Assessing Pesticide Effects on Honeybee Movement Behavior using an In-hive Imaging System

( Kung-chin Wu ),( Jun-jee Chao ),( Thi Nha Ngo ),( En-cheng Yang ),( Ta-te Lin ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Food and cash crops in the world naturally depend on honeybees for delivering pollen. In recent years, the occurrence of the honeybee colony collapse disorder (CCD) caused a large number of honeybee populations to disappear. This phenomenon is causing a significant impact on agricultural production. Therefore, this study aims to monitor the behavior of honeybees and establish effective analysis tools to understand the causes of CCD. Honeybee interaction behavior inside the beehives offers important behavioral information. In order to analyze honeybee behavior, each individual honeybee was affixed with waterproof text labels for observation. Using image processing techniques, such as label recognition and tracking, the movement of the honeybee inside the hive are recorded. By using label tags, the honeybee can be labeled by groups, and the trajectories can be used to classify them into different groups. After obtaining the honeybee trajectories, the states and transformation conditions were determined and used to create a finite state machine (FSM) model. The FSM model was used to analyze the trajectories of the honeybee: it was divided into multiple secondary trajectories by different conditions and state transitions. The model could also be used to transform the trajectories into patterns of behavior and were combined into a sequence of behavioral patterns. Using the data obtained, it was found that in-hive and foraging bees have different trajectory and behavioral patterns. It was also found that the behavioral pattern sequences and trajectories can be used to train models using machine learning and deep learning techniques to classify and recognize different groups of honeybees. Experiments were performed using the imaging system to record and analyze long-term observation of honeybee movement behavior after treatment with pesticide in contaminated food. We further demonstrated this technique in assessing the effect of pesticide on the change of movement behaviors of honeybees.

Honeybee 시스템의 조인 처리 스킴

김태원(Taewon Kim),나연묵(Yunmook Nah) 한국정보과학회 2014 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지 Vol.20 No.5

본 논문에서 RDBMS와 하이브의 하이브리드 시스템인 HoneyBee를 소개하고 쿼리 처리 성능에 대한 실험을 한다. 실험 결과 다른 쿼리들과는 다르게 조인 질의의 경우 결과 데이터 양의 증가로 인한 쿼리 처리 지연이 발생하는 문제점이 발생하였다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 새로운 scheme인 IRP를 정의한다. 그리고 기존 scheme인 IHP와 IRP을 조인 연산 비용 분석을 통한 임계값 선정이 적용된 adopted scheme을 사용하여 HoneyBee의 조인 연산의 성능 향상을 실험을 통해 검증한다. This paper introduces Honeybee, a hybrid system of Hive and RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System) and experiments the performance of query processing. Result of the experiment, in the case of join queries, unlike other queries, delay problem of query processing is generated due to an increase in the amount of output data. To solve this problem, we define a new scheme IRP (in RDBMS processing). We also show how the previous scheme IHP (in Hive processing) and the IRP can be combined together by carefully choosing a threshold value through the join cost analysis to further improve the join query processing performance.

Environmental factors have a strong impact on the composition and diversity of the gut bacterial community of Chinese black honeybees

Yazhou Zhao,Yanping Chen,Zhiguo Li,Wenjun Peng 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.1

