도시공원관리 거버넌스 구축정도에 따른 이용자 만족도 차이 -영국 셰필드 지구공원을 대상으로-

남진보,김현 한국조경학회 2019 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.47 No.4

In the late 1980s, a financial crisis and Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT) in green space services brought with it a profound impact on the quality of parks in the UK. Such government projects, e.g. Urban Task Force (1999) and Public Parks Assessment (2001), aimed to raise the awareness of the severity of the declining standards of urban parks. Since the late 1990s, the UK governments (The New Labour (1997-2010) and The Conservative Government (2010-2019)), have often adopted community-led governance schemes to enhance the quality of parks and address problems derived from the financial crisis. Accordingly, community groups, notably ‘Friends of’, enlarged their involvement in the decision-making process of park management. However, there is little empirical evidence concerning the impact of community-led governance on park management, in particular, the effect on the users’ perceptions of park use. This study explored the context of community-led park management to reclassify the level of build-up of governance underlined by ‘A Ladder of Citizen Participation’. In addition, questionnaire surveys were conducted around two Sheffield district parks, which are located in deprived areas. As a result, community involvement in the status quo of UK urban park management has changed its form of governance based on the extent of involvement in the decision-making process. The forms of governance could be categorised in three levels: general, active, and predominant governance, where the extents of decision-making and sharing responsibility vary. The results obtained through the questionnaires show that one park (active governance), which has a stronger tendency of sharing responsibility to get involved in park management, had better contribution to park management and positive impacts on users’ satisfaction than the other park (general governance). The findings highlight that stronger governance in partnerships with the non-public sectors can shed light on current and future park management through a shift in sharing responsibility for park management. 1980년대 후반 녹지 및 공원경영 관련 예산삭감과 의무경쟁입찰제도(Compulsory Competitive Tendering: CCT)는 영국 도시공원의 질을 저하시키는 원인이 되었다. 1999년 도시 전담 조직(Urban Task Force, 1999), 2001년 도시공원포럼(Urban Park Forum, 2001)에 의한 공공공원평가(Public Parks Assessment)는 공원의 가치와 훼손에 대한 심각성을 경고하였고, 영국의 신노동당(The New Labour Government, 1997-2010) 그리고 보수정부(The Conservative Government 2010-2019 현재)는 부족한 공원녹지 예산문제와 공원의 질적하락 문제에 대해 커뮤니티 참여를 통해 극복하고자 하였다. 이에 따라 커뮤니티 단체 그중에서도 프렌즈 그룹과 같은 비영리 봉사단체의 공원 관리 참여 및 그 역할은 확대되었다. 그러나, 실제 이와 같은 커뮤니티 주도형 거버넌스가, 특히 거버넌스의 구축 차이에 따른 공원의 질적 향상이나 이용자만족도 제고에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구에 대한 고찰은 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 영국의 커뮤니티 주도형 거버넌스를 통한 공원 관리의 흐름을 고찰하였으며, 거버넌스 구축단계를 구분하고자 하였다. 또한, 사회경제적으로 불리한 지역의 영국 셰필드 2개 공원을 대상으로 이용자 설문 조사를 시행하였다. 그 결과, 영국 도시공원 관리에서의 커뮤니티 참여는 의사결정 참여를 통한 거버넌스 운영 관리 구조로 발전되었으며, 일반적, 적극적, 지배적 거버넌스형 단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 또한, 커뮤니티의 의사결정 참여의 단계에 따라 다른 수준의 책임공유가 수반됨을 알 수 있었다. 설문지 분석 결과, 거버넌스 구축단계에 따라 이용자의 공원 관리 만족도에서 차이를 나타냈다. 의사결정 참여 기회를 가지는 책임공유를 수반하는 적극적 거버넌스 구축 공원에서 이용자 만족도에 더욱 긍정적으로 작용하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 지속적인 커뮤니티의 의사결정 참여를 통한 적극적 거버넌스 구조의 공원관리에 대한 책임공유를 바탕으로 하는 파트너십, 특히 비공공 부문, 비영리 사회적 전문그룹 주도의 공원 운영 관리 방식이 도입되어야 함을 제시할 수 있다.

