개원가의 신생아 BCG 접종 후 투베르쿨린 반응 평가 -접종 방법과 PPD 종류에 의한 차이 비교-

김완주,이선호,안상윤,양승재,오성희,Kim, Wan Ju,Lee, Sun Ho,Ahn, Sang Yoon,Yang, Seung Jae,Oh, Sung Hee 대한소아감염학회 2002 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.9 No.2

목 적 : BCG 접종 후 투베르쿨린 반응은 사용한 백신의 종류, 백신의 상태, 투여방법, 접종시 연령, 접종후 검사하기까지의 시간 등의 다양한 요인에 따라 다르게 나타난다. 최근 흉터가 작고 이상반응이 적은 경피용 BCG의 접종이 증가하고 있으나 투베르쿨린 반응 검사 및 예방 효과 등에 대한 자료가 거의 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 개원가에서 실시한 BCG 및 투베르쿨린 반응을 평가하고 피내 BCG 백신과 경피용 BCG 백신과의 비교, 5TU PPD와 2TU PPD의 비교를 실시하였다. 방 법 : 1997년 2월부터 2001년 6월까지 세군데의 개인 소아과 의원에서 생후 1개월경 BCG 접종을 받은 후 투베르쿨린 반응을 실시한 200명의 소아를 대상으로 의무기록지를 이용한 후향성 조사를 실시하였다. 이 중 151명은 Tokyo 172주로 경피 접종하였고 49명은 피내 접종(28명:copenhagen주, 1명:French 1173P2주, 20명:미상)하였다. 경피 접종한 151명 중 129명(64.5%)은 2TU, 22명(11%)은 5TU PPD를 사용하였고 피내 접종한 49명 중 35명(17.5%)은 2TU, 14명(7%)은 5TU PPD를 사용하였다. 결 과 : 경피용 BCG 접종군에서 2TU PPD와 5TU PPD에 대한 경결의 크기(양성률)는 $9.2{\pm}4.4mm$(86.8%), $12.4{\pm}3.5mm$(95.5%)로 5TU PPD로 검사한 경우가 2TU PPD로 검사한 경우보다 통계적으로 유의하게 더 크게 나타났다(P=0.02). 피내용 BCG 접종군에서 2TU PPD와 5TU PPD에 대한 경결의 크기(양성률)는 각각 $5.7{\pm}5.1mm$(60%), $6.6{\pm}4.8mm$(71.4%)로 두 값 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.569). 2TU PPD에 대한 반응은 경피용 BCG 접종군에서의 경결 크기(양성률)가 $9.2{\pm}4.4mm$(86.8%), 피내용 BCG 접종군에서는 $5.7{\pm}5.1mm$(60%)로 경피용 BCG 접종군에서의 경결크기가 피내용 BCG 접종군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 크게 나타났다(P<0.001). 5TU PPD에 대한 반응은 경피용 BCG 접종군에서의 경결크기(양성률)는 $12.4{\pm}3.5mm$(95.5%), 피내용 BCG 접종군에서는 $6.6{\pm}4.8mm$(71.4%)로 역시 경피용 BCG 접종군에서 경결크기가 피내용 BCG 접종군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 크게 나타났다(P<0.001). 결 론 : 경피용 BCG(Tokyo 172균주) 접종군의 2TU PPD와 5TU PPD에 대한 반응은 피내용 BCG 접종군에 비해 경결의 크기가 유의하게 컸고, 경피용 BCG 접종군에서 5TU PPD의 경결 크기가 2TU PPD에 비해 유의하게 크게 나타났으므로 경피용 BCG 환아들에게서의 결핵 반응 검사 결과 판독의 새로운 기준이 수립되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : The number of newborns vaccinated with BCG of Tokyo 172 strain, which has been claimed to cause lesser degree of local adverse events including scar, has recently been increasing. However, tuberculin response to this vaccine has inadequately been studied, especially with newborns cared at primary care clinics. We, therefore, performed a study in newborns vaccinated with BCG at private pediatric offices and evaluated the response to PPD 2TU or PPD 5TU following vaccination with percutaneous or intradermal BCG. Methods : Two hundred infants who had been cared at three private pediatric offices were retrospectively enrolled in the study. One hundred fifty one infants had received percutaneous BCG(Tokyo strain); 129 infants had had tuberuclin test with PPD 2TU and the rest of 22 infants with PPD 5TU. Forty nine infants had received intradermal BCG(28 infants Copenhagen strain, I infant French strain, 20 infants unknown); 35 infants had had tuberculin test with PPD 2TU, 14 infants(11%) with PPD 5TU. Results : In infants vaccinated with percutaneous BCG, the mean induration diameter in tuberculin test was significantly greater with PPD 5TU($12.4{\pm}3.5mm$) compared to PPD 2TU ($9.2{\pm}4.4mm$). In infants vaccinated with intradermal BCG, the mean induration diameters in tuberculin test were $5.7{\pm}5.1mm$ to PPD 2TU and $6.6{\pm}4.8mm$ to PPD 5TU, which were not significantly different. The tuberculin response to PPD 2TU was significantly greater in infants vaccinated with percutaneous BCG compared to those with intradermal BCG. The tuberculin response to PPD 5TU was also significantly greater in infants vaccinated with percutaneous BCG compared to those with intradermal BCG. Conclusion : Percutaneous BCG(Tokyo strain) seems to cause greater response to tuberculin compared to intradermal BCG and PPD 2TU induces weaker response compared to PPD 5TU. Acknowledging some discrepancies from the previously reported data, which might have been due to the different source of the study subjects, more studies are needed to establish the range of tuberculin response following BCG vaccination in order to differentiate from tuberculosis.