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a pivotal role in synaptic transmission by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitteracetylcholine. In addition to the classical function of AChE in synaptic transmission, various non-classicalfunctions have been elucidated. Unlike vertebrates possessing a single AChE gene (ace), invertebrates (nematodes,arachnids, and insects) have multiple ace loci, encoding diverse AChEs with a range of different functions. In the field of toxicology, AChE with synaptic function has long been exploited as the target of organophosphorusand cabarmate pesticides to control invertebrate pests for the past several decades. However, many aspects of theevolution and non-classical roles of invertebrate AChEs are still unclear. Although currently available informationon invertebrate AChEs is fragmented, we reviewed the recent findings on their evolutionary status,molecular/biochemical properties, and deduced non-classical (non-neuronal) functions. The Chinese black honeybees is an ecotype of the European honeybee that is formed by the natural hybridizationof Apis mellifera mellifera and A. m. carnica. It is distributed in nature reserves in North China and has been animportant breeding resource for disease resistance and other desirable traits. Compared to the areas outside ofreserves, the nature reserves offer significant biodiversity benefits not only to the Chinese black honey bees butalso to the other valuable plants and animals. In recent years there has been growing evidence that environmentalfactors including food choices play an important role in shaping the composition and activity of gutmicrobiota, which in turn can impact host health. In the previous studies on Chinse black honeybees, littleattention has been paid to the diverse population of microbes in the gut that play a vital role in host health. Inorder to achieve a better understanding on the role of environmental factors in diversity and composition of gutmicrobiota of honey bees, in the present study, we analyzed the gut bacterial communities of Chinese blackhoneybees using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The results showed that thesamples from the national nature reserves that are protected and managed so as to preserve and enrich theirnatural condition and resources for Chinese black honeybees had higher variety and richness of gut bacteria thanthat collected from unreserved regions that also harbor populations of Chinese black honeybees. The fourterminal restriction fragments (T-RFs), 201, 223, 247 and 320 bp, were identified to be the dominant bacteria ofChinese black honeybees. Of which 247 and 320 bp had greater differences between bee groups sampled indifferent regions and therefore could be used as genetic markers to separate samples collected from the nationalnature reserves to samples collected from unreserved regions. The results clearly indicate that national naturereserve protects biological diversity and ecological and evolutionary processes which have had a significantinfluence on the diversity of gut bacteria of Chinese black honeybees. The ubiquity of gut symbiotic bacteriaidentified in Chinese black honeybee suggests that environmental factors could play an important role in diversityand composition of gut bacteria and warrant further investigation into the functional significance of thesegut bacteria for the honeybee health.

다원주의 사회에서의 지속가능한 리더십

하성만 기독교학문연구회 2016 신앙과 학문 Vol.21 No.4

Sustainable leadership is an alternative solution for 21st century leadership as it intends to maximize and extend individual and communal capabilities. This leadership consists of two models: locust and honeybee. The locust model applies to short-term leadership. Because the locust model is quarterly, one could be easily fatigued, which inhibits its effectiveness. Owing continued to press for innovation, and mentions it is difficult to avoid competitors and even its own communal competitors. On the other hand, the honeybee model focuses on lonf-term goals. With time, the honeybee model of leadership continues to maximize its effectiveness. Honeybee leadership pursues to maximize profits, and to harmonize with surrounding competitors. The leadership creates clusters for communal profits of both big large enterprises and small companies. It begins with ecology, and extends to embrace manufacturing business, social sciences and even humanities. The cluster organically harmonizes and cohabits with other related competitors, and coincides with Reformed worldview that extends God’s sovereignty to all realms. In theological viewpoint, the honeybee model of sustainable leadership recognizes redemptive history, emphasizing image of God that stresses as a function of family. Evidently, the most suitable biblical leadership is applicable to our society of pluralism in Reformed worldview by pursuing redemptive history. 지속가능한 리더십은 개인의 잠재적 역량을 극대화하며, 사회적 역량을 확산시키며 미래지향적인 21세기형의 대안적 리더십이다. 이러한 지속가능한 리더십 모델에는 메뚜기 형과 꿀벌 형이 제시되고 있다. 메뚜기 형의 리더십은 단기간의 목표 성취는 이룰 수 있지만 장기적으로 볼 때, 그 피로도가 누적되어 그 효과를 지속시키지 못한다. 계속적인 혁신에 대한 압박감 때문에 그 업계 혹은 그 집단 내에서의 경쟁들로부터 벗어나기 힘들다. 반면에, 꿀벌 형의 리더십은 단기간의 목표를 성취하는 것에 관심을 가지기 보다는 장기적 목표에 더 주안점을 두고 있다. 시간이 갈수록, 지속적인 효과가 나타나며 극대화되는 리더십 모델이다. 이 꿀벌 형 리더십 모델은 자신뿐만 아니라, 주변과의 조화로운 상생을 추구한다. 클러스터 형태의 군집을 이루며, 대기업과 중소기업들이 공동의 목표와 이익을 위하여 상생하기 때문이다. 이는 경제 분야 뿐 아니라, 환경 산업과 사회과학이나 인문학 분야에 이르기까지 다양한 분야에 접목되어 그 진가를 발휘하고 있다. 모든 분야에 유기적으로 조화를 이루며 상생하는 형태는 하나님의 주권을 모든 영역에 확대하려는 개혁주의 세계관과 일치한다. 꿀벌형의 지속가능한 리더십 모델은 신학적 관점에서 볼 때, 구속사(redemptive history)를 인지할 수 있는 미래 지향적인 모델이며, 가정의 기능을 중시하는 하나님의 형상을 강조한다. 따라서 개혁주의 세계관에서 조명하는 다원주의 환경에 적합한 가장 성경적인 리더십은 꿀벌형의 지속가능한 리더십으로서, 미래 지향적이며, 교육 중심적이며, 가정 중심적인 회복된 인간상 구현을 통하여 모든 분야에서의 구속사적 리더십을 추구한다.

