged meat showed higher pH and calcium content, while Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) decreased to day 21. No interaction between ageing and diet was seen for quality traits. Steers finished with corn silage showed higher values of water holding capacity, WBSF and free calcium, and lower values of pH and cooking loss. Calpain and calpastatin activities decreased with ageing. Finishing steers on pasture produced higher values of calpains and lower values of calpastatin activities. The higher values of calpain 1 activity were observed in muscles aged 2 days from pasture finished animals, and the lower activity of the inhibitor in the 21 days aged samples of the same group.Conclusion: These results suggest a diet by ageing interaction in calpains and calpastatin and this interaction impact in Warner Bratzler Shear Force in Braford LTL muscle.