초임계 암모니아를 이용한 p-Phenylenediamine(PPD) 합성 및 특성연구

조항규 ( Hang Kyu Cho ),임종성 ( Jong Sung Lim ) 한국화학공학회 2015 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.53 No.1

초임계 암모니아 분위기와 CuI 촉매 하에서 p-Diiodobenzene(PDIB)를 아민화 반응시켜 p-Phenylenediamine(PPD)를 합성하는 방법을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 공정변수들이 PPD 생성 수율에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 반응 온도, 암모니아 초기 주입 양에 따른 반응 압력, 촉매의 유무 및 촉매 주입량, 반응 시간 등을 변화시키면서 이에 따른 PPD 수율 변화를 GC 분석을 통하여 조사하였다. 그 결과, 무촉매 반응 시에는 PPD가 전혀 생성되지 않음을 알 수 있었으며, 반응온도, 반응 압력, 촉매 주입량 및 반응시간이 증가함에 따라 PPD 생성 수율이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다 단, 반응온도의 경우 250 oC 이상에서는 열분해에 의해 PPD가 감소하여 200 oC가 최적의 온도임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, FT-IR과 1H-NMR 분석을 통하여 아민기의 결합 특성과 PPD의 구조를 확인하였다. In this study, investigated the synthesis method of p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) by amination of p-Diiodobenzene (PDIB) under supercritical ammonia and CuI catalyst conditions. We examined the effects of various process variables (e.g., reaction temperature, pressure, amount of ammonia inserted, amount of catalyst inserted, and reaction time) on the production yield of PPD by analyzing the Gas Chromatography (GC). The experimental results demonstrated that PPD was not produced under non-catalyst conditions, and PPD production yield increased with increasing temperature, pressure, amount of catalyst inserted, and reaction time. However, for the reaction temperature case, it was found that 200 oC was the optimal temperature, because thermal degradation of PPD occurred above 250 oC. In addition, we confirmed the structure of PPD and the bonding characteristics of the amine group via FT-IR and H-NMR analysis.

