해양시대를 대비한 문재인 정부의 해양도서 정책추진 방향과 과제 연구

이웅규 한국도서(섬)학회 2019 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.31 No.1

본 연구는 대통령의 해양도서에 대한 정치적 의지 부족과 더불어 국토가 좁고 자원이 부족한 현실에서 해양의 중요성에 대한 관심이 높아야 함에도 불구하고 정치경제적 관심사항 밖의 영역으로 취급받았고, 이에 대한 정부의 정책대응 역시 대통령의 입에 의존하는 상명하달식 또는 해당 부처의 눈치보기식 전시행정이나 행정편의에 의한 해양도서 정책 관련 정부의 조직구조 구성으로 해양도서 정책이 결정되었다는 사실에 착안하여 이를 규명하고 새로운 대안을 제시하고자 시작되었다. 특히, 본 연구는 김영삼 대통령에 의해 신설된 해양수산부가 12년간의 존속에도 불구하고 이명박 정부 들어 해체되었고, 박근혜 정부에서 부활되는 급격한 변화를 겪는 등 해양도서 정책 관련 주무부처인 해양수산부의 조직변화가 정부조직개편의 중요한 사례로서 새로운 정부가 들어설 때마다 논의되었다는 데서 사태의 심각성을 중대하게 고려할 필요가 있음을 인식하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 해방 이후 이승만 정권부터 각 정권별로 그들이 직면했던 국내의 해양도서 정책 환경 변화의 주요 특징들을 고려하여 문재인 정부의 해양도서 정책에 대한 추진방향과 과제를 제시하는데 역점을 두었다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 자료수집 방법으로 기존 선행연구들이 분석한 실증 결과와 해양도서 정책 관련 각종 문서와 자료를 활용하였다. 특히, 관련 정책보고서, 통계자료, 정기간행물, 단행본, 신문기사 등을 참고하여 탐색적으로 고찰하였다. 자료 분석에 있어서는 자료수집과 분석을 동시에 행하였기 때문에 반복적인 과정을 거쳐 검토된 자료에서 공통적인 요소를 분류하여 문재인 정부의 해양도서 정책에 관한 다소 추상적인 추진방향이나 과제까지도 서술하고자 하였다. 자료의 주제적 분석(thematic analysis)과 내용분석(content analysis)을 통해 문재인 정부의 해양도서 정책 추진방향과 과제를 선행연구의 결과와 유형화하여 서술하였다. 이는 미래 해양도서 정책 중 가장 성장 잠재력이 높은 분야라고 하는 섬 관광과 해양관광의 관광적 가치를 다시 파악하는 것이 문재인 정부의 해양도서 정책의 기본적인 추진방향과 과제 해결에 기본 자료가 될 것으로 판단했기 때문이다. 역대 정부의 해양도서 정책분석 결과를 통해 문재인 정부의 해양도서 정책 추진방향을 제시하였는데, 첫째, 헌법에 명시되어 있는 한반도의 영토 개념을 명확하게 재정의 할 것, 둘째, 제4차 산업혁명시대의 해양도서 환경의 총체적 변화상 분석, 셋째, 역대 정부의 해양도서 정책의 철저한 분석과 진단이다. 이를 추진하기 위한 주요 정책과제는 첫째, 해양도서의 신성장동력화와 해양도서를 통한 삶의 역동성 및 연계성의 극대화, 둘째, 해양도서 관련 산업의 국가 주력산업화 추진, 셋째, 동북아 대륙과 해양을 연계한 ‘피스로드(Peace Road)’구축으로 네트워크 국가 시대의 준비, 넷째, 해양도서 정책의 효과성을 위한 대통령 직속 ‘국가해양수산도서전략회의체’의 신설, 다섯째, 해양도서 관련 행정조직간의 갈등 및 내부 갈등의 적극적 조정, 여섯째, 21세기 기후변화 및 해양과학기술의 발전에 대응하는 선제적인 해양도서 정책 추진 등을 들었다. This study sought to emphasize the lack of political will on the president 's marine islands and the need to pay attention to the importance of marine life in a country with limited resources and resources. Nevertheless, the marine island policy has been treated as an area outside of political and economic interests, and the government's response to the policy has also been promoted by means of public awareness, demonstration, administrative or administrative convenience that depends on the president's mouth. In particular, the organizational structure of government related to marine island policy was also determined by the decision-making process of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries(MOCT) in accordance with political interests. Therefore, this study is to clarify this and suggest a new alternative. For this purpose, this study analyzed the process of the maritime and maritime affairs department newly established by President Kim Young-sam, which was dismantled by the Lee Myung-bak administration despite the survival of 12 years and undergoing sudden changes that were resurrected by Park Geun-hye government. In addition, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries(MOCT), which is responsible for marine policy, is an important element of government reorganization. Therefore, this study aims at suggesting the direction and task of the Moon Jae-in government 's marine island policy considering the main characteristics of the change of the environment policy of the marine island which has been faced by each regime since the Rhee Seong-man regime. In this study, we used data from the previous studies and various documents and data related to the ocean island policy. In particular, it was explored by reference to related policy reports, statistical data, periodicals, monographs, and newspaper articles. In data analysis, data collection and analysis were performed at the same time. In this process, the common elements are categorized in the reviewed data to describe the rather abstract direction or task of the government's marine island policy. Through the theme analysis and content analysis of the data, I described the direction and task of the Moon Jae-in government's marine island policy with the results of previous research. This is because it is believed that re-understanding the tourism value of island tourism and marine tourism, which is one of the areas with the greatest growth potential of future marine book policies, will be the basic data for the basic direction of the marine island policy of Moon Jae-in to be.

