Assessing Pesticide Effects on Honeybee Movement Behavior using an In-hive Imaging System

( Kung-chin Wu ),( Jun-jee Chao ),( Thi Nha Ngo ),( En-cheng Yang ),( Ta-te Lin ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Food and cash crops in the world naturally depend on honeybees for delivering pollen. In recent years, the occurrence of the honeybee colony collapse disorder (CCD) caused a large number of honeybee populations to disappear. This phenomenon is causing a significant impact on agricultural production. Therefore, this study aims to monitor the behavior of honeybees and establish effective analysis tools to understand the causes of CCD. Honeybee interaction behavior inside the beehives offers important behavioral information. In order to analyze honeybee behavior, each individual honeybee was affixed with waterproof text labels for observation. Using image processing techniques, such as label recognition and tracking, the movement of the honeybee inside the hive are recorded. By using label tags, the honeybee can be labeled by groups, and the trajectories can be used to classify them into different groups. After obtaining the honeybee trajectories, the states and transformation conditions were determined and used to create a finite state machine (FSM) model. The FSM model was used to analyze the trajectories of the honeybee: it was divided into multiple secondary trajectories by different conditions and state transitions. The model could also be used to transform the trajectories into patterns of behavior and were combined into a sequence of behavioral patterns. Using the data obtained, it was found that in-hive and foraging bees have different trajectory and behavioral patterns. It was also found that the behavioral pattern sequences and trajectories can be used to train models using machine learning and deep learning techniques to classify and recognize different groups of honeybees. Experiments were performed using the imaging system to record and analyze long-term observation of honeybee movement behavior after treatment with pesticide in contaminated food. We further demonstrated this technique in assessing the effect of pesticide on the change of movement behaviors of honeybees.

Comparison of the Foraging Activity and Pollination Effects of Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.) in Gold Kiwi (Actinidia chinensis P. ‘Haegeum’)

Kyeong Yong Lee,Hyesung Cho,Hyung Joo Yoon,Somi Lee,Hyeonjin Ko 한국양봉학회 2019 Journal of Apiculture Vol.34 No.4

Because the number of flowers of gold kiwi (Actinidia chinensis P. ‘Haegeum’) that bloom is higher than that of conventional cultivars, artificial pollination is labor intensive. To verify potential insect pollinators of the gold kiwi, in this study, we compared the kiwi pollination behavior and effects of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). The efficiency of pollinating activity of a bumblebee worker was greater than that of a honeybee worker. The traffic rate of bumblebees was 1.6-fold greater than that of honeybees. In particular, the percentage of bumblebees returning to the hive with pollen was 3.1-fold greater than that of honeybees. Because the time in the flower of bumblebees was 4 s shorter than that of honeybees, assuming that the foraging time was the same, bumblebees would visit 1.6-fold more number of flowers than honeybees. However, the pollination effects of honeybees were better than those of bumblebees. The fruit set rate of honeybee-pollinated flowers was 1.3-fold higher than of bumblebee-pollinated flowers. In addition, honeybee-pollinated flowers produced 1.2-fold more number of seeds; furthermore, the fruits produced by pollination with honeybee were slightly heavier and larger than those produced by pollination with bumblebee. These results can be attributed to the fact that the number of honeybee workers per hive is 20-fold more than that of bumblebee workers per hive. Owing to the larger number of bumblebee colonies required to achieve pollination effects than that of honeybee colonies, honeybees are considered better suited for kiwi pollination because of economic constraints. However, as bumblebees have higher pollination efficiency, determining effective density could promote their use as an alternative to honeybees in kiwi pollination.

꿀벌 간이 사육장치 및 죽은 꿀벌 수집용 벌통 개발

최용수(Yong Soo Choi),이만영(Man Young Lee),홍인표(In Pyo Hong),김남숙(Nam Suk Kim),김혜경(Hye Kyung Kim),이광길(Kwang Gill Lee) 한국양봉학회 2010 Journal of Apiculture Vol.25 No.2

An increased occurrence of disease at various members of the honeybee brood (queen-bee, workers, and drones) settled in the beehive, become evident recently. It is already known that various factors, primary ecological, determine disease development. Our research aim is development of the smallsized beehive it will be able to provide a bias to the research for the disease decrease of the honeybee. The most difficult part to control the honeybee disease of beehive inside from the process which researches a honeybee disease. When it uses the small-sized beehive which our this it researches but it will be able to control the treatment medicine in the honeybee which is infected to a disease, the place where it does the honeybee disease decrease effective experiment which it follows in control of the remedy suitably, it was produced. The result of the research which it sees researches the disease of the honeybee with the fact that the many researchers will be able to use was expected all.