Allelic Variation of Rht-1, Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 in Korean Wheats and Its Effect on Agronomic Traits

( Eun Jin Cho ),( Chon Sik Kang ),( Ji Ung Jung ),( Young Mi Yoon ),( Chul Soo Park ) 한국육종학회 2015 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.3 No.2

The allelic variations at the Rht-1, Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 of 410 Korean wheat cultivars, including 111 Korean experimental lines, 238 Korean landraces and 61 North Korean collections, were investigated to provide the information of plant height and heading date and to elucidate the relationship between those traits and allelic variation of these genes because earliness is major consideration in Korean wheat production. All Korean wheats displayed vrn-A1 and Ppd-A1b alleles, while Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a, vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles were also predominantly found. Most Korean wheats carried both Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a alleles, both vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 alleles, or both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles. The Rht-B1a, vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles were found to exhibit longer culm and spike length than their counterpart alleles. The Rht-B1a allele also showed longer spike length than Rht-B1b. Vrn-B1b and vrn-D1 alleles exhibited longer days to heading date than their counterpart alleles at the Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Lines carrying both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles displayed shorter culm and longer spike length and days to heading date than any other combination of alleles at the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci. In contrast, lines carrying both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles exhibited longer culm and spike length than any other combination of alleles at the Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 loci.

건강한 영아에서 경피다자법 BCG 접종후 2TU 투베르쿨린 검사의 반응성

노혜옥,이우길,Roh, Hye Ok,Lee, Woo Gill 대한소아감염학회 1999 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.6 No.1

목 적 : 최근 국내에서 결핵반응 검사 시약으로 2TU가 소개되면서 결핵의 예방화학 치료 의 기준에 대한 논란이 있어 왔다. 본 연구는 신생아기에 경피다자법으로 BCG를 접종 받은 영아에서의 2TU PPD 검사에 대한 반응을 관찰하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 성균관 의대 삼성제일 병원에서 출생후 생후 1개월째 외래에 방문하여 경피용 건조BCG 백신을 경피다자법으로 접종받고 접종 6개월 후에 추적이 가능하였던 476명을 대상으로 결핵반응 검사를 시행하였다. 검사는 RT23 2TU PPD를 사용하여 좌전박 내측에 0.1mL를 피내주사후 48~72 시간에 경결크기를 측정하였다. 판독시 결핵의 가족력과 BCG 반흔의 총수를 기록하였고 양전 판정은 경결 크기가 5mm 이상인 경우로 하였다. 결 과 : 전체 476명 중 남자 248명(52.1%), 여자 228명(47.9%) 였다. PPD 검사 시기는 BCG 접종후 $6.2{\pm}0.5$(평균${\pm}$표준편차) 개월 후에 시행되었다. RT23 2TU 검사상 평균 경결 크기는 $7.3{\pm}3.2mm$였다. 경결의 분포는 5mm 미만이 14.5%, 5~9mm가 59.9%, 10mm 이상이 25.6%였다. 검사 당시 BCG 반흔의 총수는 $15.5{\pm}3.2$개였다. 결 론 : 경피 다자법 BCG 접종후 2TU PPD 반응 검사 양전률은 85.5%로 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 그러나 2TU PPD를 일반 병, 의원에서 진단용으로 사용하기 위해서는 좀더 다양한 연령층과 많은 대상에 대한 비교 연구의 축적이 필요할 것으로 생각되었다. Purpose : Tuberculosis, a major public health problem, is an important cause of childhood infectious diseases. To decrease the tuberculosis morbidity rate, BCG vaccination and chemoprophylaxis are performed. Recently 2TU PPD skin test was introduced as a diagnostic method for tuberculous infection. We studied the positive conversion rate of 2TU PPD test after percutaneous multiple puncture BCG vaccination. Methods : Four hundred seventy six infants from well baby clinic of Samsung Cheil Hospital were enrolled. They were immunized with percutaneous multiple puncture technique BCG(Japan BCG laboratory, Japan) at 1 month of age. Approximately 6 months later, tuberculin skin test using RT23 2TU PPD was performed. Induration size, family history of tuberculosis and number of BCG scars were evaluated. Induration greater than or equal to 5mm was defined as positive conversion. Results : Among 476 infants, 248(52.1%) were male and 228(47.9%) were female. PPD skin tests were performed $6.2{\pm}0.5$($mean{\pm}S.D.$) months after BCG vaccination. Mean induration size was $7.3{\pm}3.2mm$ and positive conversion rate was 85.5%. Total number of BCG scars was $15.5{\pm}3.2$. Conclusion : The seroconversion rate by 2TU PPD test after percutaneous multiple puncture BCG vaccination was high. But, more comparative studies with various age groups may be needed for 2TU PPD test used as diagnostic method of tuberculosis in the hospitals.