언론을 통한 해양수산 분야 정책이슈 식별 : 중앙일간지 언론 빅데이터 분석을 중심으로

장덕희,박기묵 한국해양비즈니스학회 2017 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.37

This research discerns social issues on the area of the ocean and fisheries by analyzing the contents of news reports on this field and finds policy issues that should be handled on the policy area of the ocean and fisheries. In order to do research, this paper accomplishes “multi frequency key word analysis” by using text mining methodology, key word network analysis, and the content analysis on 9,535 news reports on this field from January, 2000 to February, 2017. The results show that development issues rises; preservation issues declines; issues on the circumference nations, such as Japan and China grows. This paper classified and investigated social issues on the area of the ocean and fisheries as four categories which include the area of ocean policy, the policy area of fisheries, the area of harbors and distribution policy, and the area of maritime affairs and security policy. The results shows that the international relation and industry issues grow on the area of ocean policy; fishery security and stability issues rise on the policy area of fisheries after Fukushima atomic plant accident; the issues on new industries and the North Pole route development rise on the area of harbors and distribution policy; and the issues on ill legal operation of china fishing boats and international relation settlements by supremacy competition among East North nations on the ocean grow on the area of maritime affairs and security policy.

언론을 통한 해양수산 분야 정책이슈 식별 1) : 중앙일간지 언론 빅데이터 분석을 중심으로

장덕희(Duck-Hee Jang),박기묵(Ki-Muck Park) 한국해양비즈니스학회 2017 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.37

This research discerns social issues on the area of the ocean and fisheries by analyzing the contents of news reports on this field and finds policy issues that should be handled on the policy area of the ocean and fisheries. In order to do research, this paper accomplishes “multi frequency key word analysis” by using text mining methodology, key word network analysis, and the content analysis on 9,535 news reports on this field from January, 2000 to February, 2017. The results show that development issues rises; preservation issues declines; issues on the circumference nations, such as Japan and China grows. This paper classified and investigated social issues on the area of the ocean and fisheries as four categories which include the area of ocean policy, the policy area of fisheries, the area of harbors and distribution policy, and the area of maritime affairs and security policy. The results shows that the international relation and industry issues grow on the area of ocean policy; fishery security and stability issues rise on the policy area of fisheries after Fukushima atomic plant accident; the issues on new industries and the North Pole route development rise on the area of harbors and distribution policy; and the issues on ill legal operation of china fishing boats and international relation settlements by supremacy competition among East North nations on the ocean grow on the area of maritime affairs and security policy.