Evaluation of Quantitative Real-Time Pcr Reference Genes for the Investigation of Gene Expression Profiles in Honeybee Developmental Stages

YeongHo Kim,Hyemin Kim,Young Ho Kim 한국양봉학회 2021 Journal of Apiculture Vol.36 No.4

In addition to its role as an essential pollinator, the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, is regarded as a good model insect due to its highly evolved sociality, labor division, and flexibility of colony management. Therefore, to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in various colony compositions and flexibility of worker division, it is essential to investigate the gene expression in various developmental stages of the honeybee. For target gene quantification, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been widely used. However, a reliable reference gene stably expressing across different samples should be selected. Thus, to identify credible reference genes in honeybee colonies, we evaluated five candidate genes (RPS5, RPS18, GAPDH, ARF1, and RAD1a) in samples collected from seven developmental stages (egg, 1<SUP>st</SUP> instar larvae, 3<SUP>rd</SUP> instar larvae, 5<SUP>th</SUP> instar larvae, pupa, nurse, and forager) using three analysis programs algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). Although the reference gene ranked slightly different in analysis algorithms, our study suggests that RAD1a is the most suitable reference gene for accurate normalization of target gene expression at the developmental stage of the honeybee.

Honeybee 시스템의 조인 처리 스킴

김태원(Taewon Kim),나연묵(Yunmook Nah) 한국정보과학회 2014 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지 Vol.20 No.5

본 논문에서 RDBMS와 하이브의 하이브리드 시스템인 HoneyBee를 소개하고 쿼리 처리 성능에 대한 실험을 한다. 실험 결과 다른 쿼리들과는 다르게 조인 질의의 경우 결과 데이터 양의 증가로 인한 쿼리 처리 지연이 발생하는 문제점이 발생하였다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 새로운 scheme인 IRP를 정의한다. 그리고 기존 scheme인 IHP와 IRP을 조인 연산 비용 분석을 통한 임계값 선정이 적용된 adopted scheme을 사용하여 HoneyBee의 조인 연산의 성능 향상을 실험을 통해 검증한다. This paper introduces Honeybee, a hybrid system of Hive and RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System) and experiments the performance of query processing. Result of the experiment, in the case of join queries, unlike other queries, delay problem of query processing is generated due to an increase in the amount of output data. To solve this problem, we define a new scheme IRP (in RDBMS processing). We also show how the previous scheme IHP (in Hive processing) and the IRP can be combined together by carefully choosing a threshold value through the join cost analysis to further improve the join query processing performance.

Environmental factors have a strong impact on the composition and diversity of the gut bacterial community of Chinese black honeybees

Yazhou Zhao,Yanping Chen,Zhiguo Li,Wenjun Peng 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.1

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a pivotal role in synaptic transmission by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitteracetylcholine. In addition to the classical function of AChE in synaptic transmission, various non-classicalfunctions have been elucidated. Unlike vertebrates possessing a single AChE gene (ace), invertebrates (nematodes,arachnids, and insects) have multiple ace loci, encoding diverse AChEs with a range of different functions. In the field of toxicology, AChE with synaptic function has long been exploited as the target of organophosphorusand cabarmate pesticides to control invertebrate pests for the past several decades. However, many aspects of theevolution and non-classical roles of invertebrate AChEs are still unclear. Although currently available informationon invertebrate AChEs is fragmented, we reviewed the recent findings on their evolutionary status,molecular/biochemical properties, and deduced non-classical (non-neuronal) functions. The Chinese black honeybees is an ecotype of the European honeybee that is formed by the natural hybridizationof Apis mellifera mellifera and A. m. carnica. It is distributed in nature reserves in North China and has been animportant breeding resource for disease resistance and other desirable traits. Compared to the areas outside ofreserves, the nature reserves offer significant biodiversity benefits not only to the Chinese black honey bees butalso to the other valuable plants and animals. In recent years there has been growing evidence that environmentalfactors including food choices play an important role in shaping the composition and activity of gutmicrobiota, which in turn can impact host health. In the previous studies on Chinse black honeybees, littleattention has been paid to the diverse population of microbes in the gut that play a vital role in host health. Inorder to achieve a better understanding on the role of environmental factors in diversity and composition of gutmicrobiota of honey bees, in the present study, we analyzed the gut bacterial communities of Chinese blackhoneybees using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The results showed that thesamples from the national nature reserves that are protected and managed so as to preserve and enrich theirnatural condition and resources for Chinese black honeybees had higher variety and richness of gut bacteria thanthat collected from unreserved regions that also harbor populations of Chinese black honeybees. The fourterminal restriction fragments (T-RFs), 201, 223, 247 and 320 bp, were identified to be the dominant bacteria ofChinese black honeybees. Of which 247 and 320 bp had greater differences between bee groups sampled indifferent regions and therefore could be used as genetic markers to separate samples collected from the nationalnature reserves to samples collected from unreserved regions. The results clearly indicate that national naturereserve protects biological diversity and ecological and evolutionary processes which have had a significantinfluence on the diversity of gut bacteria of Chinese black honeybees. The ubiquity of gut symbiotic bacteriaidentified in Chinese black honeybee suggests that environmental factors could play an important role in diversityand composition of gut bacteria and warrant further investigation into the functional significance of thesegut bacteria for the honeybee health.