Simultaneous detection and differentiation of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae by multiplex PCR in honeybee

Ji-Young Choi,Jong-Gill Kim,Young-Cheol Choi,Won-Tae Kim,Gil-Sang Jeong,Seok-Jo Hwang 한국응용곤충학회 2008 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation among Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in honeybee. Three sets of primers were selected from different genomic sequences to specifically amplify a 831 bp amplicon within the SSU rRNA gene, specific for both N. apis and N. ceranae (MSSR primer); a 375 bp amplicon within the SSU rRNA gene, specific for N. apis (NA primer); and a 1,131 bp amplicon with in SSU rRNA gene, specific for N. ceranae (NC primer). Using the primers in conjunction (multiplex PCR) we were able to N. apis and N. ceranae and to differentiate between them. The sensitivity of this PCR assay was approximately 102spores per milliliter. We proposed that the multiplex PCR was sensitive, specific and rapid tool that can serve as a useful differential diagnostic tool for detecting N. apis and N. ceranae in honeybee.

Rapid and Sensitive detection of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) by Ultra-Rapid Real-Time PCR(UR-RT PCR)

Hee-Young Lim,Byoung-Su Yoon 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a serious pathogen of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., vectored by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. The virus is associated with wing deformity in symptomatic bees, and premature death and reduced colony performance in asymptomatic bees. In present study a novel micro PCR-based detection method, termed as ultra-rapid real-time PCR (UR-RT PCR), was developed for the fast and quantitative detection of DWV in honeybee. A specific detection primer set (DWV-UR-F3/R3) was used for the amplification of an unique 133-bp DNA fragment of DWV with a rapid real -time PCR system, GenSpector® TMC-1000, which proceed the cycling with fast heating and cooling rates and a small reaction volume. We showed that this method is able to detect DWV with DNA conditions, artificial recombinant DNA, pBX-DWV479 as well as with virus-infected honeybee samples. In application to a DWV-infected honey bee, the minimum detection time was 8 min 50 seconds under 30 cycles and 10min 11 seconds including melting temperature analysis. This optimizing detection method is one of the fastest real-time PCR-based diagnostic tools and is available to be applied to use for the detection in the field and of various persistency pathogens.

Multiplex PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in Honeybee

Ji-Young Choi,Jong-Gill Kim,Won-Tae Kim,Gil-Sang Jeong,Kwan-Ho Park,Young-cheol Choi 한국응용곤충학회 2009 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.05

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation among Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in honeybee. Three sets of primers were selected from different genomic sequences to specifically amplify a 831 bp amplicon within the SSU rRNA gene, specific for both N. apis and N. ceranae (MSSR primer); a 375 bp amplicon within the SSU rRNA gene, specific for N. apis (NA primer); and a 1,131 bp amplicon within SSU rRNA gene, specific for N. ceranae (NC primer). Using the primers in conjunction (multiplex PCR) we were able to N. apis and N. ceranae and to differentiate between them. The sensitivity of this PCR assay was approximately 102 spores per milliliter. We proposed that the multiplex PCR was sensitive, specific and rapid tool that can serve as a useful differential diagnostic tool for detecting N. apis and N. ceranae in honeybee.