일본의 북극정책 형성과 정책화 과정

유시현 ( Sihyun Yoo ) 인문사회 21 2023 인문사회 21 Vol.14 No.1

연구목적: 본 연구는 일본의 공세적 해양정책에서 북극정책이 등장하게 된 요인과 배경에 관하여 고찰한다. 특히 정책형성의 주요행위자로서 민간 싱크탱크의 역할에 관하여 고찰한다. 연구방법: 이 논문은 일본정부 북극정책관련 자료, 해양기본계획과 사사카와평화재단 해양정책연구소가 완성한 정책제언을 중심으로 하는 문헌분석 방법이다. 연구내용: 해양정책연구소는 북극관련 분야별 전문가 회의, 정기적 논의를 통해 북극정책을 위한 제언을 완성했고, 정부에 정책제언을 통해 북극정책의 중요성을 전달하여 그것이 일본의 북극정책의 핵심요소가 되었다. 결론 및 제언: 일본의 북극정책성립은 ‘지식형성 주 행위자’로서 사사카와 평화재단의 적극적 지식형성, 지식확산의 역할이 존재한다. 향후 공표될 제4기 해양기본계획의 북극정책에 관하여도 적극적인 검토가 필요하다. This study examines the factors and backgrounds of the emergence of Arctic policy in Japan’s offensive maritime policy. In particular, I examine the role of private think tank as a major actor in policy formation. The research method analyzed the data related to the Japanese government’s Arctic policy, the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy, and the policy proposals of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation’s Ocean Policy Research Institute. The Ocean Policy Research Institute completed the proposal for Arctic policy through expert meetings and regular discussions in each Arctic-related field, and conveyed the importance of Arctic policy to the government through policy proposals, which became a key element of Japan’s Arctic policy. In the establishment of Japan’s Arctic policy, there are the Sasakawa Peace Foundation’s active knowledge formation and knowledge diffusion role as the “knowledge-framing key actor”. Active review on the Arctic policy of the 4th Basic Plan on Ocean Policy, which will be announced in the future, is also necessary.

Analysis of the NATIONAL MARITIME Strategy of Ecuador

Guerrero Gonzalo,Sangjung Park J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Terrorism & National Secu Vol.6 No.4

Purpose: This article is to analyze the maritime strategy of Ecuador from the perspective of national security theory. It also applies national security theory for academic support to Ecuador s maritime policy, providing a complete understanding and critical analysis of Ecuador s maritime strategy. Method: In this study, three methods were used to analyze and develop Ecuador s maritime strategy: realism, liberalism and constructivism. First, the realistic approach examines, analyzes, and interprets the relationship between past facts, present facts, and future assumptions in relation to Ecuador s maritime strategy. Second, the liberal approach is to establish the relationship, differences, and awareness of information on the national security and defense axes, including the nuclear issue. Third, the constructive approach reviews empirically in order to recognize the characteristics of Ecuador s maritime strategy. Results: The advantage of using national security theory is the ability to identify its causes and understand the intentions of actors in complex scenarios of Ecuador s national maritime strategy. It also proposes possible solutions and formulates measures to promote better implementation of national maritime and coastal policies. Therefore, this theoretical and practical study of scenario analysis will provide a link between academic support and national maritime strategies. Conclusion: Ecuador is a maritime country with the activities that people perform in marine space and the resources the sea provides. The results of this study are vital important to promote defense, growth and development for Ecuador s national maritime interests.

일본의 해양기본법 제정과 우리의 대응방안 연구-한중일 해양행정체계 비교를 중심으로

박성욱,양희철 한국해양과학기술원 2008 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.30 No.1