다원주의 사회에서의 지속가능한 리더십

하성만 기독교학문연구회 2016 신앙과 학문 Vol.21 No.4

Sustainable leadership is an alternative solution for 21st century leadership as it intends to maximize and extend individual and communal capabilities. This leadership consists of two models: locust and honeybee. The locust model applies to short-term leadership. Because the locust model is quarterly, one could be easily fatigued, which inhibits its effectiveness. Owing continued to press for innovation, and mentions it is difficult to avoid competitors and even its own communal competitors. On the other hand, the honeybee model focuses on lonf-term goals. With time, the honeybee model of leadership continues to maximize its effectiveness. Honeybee leadership pursues to maximize profits, and to harmonize with surrounding competitors. The leadership creates clusters for communal profits of both big large enterprises and small companies. It begins with ecology, and extends to embrace manufacturing business, social sciences and even humanities. The cluster organically harmonizes and cohabits with other related competitors, and coincides with Reformed worldview that extends God’s sovereignty to all realms. In theological viewpoint, the honeybee model of sustainable leadership recognizes redemptive history, emphasizing image of God that stresses as a function of family. Evidently, the most suitable biblical leadership is applicable to our society of pluralism in Reformed worldview by pursuing redemptive history. 지속가능한 리더십은 개인의 잠재적 역량을 극대화하며, 사회적 역량을 확산시키며 미래지향적인 21세기형의 대안적 리더십이다. 이러한 지속가능한 리더십 모델에는 메뚜기 형과 꿀벌 형이 제시되고 있다. 메뚜기 형의 리더십은 단기간의 목표 성취는 이룰 수 있지만 장기적으로 볼 때, 그 피로도가 누적되어 그 효과를 지속시키지 못한다. 계속적인 혁신에 대한 압박감 때문에 그 업계 혹은 그 집단 내에서의 경쟁들로부터 벗어나기 힘들다. 반면에, 꿀벌 형의 리더십은 단기간의 목표를 성취하는 것에 관심을 가지기 보다는 장기적 목표에 더 주안점을 두고 있다. 시간이 갈수록, 지속적인 효과가 나타나며 극대화되는 리더십 모델이다. 이 꿀벌 형 리더십 모델은 자신뿐만 아니라, 주변과의 조화로운 상생을 추구한다. 클러스터 형태의 군집을 이루며, 대기업과 중소기업들이 공동의 목표와 이익을 위하여 상생하기 때문이다. 이는 경제 분야 뿐 아니라, 환경 산업과 사회과학이나 인문학 분야에 이르기까지 다양한 분야에 접목되어 그 진가를 발휘하고 있다. 모든 분야에 유기적으로 조화를 이루며 상생하는 형태는 하나님의 주권을 모든 영역에 확대하려는 개혁주의 세계관과 일치한다. 꿀벌형의 지속가능한 리더십 모델은 신학적 관점에서 볼 때, 구속사(redemptive history)를 인지할 수 있는 미래 지향적인 모델이며, 가정의 기능을 중시하는 하나님의 형상을 강조한다. 따라서 개혁주의 세계관에서 조명하는 다원주의 환경에 적합한 가장 성경적인 리더십은 꿀벌형의 지속가능한 리더십으로서, 미래 지향적이며, 교육 중심적이며, 가정 중심적인 회복된 인간상 구현을 통하여 모든 분야에서의 구속사적 리더십을 추구한다.