Investigation of the anti-Nosema activity in honeybee nosemosis from the cultural filtrate of entomopathogenic fungi

Dong Jun Kim,Hwi Geon Yun,Won Seok Gwak,Ji Hoon Lee,Ji In Ma,Soo Dong Woo 한국응용곤충학회 2017 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.10

The population of managed honeybees has been dramatically declining the recent past in worldwide. N. ceranae causessignificant detriment to honey production and results in economic losses critically. In our knowledge, Fumagillin is theonly antibiotic approved for control of nosemosis in honeybees. In this study, to select isolate with anti-Nosema activityagainst N. ceranae. Entomopathogenic fungi cultural filtrates were screened using in vitro polar tube germination assay.These fungi cultural filtrates were used to evaluate the safety of honeybees and their inhibition of nosemosis. As a result,P. marquandii 364 and Pochonia sp. 60 showed inhibitory activity on the growth of N. ceranae in honeybees and didnot significantly affect the survival rate of honeybees. These may be employed as antibiotic agents and a good featureto be used in the development of new biocontrol agents of nosemosis.

Metabolic profiling reveals an increase in stress-related metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to honeybees

( Seung-a Baek ),( Kil Won Kim ),( Ja Ock Kim ),( Tae Jin Kim ),( Soon Kil Ahn ),( Jaehyuk Choi ),( Jinho Kim ),( Jaegyoon Ahn ),( Jae Kwang Kim ) 한국응용생명화학회(구 한국농화학회) 2021 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.64 No.2

Insects affect crop harvest yield and quality, making plant response mechanisms to insect herbivores a heavily studied topic. However, analysis of plant responses to honeybees is rare. In this study, comprehensive metabolic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to honeybees was performed to investigate which metabolites were changed by the insect. A total of 85 metabolites―including chlorophylls, carotenoids, glucosinolates, policosanols, tocopherols, phytosterols, β-amyrin, amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and starch―were identified using high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolite profiling analysis of Arabidopsis exposed to honeybees showed higher levels of stress-related metabolites. The levels of glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin), policosanols (eicosanol, docosanol, tricosanol, tetracosanol), tocopherols (β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol), putrescine, lysine, and sugars (arabinose, fructose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, raffinose) in Arabidopsis exposed to honeybees were higher than those in unexposed Arabidopsis. Glucosinolates act as defensive compounds against herbivores; policosanols are components of plant waxes; tocopherols act as an antioxidant; and putrescine, lysine, and sugars contribute to stress regulation. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis perceives honeybees as a stress and changes its metabolites to overcome the stress. This is the first step to determining how Arabidopsis reacts to exposure to honeybees.

기타 : 양봉농가의 경영형태와 기술수준 분석

김계웅 ( Gye Woong Kim ),김석은 ( Seok Eun Kim ),김안식 ( An Sig Kim ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2011 한국축산학회지 Vol.53 No.1

