프란시스 피카비아 작품에서 나타나는 중층구조 표현에 대한 연구 -‘투명성’ 연작을 중심으로-

오세권 한국기초조형학회 2017 기초조형학연구 Vol.18 No.6

Francis Picabia created his Transparency series from 1926 to 1935 after he distanced himself from Paris Dada. In the series, he employed the overlapping double printing technique inspired by film as well as the transparency technique and painted another painting over an old one so that they would overlap each other. In a "multi-layer structure", two single structures or more stand in parallel or overlap each other to form many layers, in which case each layer of the multi-layer structure within a single text interacts with one another through constant interference and intersection instead of standing independently from one another. That is, a multi-layer structure is a structure of two layers or more standing side by side or overlapping each other. Picabia's Transparency series is in a multi-layer structure. In the series, the artist created multi-layered images by making various materials overlap each other intentionally, which means that his works require dual or multiple interpretations. The present study analyzed six from his Transparency series including Adam and Eve, Ridens, Jesus and the Dolphin, Salicis, The Handsome Pork-Butcher, and Corrida-Transparence. The analysis results indicate that different materials with different layers overlapped each other and were in a multi-layer structure in his Transparency series. 피카비아의 ‘투명성’ 연작은 파리 다다와 멀어진 이후 1926년부터 1935년 무렵까지 제작한 작품들이다. 이는 투명 기술과 영화에서 영감을 받은 중첩의 이중인화 기법을 사용한 것으로 이미 그려져 있는 그림 위에 겹쳐서 또 다른 그림을 그리는 기법으로 표현하였다. 그리고 ‘중층구조’는 단일한 구조가 두 개 이상 병렬해 있거나 겹쳐져 여러 개의 층위를 이루고 있는 것이다. 이때 하나의 텍스트 내에 중층구조를 이루고 있는 각 층위들은 독립적으로 존재하는 것이 아니라 부단한 간섭과 교차에 의한 상호작용으로 형성되어 있다. 즉 중층구조는 두 개 이상의 층위들이 나란히 하거나 겹쳐져 있는 구조를 말하는데 피카비아의 투명성 연작이 중층구조로 이루어져 있다. 피카비아는 ‘투명성’ 연작에서 여러 가지 소재들을 의도적으로 겹쳐서 중층의 이미지들을 만들었는데 이중 또는 다중의 해석을 요구한다. 본 연구에서는 ‘투명성’연작 가운데 <아담과 이브>, <Ridens>, <Jesus and the Dolphin>, <Salicis>, <The handsome Pork-Butcher>, <corrida-Transparence> 등 6개의 작품을 분석하였다. 그 결과 ‘투명성’연작에서는 층위가 다른 각 소재들이 겹쳐져 중층구조를 이루고 있음을 알 수 있다.