한·중국 공원 관리체계 비교 고찰 : 서울시와 베이징시 직영관리 공원을 중심으로

박율진,정정수 전북대학교 부설 휴양및경관계획연구소 2009 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.3 No.1

서울시와 베이징시의 두 도시의 공원 관리체계의 현황, 유형, 관리조직, 이용객, 예산, 문화활동 분야로 구분하여 정리하였고, 양국 비교분석 하였다.두 도시의 공원 관리체계의 기본기능과 내용은 대체적으로 동일하나, 그러나 구체적인 방면에서 차이가 많다. 공원녹지통계, 오락공원시설, 이용객 및 구성원의 신분 통계, 수입관리방식, 관리조직과 기능, 이용객을 끌어들이는 방식 및 관련있는 법규의 내용등 방면에서 나타난다.공원관리의 과정에서 나타나는 차이의 주요원인은 국가의 문화, 행정체제가 다른데 있으며, 목표에 도달하기 위하여 두도시 모두 많은 방면에서 노력을 하고 있으며, 시설의 재정비, 공원문화의 혁신 등을 통하여 이용객 만족도를 높이는 것이다.두 도시의 도시녹화, 공원시설, 이용객 활동, 구성원과 원림수입/지출방면의 통계자료로 두 도시의 특징과 차이를 보이고,도시공원의 문화활동, 입장료 판매방식, 수입/지출관리 방식을 비교하여 최종에 두 도시의 공원관리방식에 관련 있는 법규내용의차이가 나타났다..공원관리사업에서도 공통적으로 공원조성, 수목 및 화훼, 시설물 보수 및 정비, 환경위생, 공원 서비스, 유람 서비스등서비스가 포함되기 때문에 관리내용이 비교적 업무량도 많으나. 그러나 베이징시의 경우 공원 구성원들은 반드시 계획대로고효율적으로 공원관리를 진행하여 공원관리의 목적에 도달해야 하다는 인식이 지배적이다.그러나 비교할 수 있는 자료는 문화와 행정체계가 다르고 연구 자료도부족하기 때문에 내용도 한계가 있다고 보며, 중국의녹지 정책, 넓게는 중국의 환경개선 및 보호 정책에 대한 정보가 매우 부족한 상태이므로 정책과 실상을 알아보는 것이가장 우선되어야 할 것이다. The park management systems of two cities of Seoul and Beijing have been classified and summarized by the present condition, type, management organization, users, budget and cultural activity field to compare and analyze them. The basic function and content of the park management system in two cities are generally same but there are many differences in concrete details such as statistics of green tracts in the park, amusement park facilities, social position statistics of users and constituents, income management system, management organization and function, method to attract users and provisions of related regulations. The main causes of differences generated in the course of park management come from different national cultural and administrative system and both cities exert efforts in many fields to achieve their targets and enhance satisfaction of users through rearrangement of facilities, innovation of park culture, etc. Two cities have characteristics and differences in statistics data of urban afforestation, park facility, activity of users, constituents and income/expenditures and finally, there are differences in legal provisions related to park management system of two cities comparing cultural activities, admission fee sale method and income/expenditure management system of urban parks. The park management business commonly includes services such as park afforestation, tree and flowers, facility repair and maintenance, environmental hygiene, park service, sightseeing service, etc. so they have a great deal of workload. However, in case of Beijing city, park members have dominative understanding to achieve the object of park management by making sure to efficiently mange parks as planned. However, I believe that we have limited data to be compared due to the different cultural and administrative system and insufficient study data, and for lack of information on environmental improvement and protection policy as well as afforestation policy in China, we should investigate the policy and actual situation at first.

역사 속의 박문수와 암행어사로의 형상화

심재우(Sim Jae-woo) 역사실학회 2010 역사와실학 Vol.41 No.-

Examined in this article is how Park Mun Su, a governmental official from the reign of king Yeongjo, became a legendary secret inspector and also a renowned figure, who is well remembered and honored even today. His service as a secret inspector was not that long, and in fact it was only for a few months. So, why did he, among all the countless secret inspectors who were dispatched to local areas by the Joseon government, became a representative model of such figures, is the main focus of attention in this article. In order to initiate the task, first the life of Park Mun Su and his service in the Joseon government are examined. Also, the government's evaluation of Park's service, the images of Park portrayed in various tales and stories, and the Koreans' perception of Park Mun Su in the modern period of Korea as portrayed in 『Park Mun Su-jeon(朴文秀傳)』, a novel authored during the Japanese occupation period, are all examined. As a result, it is determined that there were indeed some differences among people's evaluation and perception of Park Mun Su, according to their classes and their time periods. It seems that Park Mun Su was a person with a strong will and character, and always wanted to serve the public. In that regard he was a very attractive figure, and was very much trusted by king Yeongjo. Yet at the same time, he was not so much of an academician, and he also had a short temper. The image of Park, and the real Park, was indeed different in more than a few ways. In short, we can say that a somewhat exaggerated image of Park Mun Su was introduced to the general public in the 20th century. And the aforementioned novel『Park Mun Su-jeon』 which was published during the Japanese occupation period, and other biographies of him that were released in the 1970s and 1980s, only solidified such image. He became a staple figure in the history of the government's secret inspectors, and also an outstanding heroic figure who served the Korean country well. And such transformation in the public's perception of him, had very much to do with the social condition and atmosphere of the 20th century Korea as well.