20(S)-Protopanaxadiol 및 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol이 활성화된 비만세포로부터의 염증 매개체 유리에 미치는 영향

노재열(Jai Youl Ro),한용남(Yong Nam Han),최광태(Kwang Tae Choi),이창호(Chang Ho Lee) 고려인삼학회 2009 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.33 No.4

인삼 사포닌은 면역계에 다양한 약리 효과를 발휘한다. 20(S)-프로토파낙사다이올 (PPD) 및 20(S)- 프로토파낙사트리올 (PPT)은 장내 세균에 의하여 생성되는 인삼 대사체의 일종이며 생체 내 투여 시 순환계에서 탐지된다. 활성화된 비만세포로부터의 염증 매개체 유리에 미치는 20(S)-프로토파낙사다이올 (PPD) 및 20(S)-프로토파낙사트리올 (PPT)의 영향을 평가하였다. 인삼 사포닌 대사체를 처치 후, 히스타민 유리는 활성화된 해명 폐 비만세포에서 평가하였으며, 인터루킨-4, 인터루킨-8, 및 종양괴사인자-알파 유리는 HMC-1 비만세포에서 평가하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. PPT는 최고 100 μM 농도에서 PMA에 의하여 자극된 HMC-1 세포로부터의 인터루킨-4 유리를 완전히 차단하였다. 또한, 이는 HMC-1 세포로부터의 인터루킨-8의 유리를, PMA와 DMSO동시 처치 시 얻어진 수치를 기준으로 대략 40-50% 정도 억제하였다. PPD는 최고 100 μM 농도에서 해명 폐 비만세포로부터의 히스타민 유리를 초래하였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. PPD는 HMC-1 세포에 PMA와 DMSO 동시 처치 시 얻어진 수치를 기준으로 할 때, 인터루킨-4의 유리를 대략 89% 정도 억제하였으나, 인터루킨-8의 유리에는 유의적인 효과를 초래하지 않았다. 그러나 PPD 및 PPT 모두, PMA에 의하여 자극된 HMC-1 세포로부터의 종양괴사 인자-알파의 유리에는 전혀 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 그러므로 본 연구 결과는 PPD와 PPT가 경구로 투여된 인삼 추출물의 면역조절 작용을 담당하는 장내 인삼 대사체 중의 한 종류임을 제시한다. Ginseng saponins have various pharmacological effects on the immune system. 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) are the species of ginseng saponin metabolites that are formed by human intestinal bacteria and detected in circulation. The effects of PPD and PPT on the inflammatory mediator release from the activated mast cells were tested. Histamine release was evaluated in activated guinea pig lung mast cells, and the secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was assessed in an HMC-1 cell after treating it with ginseng saponin metabolites. The results are as follows. PPT, at its maximum concentration of 100 μM, completely abolished the secretion of IL-4 from the PMA-stimulated HMC-1 cell. It also inhibited IL-8 secretion from the same cells by about 40-50% of the PMA-treated DMSO control. PPD, at its maximum concentration of 100 μM, showed a tendency to induce histamine release from the guinea pig lung mast cells. It inhibited the secretion of IL-4 (by 89% of the PMA-treated DMSO control) in the PMA-stimulated HMC-1 cell, but did have a significant effect on the IL-8 release from the same cell. Both PPD and PPT showed no effects, however, on the release of TNF-α from the PMA-stimulated HMC-1 cell. These results suggest that PPD and PPT are from the ginseng metabolites that are responsible for the immunomodulating activity of ginseng extracts when they are taken orally.