데이비드 샬르(David Salle) 작품에서 나타나는 중층구조에 대한 연구 - 병치구조를 중심으로 -

오세권 ( Oh Se Kwon ) 한국상품문화디자인학회(구 한국패키지디자인학회) 2018 상품문화디자인학연구 Vol.54 No.-

데이비드 샬르 (D. Salle) 는 1980년대 미국 미술계를 대표하는 작가 가운데 한 사람으로 ‘차용’, ‘연극성’, ‘패러디’, ‘알레고리’, ...‘겹치기’, ‘병치’ 등 다양한 표현방법으로 작품을 제작 하였다. 작품의 특징은 연결되지 않는 여러 가지 이미지들을 모아 혼란스러운 형식을 이루며, 모호하고 부조화를 이루고 있는 것이다. 샬르는 하나의 작품 속에 시간과 공간이 다른 이미지들을 나란히 연결하거나 위 아래로 연결하는 다폭화 형식으로 병치하는 것을 핵심적인 전략 가운데 하나로 사용한다. 주로 두 폭화 또는 세 폭화 형식으로 병치한다. 이와 같은 다폭화 형식은 시각적인 흥미와 긴장을 주고 상호 텍스트적인 의미를 생성한다. 미술형식에서 ‘중층구조’는 이미지들이 하나의 층위에서 단일하게 표현되는 것이 아니라 또 다른 층위의 이미지들과 결합하여 복잡하게 얽혀 있는 구조를 말한다. 샬르의 작품세계는 중층구조가 중심이 된다. 샬르 작품에서 중층구조의 표현은 문화의 짜깁기 이며, 복제, 모조(Simulacrum) 의 층위가 병치되거나 겹쳐져 있는데 크게 ‘병치’와 ‘겹침’으로 표현되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 ‘병치구조’로 되어 있는 작품세계를 연구하는 것으로 ‘좌.우 병치’ ‘몽타주 병치’ ‘상.하 병치’로 나누었다. ‘좌.우 병치’에는 작품 < Happy Writers >, < Skater >, < Quartet >에서 그 사례를 볼 수 있고, ‘몽타주 병치’ 에는 작품 < Schooner >, < Angels in the Rain >에서 그 사례를 볼 수 있다. 그리고 ‘상.하 병치’ 에는 < Masking >, < Within Sleep >에서 그 사례를 볼 수 있다. 각 사례 작품들에서는 화면의 분할, 중첩, 편집, 병치로 표현되었으며 모호하게 편집하거나, 겹치고 뒤섞어 작품이 제작되어 있다. One of the artists who represented the world of art in the United States in the 1980s, David Salle produced works by applying many different types of expression, including appropriation, dramatic, parody, allegory, overlapping, and juxtaposition. His works are characterized by ambiguity and inharmoniousness as well as by a confusing form with many different images that were not connected with one another. Salle used a form of dozen painting, which involved horizontal or vertical juxtaposition of images from different times and spaces in a work, as one of the key strategies. He primarily used juxtaposition in a form of two- or three-fold painting. Such a form of dozen painting gives visual interest and tension and produces inter-textual meanings. A ‘multi-layer structure’ in art means images intricately combined with those in another layer, not the images expressed in a single layer. The world of Salle’s works is based on the multi-layer structure. In his works, the multi-layer structure is expressed in cultural weaving, with the layers of copying and simulacrum juxtaposed or overlapped. Salle expressed the multi-layer structure largely through ‘juxtaposition’ and ‘overlapping.’ This study aimed to review the world of works in the ‘multi-layer structure’ in three categories: horizontal, montage, and vertical juxtaposition. Horizontal juxtaposition can be found in < Happy Writers >, < Skater >, and < Quartet >, montage juxtaposition in < Schooner > and < Angels in the Rain >, and vertical juxtaposition in < Masking > and < Within Sleep >.

