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      • KCI등재

        조오현 선시의 문학사적 의의

        이만식(Mansik Lee) 한국동서비교문학학회 2015 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.33

        ‘The state of not to rely on letters’ [不立文字] is thought as one of the main characteristics of Zen Buddhism partly because letters are generally considered as the tool to cross the gateway without a door [無門關] and to be thrown away after crossing especially when you are enlightened, you are a Buddha [見性成佛]. The world of being spiritually awakened, namely, the world of Buddha can be achieved only by the Self Awakening of the Original Enlightenment [本證自覺]. Thus you are told to penetrate the real meaning of letters according to the ancient meditative atmosphere of Buddhism instead of relying on the letters. This paper is written in order to find a new way to explain the essence of ‘the state of not to rely on letters’ in Jo Oh-Hyun’s zen poetry because transcendental wisdom [般若] can not be said by a normal language. However, languages have been used by zen masters like Jo Oh-Hyun himself, especially when he writes his poems out of the Bodhisattva Ideal [菩薩思想] and Compassion Thought [慈悲思想], in order to help their students realize the way to the Enlightenment especially in the teachings of Mahayana Buddhism [大乘佛敎]. Most Buddhist monks and scholars talk about the insufficient efforts to communicate Dharma Talk [法語] in terms of modern languages. But the problem of communication in Buddhism has not been caused by the lack of its methods but by the discourse itself. ‘The state of not to rely on letters’ is to be explained to the public in this post-modern age, when language is no longer a reliable device for meaningful communication. Modern western thoughts, including Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction, have been suggested to solve the traditional communication problem of Buddhism. This paper is written to prove that Jo Oh-Hyun’s zen poetry, which began with the traditional poetic form of Si Jo in the history of Korean literature, can be explained properly with the ideas of modern western thinkers, whose works are explicated here as one of the practical programs to elucidate the achievement of Jo Oh-Hyun’s zen poetry as well as to solve the communication problem of Buddhism. This paper also shows that Korean zen poetry has been adequately updated along with Jo Oh-Hyun’s zen poetry.

      • KCI등재

        조오현 선시조에 나타난 ‘공(空)’의 세계

        배우식,이승하 국제언어문학회 2017 國際言語文學 Vol.- No.37

        이 논문은 조오현 선시조의 사상적 바탕인 공사상(空思想)을 중심으로 상대적인 차별과 분별이 없는 ‘공(空)’의 세계가 어떻게 나타나고 있는지를 연구하였다. 아울러 조오현 선시조의 형성 배경과 특징을 고찰하였다. 공사상의 ‘공(空)’이란 용어는 불교사상의 근본적인 개념을 나타내는 말로, 존재하는 모든 것은 영원한 실체가 없다는 것을 뜻한다. 조오현의 공사상은 반야공의 자유 세계와 중도(中道)의 평화 세계, 그리고 불이(不二)의 평등 세계로 나타난다. ‘반야공의 자유 세계’는 반야경에서 말하는 공사상을 바탕으로 펼쳐지는 세계다. 이 세계를 나타내는 「아지랑이」에서는 불변하는 실체가 없다는 깨달음을 보여주고,「허수아비」에서는 자유자재한 삶의 경지를 나타낸다. ‘중도의 평화 세계’가 잘 나타난 「숲」에서는 대립을 넘어서는 평화로운 세계, 즉 중도의 세계를 나타낸다. ‘불이의 평등 세계’는 둘이 아닌 ‘하나’인 세계, 즉 평등한 세계다. 「내가 죽어 보는 날」에서는 분별하고 대립하는 ‘내’가 죽고, 깨침의 ‘내’가 다시 태어난다는 것을 말하고 있는데, 이런 깨침은 삶과 죽음이 둘이 아닌 하나인 세계를 나타낸다. 이런 ‘공(空)’의 세계를 나타내는 조오현의 선시조는 전통적인 한시 형식의 선시는 물론 한글 선시와도 변별성을 보이며 새로운 문학 양식으로 자리 잡는다. ‘공(空)’의 세계는 궁극적으로 자유 · 평화 · 평등의 세계를 나타낸다. This paper did research on how the World of ‘Empty’ free of relative discrimination and Vikalpa (distinguishment) is manifested with the ‘Empty’ idea, which is the ideological background of Jo, Oh-hyun’s zensijo, as the center. In addition, this paper considered the background of Jo-Ohhyun zensijo formation and its characteristic. The term of ‘Empty(空)’ in ‘Empty’ idea is the word indicating the fundamental concept of Buddhism, meaning that there is no eternal noumenon(substance) in all things which exist. Jo, Oh-hyun’s ‘Empty’ idea is represented as the free world of the sūtra of the heart of prajñā, the peaceful world of the Middle Path, and the equal world of ‘No Second.’ ‘The free world of the sūtra of the heart of prajñā is the one stretched out on the basis of the ’Empty’ idea mentioned by 『Prajñā-Paramitā』 In his work 「Haze」 plainly portraying this world, the author shows Awakening that there is no unchangeable substance while representing a free and bold realm of life through his work 「Scarecrow」. In his zensijo 「Forest」 portraying ‘the World of the Middle Path’ quite explicitly, the author expresses a peaceful world beyond confrontation, namely, the World of the Middle Path. ‘The Equal World of No Second’ represents the World of ‘Oneness’ other than two, i.e. the equal world. In his work 「The Day I am trying dying」, the author is sending a message that ‘‘I’ ,who is discriminating and confronting, die, and ‘I’ of enlightenment am reborn’, and such enlightenment represents the world where life and death are one other than two. Jo, Oh-hyun’s zensijo representing the world of empty like this, is getting established as a new literary form while showing a differentiation not only from zen poetry of traditional Chinese poetry form but also from Hangeul zen poetry. Ultimately, the World of ‘Empty’ represents the world of freedom, peace and equality.

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