상용차 기반에 대한 주차보조시스템 사용자 감성 평가

전재석(Jaeseok Jeon),박현배(Hyunbae Park),문희석(Heeseok Moon),곽수진(Sujin Kwag) 한국자동차공학회 2013 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.5

In this paper, we described about evaluation of human sensibility using park assist system of the commercial vehicle. The perpendicular parking and parallel parking have been carried out as a user test and subjects are classified as beginning drivers, drivers with less than 1 year experience and over 3 years experience. As a result, parking duration of beginning drivers and drivers with less than 1 year experience who use automatic parking assistance system is similar to drivers with over 3 years experience. However error occurred according to sensor position and distance between vehicle and parking space. And also it occurred that the vehicle leaves from parking line or does not recognize the parking space. Therefore, if we improve its completeness by compensating problems that came up from this evaluation and distribute the automatic parking assistance system, it is expected that the park assistance system is to help driver providing convenience of parking.

서구 공원 녹지 배치 계획 이론의 초기 발전 과정과 특성

박구원 ( Koo Won Park ) 한국녹지환경디자인학회 2006 녹지환경학회지 Vol.2 No.2

In America and Europe from the latter part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the planning ideologies of park system and greenbelts were made and these planning ideologies are called Green Network System. They are different in terms of the purpose, type and method, but they have common characteristics of encouraging order and amenity in cities based on the consecutive connection of green space, and of coping with the problems happening in cities. Just as the park system was made, centering around new America and greenbelts were developed to meet with the problems happening in large cities, the structural arrangement and the roles of greens should be different. However, this connection system of greens was oriented in the circumstances of America and Europe at that time so it has not been confirmed what sizes of cities it would be useful for. On the other hand, separately from the Green Network System, the theory of park arrangement is being developed. It intends to cope with deterioration of the living environment caused by overcrowded cities and with increase in the demands of public parks. It is based on the neighborhood unit and the science of human settlement. In addition, the theory of park arrangement is based on the effects of greens in use, rather than, in decoration so it encourages dispersion and hierarchical system of parks, having the human settlement as base. Consequently, the theory of park arrangement is influenced by the characteristics and the type of households, and it has a required area and planning unit. However, this theory has the right for walking and human scale as the basic unit so for the large parks that are beyond the human scale, the planning criteria are not clear. The theory of park arrangement, which is based on the neighborhood unit, may be useful for the cities with tens of thousands of residents, but it is partially applied for the cities with 500,000~1,000,000 residents. And further, in organizing the green system for the whole city, the theory of park arrangement can be ignored. As seen in the above, the existing arrangement theory has some problems: it is just for partial application; and it is not suitable for the size and the growing speed of cities. The greens in cities should be operated as the comprehensive system, but greenbelts and park arrangement have been studied separately so far. That`s why it is necessary to review again the existing arrangement theory.

도심 공원 안전도와 공원 평판 제고를 위한 유명인 팬클럽의 기여도 연구

윤천석 ( Chun-suk Yoon ) 대한설비관리학회 2021 대한설비관리학회지 Vol.26 No.4

The role of city parks has become increasingly important as people work with more technologies while having less contact with nature and people. In addition to its mission of promoting people’s welfare, city parks are designed to preserve the natural environment and help people lower their stress for such as the quality of life and work safety. Scientists insist that the Corona pandemic is a direct outcome of the environmental contamination and climate change. Under the increasing pressure for such causes, the role of urban parks is reemphasized both domestically and globally. This study looked into how the safety perception, reputation and attitude of urban parks can be enhanced. This study focuses particularly on the relationship between park safety perceptions and park visitation as the park safety is one of the major decision factors for park visitation. Past literature shows that the stress level of employee’s life has an significant impact on the prevention of industrial safety accidents. The three dependant variables were suggested using three experimental media articles. The first one was presented for measuring park's current perceptions. The second experimental article shows that a celebrity fan club built a small garden with a bench and flowers under the celebrity name in an urban park. The third article depicts that the celebrity small garden is mismanaged. The results show that the presence of celebrity garden representing the celebrity effects uplifts the safety perception, reputation and attitude of park. However, when the celebrity inner garden was poorly managed, all three dependent variables were lowered significantly. Getting a celebrity fan club involved in the park campaign is an effective way for elevating the citizen’s perceptions of park safety, reputation and attitude. This study further testifies that cooperating with a celebrity fan club for park campaign is an innovative marketing scheme in terms of cost-saving and public relations.