甁窩 李衡祥 詩經 독법의 확장성과 다층성

김수경 근역한문학회 2022 한문학논집(漢文學論集) Vol.62 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to examine the character and characteristics of Byung-wa(甁窩) Lee hyung-sang(李衡祥, 1653~1733)’s reading on the Book of Songs through analyzing Byeong-wa’s Si-jeon-gang-ui(詩傳講義) in the context of his learning and thought. In this paper, two aspects are mainly considered: the one is the characteristics in which Si-jeon-gang-ui’s form and contents have, the other one is the scalability and multi-layeredness reflected in his reading on the Book of Songs. First, we analyzed the structural features of Si-jeon-gang-ui and considered Byung-wa’s perception about the structure of the Book of Songs that was reflected in it. Byung-wa’s annotation on the Book of Songs can be understood as having the characteristics of a ‘multi-layered structure’ in terms of content and form. In Byeong-wa’s annotation, the multi-layered structure is not only confirmed between the content and the form, but also confirmed inside the content and inside the form, respectively. In the course of the discussion, we confirmed that Byung-wa had additionally referenced the themes of the poems(詩旨) and the time period of the poems(作詩時世) presented in the Liu-jing-tu(六經圖) by Yang-jia(楊甲) in the Song dynasty. Through this research, the background of Byung-wa’s construction about the time period of the poems in the Book of Songs which had been left as a question in previous studies, was identified. Next, the aspect of extensibility and multi-layeredness reflected in Byeongwa’s reading on the Book of Songs was examined. In the case of the Four-beginning theory(四始說), Byeong-wa showed an extensive aspect of recognizing the concept of poetics by broadening it as the Four-foundation &Four-beginning theory(四祖四始說). We also examined that Byeong-wa considered the multi-layeredness of interpretation in the understanding of “No evil in the thoughts”(思無邪) and “Incited by the Book of Songs”(興於詩). In addition, he also pointed out that “Incited by the Book of Songs”(興於詩) is different from the Neo-Confucian scholars’ “Peace of mind”(置心平易). In addition, Byeong-wa also payed attention to sound rhythm(聲律) and music temperament(樂律), which corresponds to the ‘sound’ of the Book of Songs, was examined. Byung-wa not only showed great interest in Korea’s secular music, but also proposed a plan to match the geum-jo(琴操) of Korea’s pyeong-jo(平調), woo-jo(羽調) and Gye-myeon-jo(界面調) to those of secular music. Although this has been discussed in previous studies, this paper emphasizes that this perspective applies the cultural characteristics of Korea in the process of referring to Zhu-xi(朱熹)’s musical concept(樂觀), and has a cultural pluralistic characteristic. This study is characterized by a three-dimensional view of how a scripture interpreter reconstructs his perception of the scriptures by accommodating the existing annotations. This study examines how the ‘multi-layered structure’ of annotation is implemented in various ways depending on the annotator. It is intended to approach the annotators’ perception in a three-dimensional manner by considering the format and content composition of the annotation, not limited to the content of the annotation. It is expected that this approach to annotation on the Confucian scriptures can be used as a reference for realizing cultural pluralistic characteristics by comprehensively understanding the annotators’ perceptions reflected in the format and layered contents of the annotations on the Confucian scriptures in the Joseon Dynasty. 본고는 병와 이형상의 시전강의 분석을 통해 그의 시경 독법이 지닌 성격과 특징을 고찰하는 데 주요 목적이 있다. 본고는 시전강의 주석상의 내용, 형식상의 특징 및 시경 독법에 반영된 확장성・다층성에 주목하였다. 먼저 시전강의 의 주석 체재상의 특징을 분석하고 그에 반영된 병와의 시경 구조에 대한 인식을 고찰했다. 병와의 시경 론은 논의 내용과 체재 형식면에서 ‘層疊式[layered] 구조’의 특징을 지닌 것으로 파악할 수 있다. 특히 병와 주석의 ‘내용-형식’간, ‘내용’ 내부, ‘형식’ 내부에 존재하는 층첩식 구조의 구체적인 양상을 각각 확인했다. 추가적으로 병와가 宋代 楊甲 六經圖 의 詩旨 및 「作詩時世」를 참고하였음을 확인함으로써 기존 연구에서 의문으로 남겨두었던 병와의 時世 구성에 대한 근거를 제시했다. 다음으로 병와의 시경 독법에 반영된 확장성・다층성의 측면을 고찰했다. 병와는 四始說을 四祖四始說로 확장함으로써 시 학 개념 인식의 확장적 면모를 보여주었다. 思無邪와 興於詩를 함께 거론한 부분에서는, 병와가 해석의 重層性을 고려했으며 興於詩의 정서작용을 성리학자들이 강조한 ‘置心平易’의 독법과 변별하고자 한 점을 확인했다. 한편, 시경 의 ‘소리’에 해당하는 聲律과 樂律에 관심을 기울인 면모를 고찰했다. 병와는 우리나라 俗樂에 대한 관심이 지대하였을 뿐만 아니라 우리나라의 平調・羽調・界面調의 琴操를 俗樂에 맞추는 방안도 제안했다. 기존 연구에서 논의된 부분이지만 본고는 이 관점이 주희의 樂觀을 참고하는 과정에서 우리나라의 문화적 특성을 적용한 것으로 문화다원론적 특징을 지님을 강조했다. 본 연구는 경전 주석자가 어떻게 기존 주석을 수용하여 자신의 경전 인식을 재구성하는가를 입체적으로 조망한 특징을 지닌다. 경전 주석이 기본적으로 지니는 층첩식 구조가 해석자에 따라 어떻게 다양하게 구현되는가를 고찰한 것으로 주석 내용에만 국한하지 않고 주석의 체재 형식과 내용 구성을 종합적으로 고려해 주석자의 인식에 입체적으로 접근하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 병와의 시경 독법이 지닌 확장성과 다층성을 심층적으로 확인하였다. 이러한 경전 주석에 대한 접근은 조선시대 경전 주석의 체재 형식 및 층첩된 내용 구성에 반영된 주석자의 인식을 종합적으로 파악하여 문화다원론적 특징을 구현하는 데에도 일정 정도 참고될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Determination of Member Force Ratios for Self-equilibrium State of Multi-Layered Cable Dome Type Structures