본 조사연구는 2008년 1년간 우리나라 253개 양봉농가의 설문조사를 통하여 경영형태를 분석하고 기술 및 기반수준을 평가하여 농가의 생산성 향상을 위한 새로운 경영지표 설정에 필요한 기초적 자료를 얻고자 실시하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 양봉농가의 평균 봉군관리 수는 145.89군으로 조사되었다. 관리자의 연령별로는 통계적 유의성(p<0.05)이 인정되었는데 55세 미만 연령그룹에서 평균 191.68군으로 가장 많이 사육하고 있었으나, 연령이 많을수록 봉군 수는 적게 관리하는 것으로 나타났다. 경력별로도 고도로 유의한 차이(p<0.01)를 보였는데, 15년 이상 고경력 농가에 평균 175.96군을 사육하고 있었으며, 경력이 높은 농가에서는 더욱 많은 봉군을 관리하고 있었다. 거주지별과 학력별간 모두 각각 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 경영형태별로는 고도로 유의한 차이(p<0.001)가 인정되었는데 고정양봉은 평균 82.99군 이었으나 이동양봉은 220.18군을 경영관리하고 있었다. 양봉장은 농가주변(57.8%)에서 가장 많이 위치하고 있었으며, 그 다음은 산간지(30.3%)에서 양봉하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 연령별 양봉장의 위치 분석에서는 유의한 차이(p<0.05)가 있었는데, 산간지는 젊은 연령층(36.9%)에서 많이 사육하는 반면에 농가주변은 노년층(65.4%)에서 주로 많이 사육하는 것으로 나타났다. 거주지별 분석에서도 고도로 유의한 차이(p<0.001)가 인정되었는데 산간지 (40.0%)에서는 산간마을 거주자가 많이 사육하고 있는 반면에 농가주변에서는 산간마을이나 중소마을 거주자 서로 모두 비슷하게 사육하고 있었다. 그러나 경력별, 학력별 및 형태별간에는 모두 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 조사된 양봉농가는 부업고정양봉(35.7%)으로 경영하는 경우가 가장 많았다. 연령층별간에는 고도로 유의한 차이(p<0.01)를 보였는데, 젊은 연령그룹에서는 전업이동양봉(38.8%)을 가장 많이 하는 것으로 나타났으나 노년층에서는 부업고정양봉(43.2%)을 주로 경영하고 있었다. 경력별로도 고도의 유의성(p<0.001)이 인정되었는데, 저경력 층에서는 부업 고정양봉(46.6%) 경영이었으나 고경력 층 그룹은 전업 이동양봉 (40.3%)을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 거주지별간에는 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 양봉농가는 벌꿀은 물론 프로폴리스, 종봉 분양, 화분, 로열 젤리, 매개봉군 순으로 양봉 생산물을 생산하는 것으로 조사되었다. 15년 이하 저경력 층은 주로 프로폴리스, 화분 등을 생산한 반면에 고경력 층에서는 주로 프로폴리스, 분양 종봉 등을 생산하는 것으로 나타났다. 산간마을 양봉 농가는 주로 프로폴리스, 화분 등을 얻고 있으나, 중소마을 양봉 농가는 프로폴리스, 분양 종봉 등을 생산하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 고정과 이동양봉농가 모두 프로폴리스, 화분 등을 주로 많이 생산하는 것으로 조사되었다. 양봉농가 기술보유 수준 및 기반수준은 5점만점 중 각각 평균 3.11점과 2.86점으로 모두 중등수준으로 평가되었다. 경력별간에는 기술수준이나 기반수준 모두 고도로 유의한 차이를 보였는데, 저경력보다 고경력 농가에서 기술수준 평균 3.33점과 기반수준 평균 3.02점으로 더 높게 평가되었다. 그러나 연령층간이나 거주지간의 기술수준이나 기반수준평가 모두 서로 비슷한 경향을 보였다. For the improvement of productivity of beekeepers and to develop new management strategy through the analysis of current honeybee-keeping management types and evaluation of related skills and basis in Korea were surveyed. The serial surveys were carried out in 2008 for a total of 253 beekeepers from different localities in Korea. The results revealed that 145.9 colonies of honeybee were managed by each beekeeper in Korea. The beekeepers group who were younger than 55 years possessed 191.7 colonies. The older age group of beekeepers kept rather smaller number of colonies. The career groups over 15 years in apiculture were keeping 176.0 colonies in average. The numbers of bee colonies were not significantly different among localities and educational backgrounds. The migratory apiaries with 145.9 hives were dominant than those fixed ones with 83.0(p<0.01). It was observed that 57.8% of apiaries were located in the vicinity of farmer`s house, whereas 30.3% were managed in mountain area; however older group(65.4%) preferred to keep it near their houses(p<0.05). The proportion(35.7%) of part-time fixed apiary was the highest among four apiary management types. The younger group and high career group operated full-time migratory apiary(38.8% and 40.3%)(p<0.05), respectively. However, the older group and low career group preferred as part-time fixed one (43.2% and 46.6%), respectively(p<0.001). There was no significant difference among localities. The surveyed beekeepers produced propolis, commercial colonies, pollen, royal jelly, and pollination hives in addition to honey. The group of less than 15 years career and mountain apiary mainly produced propolis and pollen. However, those who dwell in small and middle areas mainly produced propolis and commercial colonies. The levels related to beekeeping skills and basis were evaluated as intermediate from 3.11 and 2.86 points on 5 points scale, respectively. More careered group having skill level of 3.33 point and basis level of 3.02 showed higher levels than less careered one. The levels of skill and basis evaluated from age groups and localities were similar with each other with no significance.