Gene expression profiling of hair-dying agent, para-phenylenediamine, in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells

소영진,Chan-Young Shin,송미,나영아,류재천 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2011 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.7 No.4

Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is widely used in a variety of products, including hair dyes. Sensitization to PPD is a well-known cause of allergic contact dermatitis. However, the molecular mechanism of PPD-induced cellular toxicity remains unclear. We performed a genome-wide analysis of transcriptional responses of human HaCaT keratinocytes to an IC20dose of PPD (60 μM). PPD downregulated the expression of 650 genes and upregulated the expression of 854 genes in the keratinocytes. PPD-responsive genes were involved in inflammatory responses, responses to oxidative stress, Toll-like receptor signaling, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Our results indicate that changes in gene expression are associated with PPD-induced skin toxicity, and the genes identified may be promising biomarkers of PPDinduced skin toxicity. Possible roles of the responsive genes and related pathways in PPD-induced cellular responses are discussed. This study helps to elucidate cellular changes in transcriptional regulation in response to PPD exposure.

Association of Social Support and Postpartum Depression According to the Time After Childbirth in South Korea

Kim Seongju,Kim Dong Jun,Lee Mi-Sun,Lee Hooyeon 대한신경정신의학회 2023 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.20 No.8

Objective This study examined the association between social support and postpartum depression (PPD) according to the time after childbirth within 12 months in South Korea.Methods Data were collected from 1,481 women in Chungnam Province, South Korea from September 21 to 30, 2022. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between social support and PPD. Subgroup analysis of the associations of support from family, friends, and significant others with PPD according to the time after childbirth was undertaken using crude and adjusted models.Results Of the participants, 39.91% had PPD. The prevalence of PPD was 36.05% at <3 months, 37.50% at 3≤ to <6 months, and 44.41% at 6≤ to <12 months. A 1-point increase in the social support score was associated with an increase in the adjusted odds ratio of PPD of 0.91 (95% confidence interval=0.90–0.93). Social support from family was significantly associated with PPD regardless of the time after childbirth. Support from significant others was significantly associated with PPD after 6≤ to <12 months.Conclusion Family support should be provided consistently to women after birth; social connections with significant others can prevent PPD.

para-Phenylenediamine처리에 따른 HaCaT 세포주의 세포변성효과 및 생존율

홍은설,송연숙,이근광 한국미용학회 2018 한국미용학회지 Vol.24 No.6

The purpose was to investigate the cytopathic effect and cell viability on cultivated HaCaT cell lines after processing for 24 hours and 48 hours through treatment with differing concentrations of PPD. The results are as fellows: Normal HaCaT cell lines grew normally in a cell cultivation flask, and were almond shaped. HaCaT cell lines that were exposed to the toxicity of PPD were generally inactive and showed signs of the cytopathic effect because of weak adhesion. Less than 50% cell viability was observed after 50 minutes in a group with 0.5% PPD, About 48% cell viability was observed after 10 minutes in a group with 1~3% PPD, and more than 45~40% cell viability was observed after 10 minutes in a group with 4~5% of PPD. The results due to the degree of cytotoxicity show that; The survival rate of cultivated cells after 48 hours increased after treatment for 10 minutes for a group with 0.5~1% PPD compared to cultivated cells treated for 24 hours. This suggests cells recovered little by little after 48 hours from a group with less than 1% of the treatment concentration for 10 minutes. But, they didn’t recover in the group with 2~5% of the treatment concentration. Therefore, the survival rate of HaCaT cells went down and cell viability went up after increasing the treatment concentration and treatment time in relation to the degree of cell viability from the PPD. Cell numbers increased because of the recovery of cells after 48 hours with treatment for 10 minutes from groups with 0.5% and 1% (54.93% survival rate in 0.5% PPD, 49.25% survival rate in 1% PPD). The cytotoxicity rate decreased with the lower concentration treatment and shorter treatment time.