Kim, Jae-Yeol 한국공간구조학회 2013 한국공간구조학회지 Vol.13 No.2

For each cable component in a cable dome structure, pre-tension is needed for stability of whole the structure. The summation of these pre-tension at each joint should be zero to achieve the self equilibrium structure. The first step in cable dome structure analysis is to find the ratio of pre-tension in each member which can produce a stable and structure on self-equilibrium. In this paper, a new method based on the basic principle of closed force polygon for equilibrium system is proposed for the determination of self-equilibrium mode of cable dome structure. A single layer cable dome and two multi layer type domes have been analyzed. The ratios of cable members are determined by the presented method, and check the validation of the results by numerical calculation.

Acoustical characteristic predictions of a multi-layer system of a submerged vehicle hull mounted sonar simplified to an infinite planar model

Kim, Sung-Hee,Hong, Suk-Yoon,Song, Jee-Hun,Kil, Hyun-Gwon,Jeon, Jae-Jin,Seo, Young-Soo The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2012 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.4 No.2

Hull Mounted Sonar (HMS) is a long range submerged vehicle's hull-mounted passive sonar system which detects low-frequency noise caused by machineries of enemy ships or submerged vehicles. The HMS needs a sound absorption /insulation multi-layer structure to shut out the self-noise from own machineries and to amplify signals from outside. Therefore, acoustic analysis of the multi-layer system should be performed when the HMS is designed. This paper simplified the HMS multi-layer system to be an infinite planar multi-layer model. Also, main excitations that influence the HMS were classified into mechanical, plane wave and turbulent flow excitation, and the investigations for each excitation were performed for various models. Stiffened multi-layer analysis for mechanical excitation and general multi-layer analysis for turbulent flow excitation were developed. The infinite planar multi-layer analysis was expected to be more useful for preliminary design stage of HMS system than the infinite cylindrical model because of short analysis time and easiness of parameter study.

Acoustical characteristic predictions of a multi-layer system of a submerged vehicle hull mounted sonar simplified to an infinite planar model

Sung-Hee Kim,홍석윤,Jee-Hun Song,길현권,Jae Jin Jeon,Young-Soo Seo 대한조선학회 2012 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.4 No.2

Hull Mounted Sonar (HMS) is a long range submerged vehicle’s hull-mounted passive sonar system which detects low-frequency noise caused by machineries of enemy ships or submerged vehicles. The HMS needs a sound absorption /insulation multi-layer structure to shut out the self-noise from own machineries and to amplify signals from outside. Therefore, acoustic analysis of the multi-layer system should be performed when the HMS is designed. This paper simplified the HMS multi-layer system to be an infinite planar multi-layer model. Also, main excitations that influence the HMS were classified into mechanical, plane wave and turbulent flow excitation, and the investigations for each excitation were performed for various models. Stiffened multi-layer analysis for mechanical excitation and general multi-layer analysis for turbulent flow excitation were developed. The infinite planar multi-layer analysis was expected to be more useful for preliminary design stage of HMS system than the infinite cylindrical model because of short analysis time and easiness of parameter study.

구형 빔 패턴 형성을 위한 다층 이차원 원형 도체 배열을 갖는 새로운 방사 구조에 대한 연구

엄순영,스코벨레프,전순익,최재익,박한규 한국전자파학회 2002 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.13 No.7