Japan's new Basic Ocean Law took effect in 20 July 2007. This law contains that 1) calls for the consolidation of eight government offices that previously worked separately on maritime issues; 2) establishes a basic plan for maritime matters, and; 3) creates a comprehensive maritime policy headquarters, run by the Prime Minister. The result is a structure for the integrated promotion of maritime policy. The Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has been appointed to the newly established position of maritime minister. Japan has been in conflict with Korea and China over EEZ and territory, which has caused the country to turn to ocean. If Japan puts more emphasis on sea, it will be on a collision course with neighboring countries such as Korea, China, Russia, and Taiwan. Japan has been at odds with these countries; with Korea over Dokdo islets, with China over the Senkaku Islands and the East China Sea, where gas fields lie, with Taiwan over fishery rights in the East China Sea, with Russia over the Kuril Islands. Korea's position about the establishment of Japan's new Basic Ocean Law is followed: 1) expression of Korea's position in maritime resourcces of east china sea, 2) understand of strategy for maritime resources development and maritime delimitation in China and Japan, 3) a caution for extention of EEZ and maritime activities, 4)effective and comprehensive policy establishment, and strength in R&D, 5) construction of active and responsive system for maritime issues in neighbor country.

중국의 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양문화’ 건설에 관한 연구

공봉진,김창경 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2023 인문사회과학연구 Vol.24 No.4

2012년에 개최된 중국공산당 제18차 전국대표대회 이래로, 시진핑은 중국 해양 사업 발전을 여러 차례 강조하였다. 시진핑은 중국이 ‘해양대국’에서 ‘해양강국’으로의 전환을 강조함과 아울러 ‘해양강국’의 발전 방향을 제시하였다. 시진핑은 “해양강국을 건설한다는 것은 해양에 관심을 가져야 하고 해양을 알아야 하며, 해양을 경영하고 ‘바다’의 잠재력을 분출시켜야 한다.”고 강조하였다. 또 “전 인민이 해양의식을 제고해야 하고, 강대한 해양 역량을 건설하여 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 사회주의 해양관’을 형성해야 한다.”고 강조하였다. 한국에서의 중국 해양과 관련된 논문이나 저서는 적지 않은 편이다. 하지만 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양문화’ 건설에 관한 논문은 보이지 않는다. 그래서 본 논문은 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양문화’ 건설에 대한 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양정책’의 주요 내용과 각 지역에서 실시하고 있는 해양정책을 살펴본다. 그리고 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양문화’ 건설과 관련된 문화사업과 문화산업을 살펴본다. 이를 통해 시진핑 국가주석이 강조하는 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양관’과 ‘생태문명사상’을 알 수 있고, 신시대 중국 특색의 해양문화 정책과 문화사업 및 문화산업을 알 수 있다. 시진핑은 2022년 4월 하이난(海南)을 시찰하면서 “‘해양강국’ 건설이 ‘중화민족의 위대한 부흥’을 실현하기 위한 중대한 전략적 임무”라고 강조하였다. 중국의 ‘해양강국’ 건설과 관련된 정책은 크게 4개 분야, 즉 해양 안전, 해양 경제발전, 해양문화에 대한 자신감, 해양 보호에 중점을 두고 있다. 이 중 해양문화에 대한 자신감은 ‘중화 해양문화’와 문화사업 및 문화산업 발전과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 특히 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양문화’와 관련된 정책에서 두드러지는 것은 중화 해양문화에 대한 자신감과 ‘통일중국’이다. 이를 위해 중국은 중화 해양문화와 관련된 역사 문명에 대한 조사와 문물 전시 등을 실시하고 있다. 또 ‘통일중국’을 위해 타이완과 관련 있는 마조문화와 정성공의 타이완 수복과 관련된 내용을 부각시키고 있다. 중국의 해양문화사업과 문화산업에 대한 정책은 여러 지역에서 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 두드러진 것은 해양을 주제로 한 드라마나 영화 및 다큐멘터리가 제작되고 있다는 점이다. 