A transcription factor TaTCP20 regulates the expression of Ppd-D1b in common wheat

Wei Fan,Song Tianqi,Zhou Jianfei,Cheng Jie,Li Ruibo,Yu Ming,Zhang Yunrui,Yu-Yang Song,Zhang Bo,Zhang Xiaoke 한국식물생명공학회 2021 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.15 No.3

Photoperiod (Ppd) genes play an important role in the adaptation of wheat to the ecological environment. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of photoperiodic genes has remained elusive. This study isolated a full-length promoter of Ppd-D1b (2518 bp) from the common wheat genome. Several essential core cis-acting elements and numerous light-responsive cis-acting regulatory elements were identifed in Ppd-D1b promoter by the in-silico analysis. Ten 5’-deleted length fragments of the Ppd-D1b promoter fused with GUS were constructed and named D0 ~D9, then transferred them into Arabidopsis thaliana. GUS gene driven by full-length (D0) in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana showed the same rhythm with Ppd-D1b in wheat under short-day conditions (SDs, 8-h light/16-h dark). The expression of GUS gene in D0 reached its peak at 3 h after dawn, then decreased to the lowest and remained stable. Analysis of the series of 5’-deleted fragments showed that at 3 h after dawn, GUS gene expression activity decreased signifcantly in D7a due to removal of CHEBS (CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION binding site). Moreover, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase (dual-LUC) assays revealed that TaTCP20 could bind to the Ppd-D1b promoter to increase its transcriptional activity. This study revealed a transcription factor, TaTCP20, which activated Ppd-D1b by binding to CHEBS, provided a foundation for the theoretical research on wheat’s photoperiodic response mechanism.

도시공원과 휴양림의 열적쾌적성에 관한 연구

김수진,이윤승,박해인,정다원,박범진 한국산림휴양복지학회 2019 한국산림휴양학회지 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 도시공원과 산림의 온열환경 쾌적성을 비교하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구대상지는 대전광역시에 위치한 도심 잔디광장과 자연휴양림으로 선정하였으며 대상지별 측정장소는 울폐율이 다른 3개 지점을선정하였다(울폐율0%, 50%, 100%). ISO의 온열환경쾌적성 평가지표인 PMV(예상 평균 온열감, Predicted Mean Vote)와 PPD(예상 불만족도, Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied)를 산출하기 위해 노출된 사람의 활동량, 착의량과대기 중의 기온, 평균복사온도, 상대습도, 풍속을 측정하였다. 잔디광장의 경우 측정 장소의 울폐율이 100%에서50%로 감소하였을 때 불쾌할수록 증가하는 PPD가 10%를 넘어 70%까지 증가하는 것을 볼수 있다. 그에 반해 휴양림은 울폐율이 100%에서 50%로 감소하여도 PPD 10%를 벗어나지 않았고, 울폐도가 0%로 변화하여도 PPD수치가 20.73%로 온열환경의 쾌적성이 유지되었다. 또한 여름철 동일한 시기에 휴양림이 잔디광장 보다 쾌적한 환경을 제공한다는 사실을 확인 하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 쾌적한 환경에서 여가활동을 하고자 하는 현대인들에게 휴양 장소 선택에 도움 줄수있는 정보를 제공하고자 한다. This study was conducted to compare the thermal environmental comfort in urban parks and forests. Urban grass squares and natural recreation forests located in Daejeon metropolitan city were selected as the study areas, and 3 spots with different crown densities were selected for the measuring sites by the area (crown density 0%, 50%, and 100%). In order to calculate the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied), which are the evaluation indicators of ISO?셲 thermal environmental comfort, the amount of activity of the exposed person, the amount of clothing and air temperature, average radiation temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured. In the case of grass square, the PPD, which increases with discomfort, increased by more than 10% to 70% when the crown density of the measuring site was dicreased from 100% to 50%. In contrast, in the recreation forest, the PPD level did not deviate from 10% when the crown density changed from 100% to 50%, and the PPD level remained 20.73% even when the crown density was dicreased to 0%. It was also confirmed that recreation forest provided a more pleasant environment than grass square at the same season in summer. Therefore, this study intends to provide modern people, who want to do leisure activities in a comfortable environment, with information that can help them to choose a best place for recreation.