본 논문에서는 구형 빔 패턴 형성을 위한 다층 이차원 원형 도체 배열을 갖는 새로운 방사 구조를 제안하였다. 새로운 방사 구조는 방사 원형 도파관 위에 유한하게 적층된 원형 도체 배열 소자들이 무한적, 주기적 평면 배열 구조를 갖는다. 이론적 해석은 rigid full-wave 해석 방법으로 배열 구조의 각 영역에서의 전자장에 대한 모드 전개식과 원형 도체상의 전류에 대한 모드 전개식에 바탕을 두고 상세히 수행되었으며, 함수의 직교성, 모드 정합 방법, 경계조건 그리고 Galerkin 방법을 사용하여 선형 대수 방정식 시스템을 유도하였다. 또한, Gauss 소거법을 사용하여 배열 특성 계산에 필요한 미지의 진폭 계수들을 얻었다. 제안된 알고리듬은 Ka대역에서 $\pm$20$^{\circ}$의 빔 폭을 갖는 구형 빔 패턴 형성을 위한 배열 설계에 사용되었으며, 일반적인 응용을 위해 파장으로 정규화된 최적화 설계 변수들을 제시하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과와 실험 결과들을 서로 비교하기 위해, 대칭적으로 19개의 방사 소자를 갖는 Ka 대역 실험 시제품을 제작하였다. 방사 원형 도파관 개구면 위에 적층된 원형 도체 배열 구조는 얇은 필름상에 이온-빔 증착 방법을 사용하여 구현되었다. 계산된 단위소자 패턴들과 시제품의 측정된 단위소자 패턴들은 빔 스캔 범위 내에서 거의 일치함을 보여주었으며, 사이드 로브 레벨과 그레이팅 로브 레벨에 대한 결과 분석도 이루어졌다 또한, 정 방향에서 다층 원형 도체 구조에 의해 생길 수 있는 blindness 현상에 대하여 언급하였다. 제작된 시제품의 입력 VSWR은 1.14 보다 작았으며, 29.0 GHz, 29.5 GHz 그리고 30 GHz에서 측정된 이득은 각각 10.2 dB, 10.0 dB 그리고 10.7 dB 였다. 실험 및 시뮬레이션 결과들은 제안된 다층 원형 도체 배열 구조가 효율적인 구형 빔 패턴을 형성할 수 있음을 보여 주었다.능성을 시도하였고, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Cholesterol을 제거한 cheese의 제조에서 최적조건은 균질압력 1200psi(70kg$cm^2$), 균질온도 $70^{\circ}$, $\beta$-cyclodextrin 첨가량 2%였으며, 이때 우유의 cholesterol의 제거율이 86.05%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 2. Cholesterol을 제거한 cheese들의 수율은 모두 12.53%(control 10.54%) 이상으로 균질 처리가 cheese의 수율을 18.88%이상 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 유지방 함량 23.80%인 control 치즈의 cholesterol 함량은 81.47mg/100g이었고, 균질압력 1200psi(91kg/$cm^2$)에 $\beta$-cyclodextrin 2%를 첨가한 cheese에서는 cholesterol 함량이 20.15mg/100g으로 cholesterol 제거율이 75.27%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 4. Meltability는 균질압력 1200psi(91kg/$cm^2$)에 $\beta$-cyclodextrin 1과 2%로 처리한 치즈에서 2.25cm(control 3.34cm)로 가장 낮았으며, 균질압력이 증가할수록 meltability가 감소하여 치즈의 품질을 저하시켰다. 5. Control 치즈의 stretchability는 30cm 이상 늘어나 가장 양호한 수치인 5점을 나타낸 반면, cholesterol을 제거한 cheese에서는 5~10cm 사이를 나타내어 2점으로 stretchability가 저하된 것을 볼 수 있었다. 6. Oiling off는 균질압력 1200psi(91kg/$cm^2$)에 $\beta$-cyclodextrin 1과 2%로 처리한 치즈에서 In this paper, a new radiating structure with a multi-layered two-dimensional metallic disk array was proposed for shaping the flat-topped element pattern. It is an infinite periodic planar array structure with metallic disks finitely stacked above the radiating circular waveguide apertures. The theoretical analysis was in detail performed using rigid full-wave analysis, and was based on modal representations for the fields in the partial regions of the array structure and for the currents on the metallic disks. The final system of linear algebraic equations was derived using the orthogonal property of vector wave functions, mode-matching method, boundary conditions and Galerkin's method, and also their unknown modal coefficients needed for calculation of the array characteristics were determined by Gauss elimination method. The application of the algorithm was demonstrated in an array design for shaping the flat-topped element patterns of $\pm$20$^{\circ}$ beam width in Ka-band. The optimal design parameters normalized by a wavelength for general applications are presented, which are obtained through optimization process on the basis of simulation and design experience. A Ka-band experimental breadboard with symmetric nineteen elements was fabricated to compare simulation results with experimental results. The metallic disks array structure stacked above the radiating circular waveguide apertures was realized using ion-beam deposition method on thin polymer films. It was shown that the calculated and measured element patterns of the breadboard were in very close agreement within the beam scanning range. The result analysis for side lobe and grating lobe was done, and also a blindness phenomenon was discussed, which may cause by multi-layered metallic disk structure at the broadside. Input VSWR of the breadboard was less than 1.14, and its gains measured at 29.0 GHz. 29.5 GHz and 30 GHz were 10.2 dB, 10.0 dB and 10.7 dB, respectively. The experimental and simulation results showed that the proposed multi-layered metallic disk array structure could shape the efficient flat-topped element pattern.