User Behavior and Level of Satisfaction Analysis of Neighborhood Parks - Focused on the Central Park in Dongtan 1 New Town, Hwaseong City -

Shinae Noh,Shinwon Kim 전북대학교 휴양및경관계획연구소 2018 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.12 No.3

With the increasing interest among modern people in the environment and leisure activities, the social demand for parks and green spaces is increasing. Thus, with the increase in park consumers, it is necessary to systematically investigate and analyze user characteristics and demands and continuously reflect them in park management to increase user satisfaction. Therefore, this study focused on Central Park in Dongtan 1 New Town, Hwaseong City, to analyze and evaluate what variables affect users’ behavior and satisfaction and suggested ways to construct future neighborhood parks. After theoretical considerations, the site was investigated and analyzed, and user behavior and satisfaction were studied through surveys and in-depth interviews. The results showed that user satisfaction with the Central Park was generally high, and the park had a large positive effect on the satisfaction with the residential environment among residents. It seems that the psychological and mental satisfaction provided by the park, which relieves mental and physical stress in modern people’s busy lives and supports static and dynamic recreational activities, will be high. It was judged that if user demands are more actively reflected upon, user satisfaction can be increased, and parks can be vitalized.

Parking Site Selection In Downtown of Khabarovsk City Using GIS

Irina Kulinich,Heewon Lee 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.10 No.4

Public parking as a part of a modern urban transportation system plays an important role in decreasing the load of heavy traffic. Optimum site selection for public parking spaces not only increases the parking efficiency, but also decreases marginal car parking and therefore, results in increase of streets’ width and traffic fluency. In the most cities, public parking site selection is done by traditional methods or just by visiting of the site. In this traditional method, considering all of the effective parameters in site selection is difficult and site selection is done by just considering some limited factors like land price. In this study, we introduce an optimum method for parking site selection using GIS based on Khabarovsk City. The study process consists of two steps. Firstly, it is finding effective criteria for parking site selection. Secondly, we build the model of parking site selection process based on our criteria. As the output of research is the model of parking site selection process which lead us to define suitable place for parking.

공원학교 및 소공원 계획 방향에 관한 연구

김형돈,양현오 (사)한국교육녹색환경연구원 2009 교육·녹색환경연구 Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this study was to analyze the school location and site planning direction for land use planning of public land development. And this research proposed the direction of small park in school. So this research present the implication on urban planning and design for architecture, park-school complex. This study perform the relationship analysis on location of school and park. The result follows as this : 1) land use planning : Location and space of park-school must be checked in advance. Schools and parks are placed together. The park is located south of the school. 2) school site planning : Small field for dynamic activity is needed in school. The character of small park in school is relationship of educational programs. 3) management : CCTV is installed at school. Bright lights are placed in school. This result will be used in decision-making-process of land use planning, public land development construction, urban design and city policy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the school location and site planning direction for land use planning of public land development. And this research proposed the direction of small park in school. So this research present the implication on urban planning and design for architecture, park-school complex. This study perform the relationship analysis on location of school and park. The result follows as this : 1) land use planning : Location and space of park-school must be checked in advance. Schools and parks are placed together. The park is located south of the school. 2) school site planning : Small field for dynamic activity is needed in school. The character of small park in school is relationship of educational programs. 3) management : CCTV is installed at school. Bright lights are placed in school. This result will be used in decision-making-process of land use planning, public land development construction, urban design and city policy.

A Study on How to Use CHILDREN S PARKS according to the Change in Population Composition

Seokjin Jung,Changjun Kim,Hyangju Lee,Wonhyeon Lim J-INSTITUTE 2021 Public Value Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: Although children s parks are easily accessible from anywhere in the vicinity, there are many children s parks that children are ignoring. This study aims to provide a variety of activities to residents by utilizing these parks. In particular, these parks can be used as an alternative to crea ting a place for active play and effective exercise for the elderly who spend free time in an aging society. This study suggested using the existing children s play space as a complex play and exercise space with the elderly. Method: This paper selected 63 children s parks in Suseong-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City, and ana-lyzed them by dividing them into three residential types. Population change trends were investigated from 2005 to 2020, when children s parks were subdivided. This paper conducted a one -way ANOVA analysis to find out the difference by park facilities in children s parks. Post-hoc analysis was performed by the Scheffe test. To conduct the above statistical analysis, this paper used the Spss Statistics 21 sta-tistics program. Results: As a result of analyzing the change in the total population composition of Suseong-gu, where the children s park is located, the population of infants and children decreased, and the popula-tion of the elderly increased. The designation of children s parks has declined since the 1990s. It was found that the number of children by housing type decreased little by little every year. This paper ana-lyzed that the park area by residential type was the largest for children s parks located in mixed housing areas. In addition, it was found that many children s play facilities were installed in mixed residential areas. Conclusion: This study propose that if we increase the utilization rate of children s parks that lack user consideration and utilize children s parks within the living area, we can solve outdoor activities for the elderly according to the rapidly progressing aging age. In particular, if the children s park is made into a multi-purpose culture, sports, and amusement park that not only the elderly but also children and young people can use, it will be of great help to the utilization of the park.