Occurrence of Nosema in Honeybee Colonies of Korea on Flowering Season of Robinia pseudoacacia in 2012

In-Pyo Hong,Soon-Ok Woo,Yong-Soo Choi,Sang-Mi Han,Nam-Suk Kim,Ha-Sik Sim,Hye-Kyung Kim,Sang-Hoon Han,Kyu-Ho Byeon,Man-Young Lee,Myeong-Lyeol Lee 한국양봉학회 2012 Journal of Apiculture Vol.27 No.3

Most Korean beekeepers have moved from south to north of Korea to collect nectar from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) flowers for 2 months. This provided a valuable opportunity to sample bees originating from diverse areas in one location. We initiated a survey of honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies on the blooming period of Acacia to determine the prevalence of Nosema apis in 2012. Nosema causes significant losses in honey production and decreases the population size of honeybees. Twenty two hives owned by 18 beekeepers were sampled for this study. Bees were collected on the 24th and 25th of May, 2012. Nosema spore counts ranged from zero to 5,266,000 spores per bee. The average number of nosema spores per bee was calculated to be 1, 375,000. Approximately 86% of the apiaries examined were infected with nosema, based on the presence of spores in the flowering period of Acacia. This indicates that nosema is the predominant species affecting honeybee colonies.

Rapid and Sensitive detection of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) by Ultra-Rapid Real-Time PCR(UR-RT PCR)

Hee-Young Lim,Byoung-Su Yoon 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a serious pathogen of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., vectored by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. The virus is associated with wing deformity in symptomatic bees, and premature death and reduced colony performance in asymptomatic bees. In present study a novel micro PCR-based detection method, termed as ultra-rapid real-time PCR (UR-RT PCR), was developed for the fast and quantitative detection of DWV in honeybee. A specific detection primer set (DWV-UR-F3/R3) was used for the amplification of an unique 133-bp DNA fragment of DWV with a rapid real -time PCR system, GenSpector® TMC-1000, which proceed the cycling with fast heating and cooling rates and a small reaction volume. We showed that this method is able to detect DWV with DNA conditions, artificial recombinant DNA, pBX-DWV479 as well as with virus-infected honeybee samples. In application to a DWV-infected honey bee, the minimum detection time was 8 min 50 seconds under 30 cycles and 10min 11 seconds including melting temperature analysis. This optimizing detection method is one of the fastest real-time PCR-based diagnostic tools and is available to be applied to use for the detection in the field and of various persistency pathogens.

시설 참다래에서 꿀벌(Apis mellifera)과 서양뒤영벌 (Bombus terrestris)의 화분매개 효과 비교

김영수(Young-Soo Kim),이상범(Sang-Beom Lee),조윤섭(Youn-Seop Jo),이명렬(Myeong-Lyeol Lee),윤형주(Hyung-Joo Yoon),이만영(Man-Young Lee),남성희(Sung-Hee Nam) 한국양봉학회 2005 Journal of Apiculture Vol.20 No.1

The flower-visiting insects during the blossom of Kiwifruit were found as two orders, four families, and ten species. The main insects were Eristalis cerealis and Apis mellifera. The pollinating rate of honeybees and bumblebees in kiwifruit were 53 ~ 56% and 71 ~ 75% respectively and proved to play an important role of transferring pollen. The time of staying on the flowers of kiwifruit by honeybees were 1.8 seconds on female flowers and 2.9 seconds on male flowers, otherwise bumblebees were 2.5 seconds on female flowers and 3.8 seconds on male flowers. The fruiting rate after pollinated with artificial block, honeybees block, and bumblebees block in kiwifruit were 93%, 87%, and 83% respectively and the control with non-treatment had no fruit at all. In the comparison of quality in kiwifruit after pollinated with other different blocks, the weight was highest in honeybees and bumblebees. Otherwise, the sweetness were the same in honeybees, bumblebees, and artificial pollination. Besides the number of seeds was the highest in honeybees. In the economic analysis, the productions per kiwifruit orchard (10a) were 1,775 ~ 1,790 ㎏ and the increase of income was 5% in honeybees and 10% in bumblebees respectively.