또 박물관 건립, 해양 관광 등의 방면에서도 두드러지고 있다. ‘신시대 중국 특색 해양문화’ 건설은 중국의 전통 해양문화 정수(精髓)를 기반으로 할 것을 강조한다. ‘신시대 중국 특색 해양문화’ 건설의 목표는 중국 해양문화를 새로운 단계로 끌어올리는 것으로, 중국 정부는 ‘신시대 중국 특색의 해양문화’ 건설이 ‘중화민족의 위대한 부흥’의 길로 가는 역사적 임무이자 사명이라 여긴다. Since the 18th National Congress held in 2012, Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the development of China’s marine industry. Xi Jinping suggested a direction for the development of a maritime power, saying that China should change from a ‘sea great nation’ to a ‘maritime power.’ Xi Jinping emphasized that “building a ‘maritime power’ means paying attention to the ocean, knowing the ocean, managing the ocean, and unleashing the potential of the ocean.” He also emphasized that “the entire people must raise maritime awareness, build strong maritime capabilities, and form a ‘socialist maritime outlook with Chinese characteristics for the new era.’” The research objective of this paper is to examine the construction of ‘marine culture with Chinese characteristics in the new era’. To this end, this paper first examines the main contents of the marine policy and the marine policies implemented by different regions. It then examines cultural projects and cultural industries related to the construction of a ‘marine culture with Chinese characteristics in the new era’. Through this paper, we can understand the ‘maritime view of China in the new era’ and the ‘ecological civilization idea’ emphasized by Xi Jinping, as well as the marine culture policy, cultural projects, and cultural industries in the new era. The research method of this paper is literature research. In general, we look at what Xi Jinping emphasized or major documents released by the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council. In April 2022, while inspecting Hainan, Xi Jinping emphasized that building a ‘maritime power’ is a major strategic task for realizing ‘the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation’. China’s policies related to building a ‘maritime power’ largely focus on four areas. The first is marine safety. The second is marine economic development. Third is confidence in marine culture. Fourth is marine protection. And the confidence in marine culture emphasized in China is closely related to Chinese marine culture and the development of cultural businesses and cultural industries. Particularly prominent in the policies related to ‘marine culture with Chinese characteristics in the new era’ is the confidence in Chinese marine culture and a ‘unified China’. To this end, China is conducting research on historical civilizations related to Chinese marine culture and exhibiting artifacts. In addition, it is trying to include Taiwan as part of China for the sake of a ‘unified China’, and emphasizing Taiwan’s related Majo culture and Jung Sung-gong’s restoration of Taiwan. China’s marine cultural projects and policies for the cultural industry are active in many areas. Most notably, maritime-themed dramas, films, and documentaries are being produced, as well as museums and maritime tourism. The construction of ‘marine culture with Chinese characteristics in the new era’ emphasizes building on the essence of traditional Chinese marine culture. The goal of the construction of ‘marine culture with Chinese characteristics in the new era’ is to take Chinese marine culture to a new level, and the Chinese government considers the construction of ‘marine culture with Chinese characteristics in the new era’ to be a historical task and mission on the road to the ‘the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation’.