위생설비소음 저감을 위한 바닥배관방식에 관한 연구

유희종(You Hee-Jong) 대한건축학회 2010 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.26 No.9

Recently, the desire of agreeable housing environment has been increased as improving the national thinking and the level of the life in the advancement of new culture. Nevertheless, there is the actual circumstance that not be realized the study on the problem of design of existing multi-layered bathroom structure. This paper grasps the problem of multi-layered apartment house bathroom structure and proposes the new design on the structure decreasing the equipment noise in the multi-layered bathroom structure by implementing pipe arrangement facilities in connection with sanitation equipment structure used concerned generation with bottom-pipe arrangement system In the near future, if taken an active part in a design of conventional multi-layered bathroom structure, this study will make good use of grounding research material in a building of multi-layered bathroom structure.

Structural, electric and pyroelectric properties of up and down graded PZT multilayers

M. Botea,L. Hrib,I. Pasuk,A. Iuga,L. Trupina,R. Negrea,N. Becherescu,L. Pintilie 한국물리학회 2019 Current Applied Physics Vol.19 No.7

Multi-layered structures, composed of thin films from materials with different compositions or physical properties, represents a way to obtain enhanced properties or even new functionalities. In this work, lead zirconate titanate PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT; x=0.20, 0.52, 0.80) multilayers were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on a single crystal strontium titanate (SrTiO3, STO) substrate, using a strontium ruthenate (SrRuO3, SRO) film as buffer layer for epitaxial growth, and also as back electrode. Up and down multi-layers were grown and their physical and structural properties were compared, up being the structure in which Zr concentration was varied from 20% near the STO substrate to 80% at the surface, while down is for the structure in which the Zr concentration starts with 80% near the substrate and ends with 20% at the surface. It was found that the electric and pyroelectric properties of the two graded structures are significantly different. The up structure presents electric properties that are comparable with those of single composition PZT films while the properties of the down structure are deteriorated, especially in terms of the leakage current magnitude. Pyroelectric signal could be measured only for the up structure. These differences were attributed to larger density of structural defects in the down structure compared to the up one. This is due to the different growth sequence: up structure starts with tetragonal PZT on cubic substrate (lower lattice mismatch, 1.1%) while down structure starts with rhombohedral PZT on cubic substrate (larger lattice mismatch, almost 5%).

다층도공층의 설계에 의한 인쇄적성 개선(제3보)

김선경(Sun-Kyung Kim),원종명(Jong Myoung Won),이용규(Yong-Kyu Lee) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2016 펄프.종이기술 Vol.48 No.5

This study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of sorption behavior of pre-coated layer on the mottle index of top-coated layer and final printability. The coated paper with five different pigments and four different latices were prepared. The sorption behavior of pre- and top-coated paper was elucidated with using PEA (print evenness analyzer). The pigment properties and Tg of binder in pre-coating layer were the important factors to control the sorption property of pre-coated layer. Properties of pre-coated layer was affected to top-coated layer. The water adsorption was controlled with replacing pigment and binder. Application of smaller pigments and binder of lower Tg brought about the lowest and uniform water sorption property. There were positive correlation between the absorption ability of pre-coated layer and the mottle index of top-coated layer. These results indicate that final printability and properties of top-coated layer can be improved by replacing the pigment and binder with smaller pigments and low Tg binder to the pre-coated layer.