Cluster Policy: Perspectives on Practices in the Maritime Sector

Baiju Radhakrishnan,Totakura Bangar Raju,Tarun Dhingra 국제이네비해양경제학회 2020 International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Vol.14 No.1

In most of the developing countries, the performance indicators of industry clusters have outpaced the na-tion’s economic development indicators. Clusters as an instrument for economic growth is turning out to be an acceptable choice among policymakers globally. Establishment and execution of cluster policies can be classified in to different models based on approaches to the creation and promotion of clusters followed in different geographies. Potential constituents of a cluster need to be motivated to participate in more common action. Cluster policy is about consistently paving the way for environments that are encouraging to the dis-tinct businesses and organizations those are the key actors in cluster activities. There should be definitive benefits facilitated by the policy measures to encourage the constituent firms to participate in the cluster activities. The attempt was to facilitate policy makers by identifying the characteristics of cluster policies, which are fundamentally critical to be considered within many of the approaches being practiced, especially in the maritime industry.

조선 초기 중앙정부의 경상도 海島政策을 통한 空島政策 재검토

신명호(Shin Myung-Ho) 부산경남사학회 2008 역사와 경계 Vol.66 No.-

Evacuation policy of ocean island inhabitants(空島政策) in early joseon dynasty is now widely regarded as central government's official policy of joseon dynasty. but this terminology was first used by japanese scholars. they used this terminology in order to dilute the aggressin or plunder of japanese pirates. unfortunately, many korea scholars also used this terminology as central government's official policy of joseon dynasty without intellectual examination. General lee sung-ke(李成桂) took power after a troop withdrawal from wi-hwa island(威化島). general lee sung-ke could found joseon dynasty with the help of neo-confucianists. cho joon(趙逡), who was one of neo-confucianists, promoted national reformation with the back of general lee sung-ke. so his reformation ideas or lines were those of general lee sung-ke and other neo-confucianists also. in order to make nation strong and rich, cho joon suggested thatocean islands and maritime regions be developed. to catch those purpose, maritime forces should be strengthened and fishing villages should be supported central government. and to collect the intelligence about ocean islands and maritime regions, central government should make geographical feature books. Actually, central government strengthened maritime forces, supported fishing villages and made geographical feature books in early joseon dynasty. after all, evacuation policy of ocean island inhabitants in early joseon dynasty could not proved by any historical evidences. so, we could conclude that ocean island policy in early joseon dynasty was advancing or developing policy.

해양과학조사에 대한 해양강대국과 연안국의 갈등 - 규범화를 둘러싼 대립의 본질과 법정책학적 대안의 모색 -

이창위 대한국제법학회 2015 國際法學會論叢 Vol.60 No.3

Marine Scientific Research(MSR) has been one of the most controversial issues between Maritime Powers and coastal States since the second World War. As the developed countries heavily invested in pure and applied scientific research on the sea in the 1950s and 1960s, newly independent developing states were concerned about the possibility of being placed at a disadvantage in the exploitation of marine resources. There was also a concern that MSR could have military repercussions. Both sides have long been opposed to each other over the legal status of the MSR regime since the beginning of the third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. As a result, the definition of MSR was not stipulated in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea(LOSC). As there is a wide gap between the viewpoints of the two groups, conflicts over the MSR activities in the areas under national jurisdiction are not expected to be settled in the near future. This kind of conflicts should be understood in the context of the maritime policy implementation and policy oriented jurisprudence in the long run. Taking into account state practice, this article addresses relevant issues regarding conflicts over MSR between the two sides. Specifically, it examines several issues, including the relevant provisions in the 1982 LOSC, as well as conflicting positions of coastal States and Maritime Powers. A future prospect is added as concluding remarks. With regard to conflicts between Maritime Powers and coastal States, the United States and China, together with Korea and Japan, were mentioned as examples. The United States has been a traditional Maritime Power since the late nineteenth century, while China had been a Continental Power for a long time. However, China is changing into a Maritime Power recently. It remains to be seen how China could make alterations on its maritime policy. 해양과학조사는 이차대전 이후 본격적으로 해양강대국과 연안국의 갈등의 대상이 되었다. 선진국들이 1950년대와 1960년대에 해양에서의 순수 과학조사와 응용 과학조사에 집중적으로 투자하면서, 신생 개도국들은 해양자원의 이용에 대한 불이익의 가능성을 우려했다. 또한 해양의 군사적 이용에 대한 영향도 그러한 우려의 대상이 되었다. 양측은 제3차 유엔해양법회의의 개최 시부터 해양과학조사의 법적 지위에 대하여 치열하게 대립했다. 그러한 이유로 1982년 유엔해양법협약에는 결국 해양과학조사의 정의가 규정되지 못했다. 양측의 견해 차이가 현저하기 때문에 국가 관할수역 내에서의 해양과학조사 문제는 단기간에 그 해결을 기대하기 힘들다. 따라서 이러한 문제는 장기적으로 해양정책의 실행 및 법정책학의 맥락에서 접근할 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 국가실행을 고려하여 양측의 해양과학조사에 대한 갈등과 관련된 문제들을 검토한다. 구체적으로, 1982년 유엔해양법협약의 관련 규정의 조문화를 둘러싼 양측의 대립을 검토하고, 해양과학조사에 대한 미국, 중국, 일본, 한국의 입장 및 국제기구의 지침을 살펴본다. 결론적으로 법정책학적 시각에서 이 문제에 대한 해결책을 모색하고 검토할 것이다. 미국은 19세기 후반부터 전통적인 해양강대국으로 군림해왔으며, 중국은 대륙국으로서 해양을 적극적으로 이용하지 않았다. 중국은 현재 해양강대국으로 변화하고 있지만, 그 해양정책은 바뀌지 않고 있다.