개발사업 환경평가의 중장기 모니터링 방안

신경희외 한국환경연구원 2011 수시연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.-

Environmental impacts caused by development projects can be both short-term and medium to long-term, and the impact from secondary changes could potentially be even larger. The impacts from individual development projects are compounded according to their region and watershed, and their impacts could be cumulative. Nonetheless, the collection and analysis of data concerning the standard and effectiveness of assessment techniques used for similar projects over a specified is insufficient; thus no information about the effectiveness of assessment techniques exist. Within the current environmental impact assessment system, 'post environmental impact surveys' are used to manage the impacts which materialize after the development project has begun, but the measure is limited because the surveys only investigate individual short-term projects and fail to examine both the cumulative and medium to long term environmental impacts. Moreover, results from post-project environmental impact investigations of individual projects cannot be used as data to verify the effectiveness of assessment and mitigation techniques. Therefore, this study was conducted to stress and suggest the need for 'medium to long-term monitoring programs' as information extraction programs which could respond to medium to long-term environmental impacts and enhance environmental assessments. To achieve this, limitations of the existing system are analyzed, and the direction and need to implement such systems are established through case studies of medium to long-term environmental impacts and collection of expert comments. Based on the study's results, measures for the following are suggested: monitoring large-scale projects for medium to long-term, monitoring regional environmental impacts for medium to long-term, and monitoring assessment and mitigation techniques for medium to long-term. 1. Medium to Long-term Monitoring Program for Large Scale Projects The scope of environmental impacts caused by large scale development projects, such as Seohae bridge, KTX, and Gangjinman, are huge, and the impact are shown over a long period of time. As such, increasing number of cases, such as Chungsun mountain and Hantan River Damn, are being delayed or canceled due to environmental problems which have they caused. Nonetheless, careful investigations and analysis of post-project environmental impacts have yet to be implemented, and speculative evidences are used for weighing pros and cons because scientific evidences concerning environmental impacts are limited. Therefore, it is important to reduce feasibility debates and confusion about environmental conflicts through medium to long-term monitoring of large scale projects. Medium to long-term monitoring reports will be filed for large scale projects which have caused social conflicts, and these reports will be written 7 to 15 years after the project has been completed by either the project's entrepeneurs, approval authority, or Ministry of Environment. The main contents of the monitoring reports will include: verification of intended objectives laid out during the plan's planning process (including environmental goals); verification of environment impact predictions; review of changes in the medium to long-term impact (including societal impact); assessment of how the environmental assessment are conducted; and verification of arguments posed by various stakeholder (experts, citizens, business owners). 2. Medium to Long-term Monitoring Program for Regional Environmental Impact The proliferation of small scale projects, such as residential and commercial facilities, golf courses, and factories, and environmentally-unfriendly development projects have led to various problems, including discontinuities in the ecosystem, deterioration of social environments, and lack of environmental infrastructures. These outcomes have transpired because objectives for regional environments and monitoring of comprehensive regional planning do not exist. Therefore, it is necessary to establish environmental objectives through investigations on regional developmental trends and environmental quality trends to link and reflect these objectives when establishing plans. In New Zealand and Scotland, monitoring of current environmental conditions facilitates policy developments and provides information on the outcome of policies. Medium to long-term monitoring reports on regional environmental impacts will take into account both comprehensive regional plans and environment conservation plans, and it will be written within 10 to 20 years. The reports will be written by appropriate regional authorities who are in charge of basic urban plans, environmental conservation plans, and comprehensive watershed plans. The main contents of monitoring reports will include: regional conditions and unique characteristics; trends of development projects over the past 30 years; analysis of national and regional policy changes concerning development and regional environmental trends over the past 30 years; establishment of regional environmental objectives for the future (30 years from today); establishment of a road map to achieve the environmental objectives; and measures to utilize regional environmental objectives. 3. Medium to Long-Term Monitoring of Assessment and Mitigation Techniques Considering the frequency in which the techniques for environmental impact assessment and prediction are used, the suitability and effectives of these techniques have yet to be verified. In particular, current environmentally-friendly planning guidelines do not verify the effectiveness of used techniques and monitoring of case studies, and given explanations are often brief. Although guidelines are prepared by the Ministry of Environment based on research results of ecological passageways and/or alternative habitats, single continuous and comprehensive research on specific fields remain insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to collect various case studies of environmental impacts, verify the effectiveness of assessment techniques, and link environmentally-friendly techniques which are specific to project types. Medium to long-term monitoring reports on assessment and mitigation techniques will be written by the environmental impact assessment associations, authorities approved by the Ministry of Environment, or business associations through collection and analysis of data collected over a period of 10 years. The report will be written in two forms: according to assessment contents or project types. The objectives of reports written according to assessment contents include verifying the effectives of investigation, prediction, and assessment techniques through relevant case studies, relevant research results, and collection of expert opinions. On the other hand, the reports written according to project types collect and analyze both outstanding and insufficient plans and case studies to identify the most appropriate planning measures for each project type.

환경영향평가와 사법심사 - 환경영향평가의 하자에 대한 판례의 검토를 중심으로 -

최승필 서울대학교 법학연구소 2018 경제규제와 법 Vol.11 No.1

Criticisms continue to be raised that the system of Environmental Impact Assessment is becoming a mere formality, and the major reason is that judicial precedents adopt too strict standards in recognizing flaws in Environmental Impact Assessment. In the standing to sue, the residents within the region of Environmental Impact Assessment are divided from the people living out of the region. While the former is accepted for standing to sue, the latter has to prove that their legal interests have been infringed upon. However, the burden of proof needs to be alleviated as the area of environment is a professional and technological field. Precedents judge that authorization of the project which does not undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment is illegal and invalid. In case the environmental impact assessment is started and there is no public hearing or opinion gathering process in the process, the case sees it as illegal and cancelable. There is no definite precedent for other procedural flaws, except that in the case of minor flaws based on theoretical viewpoint, there is an element to be considered as an element that examines whether discretion is deviated or abused, rather than a ground for an offense. The consultation process would be regarded as an act of violation if the environmental impact assessment procedure does not go through because it performs the function of consensus. The Environment Impact Assessment Act stipulates consultation with the Minister of Environment when an Environmental Impact Assessment sheet is prepared. Precedents regard that the consulted opinion of the Minister of Environment is no more than simple consultation. But it should not be regarded as a simple opinion of consultation as, in fact, the matters which need consultation with the Minister of Environment are the essential contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment. Consultation issue is procedural and substantive flaws. The substantive flaw in Environmental Impact Assessment means poor investigation and representation of alternatives. Precedents do not promptly deny the effectiveness of the project plan or project for the reason of such flaw unless the flaw is so serious that the purpose of legislation of the Environmental Impact Assessment system cannot be achieved. In general, precedents judge the approval of the project plan or project in overall consideration of various flaws, in fact there are few cases of rejection of the approval of the project plan or project. The main reason for the magnanimous stance of precedents about flaws in Environmental Impact Assessment is the irreversibility of the project. It can be the intrinsic limitation of Environmental Impact Assessment. Therefore, it is necessary to filter out in advance the factors which may infringe upon environmental interests by conducting Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment properly in order to overcome such a limitation and protect environmental interests. 환경영향평가제도가 형식적인 제도로 흐르고 있다는 비판이 지속적으로 제기되고 있다. 주요한 원인은 판례가 환경영향평가의 하자를 인정하는 데에 지나치게 엄격한 기준을채택하고 있는데 있다. 원고적격에 있어서 영향평가지역 내의 주민과 지역 밖의주민을 구분하고 전자의 경우에는 원고적격이 인정되지만, 후자는 법률상 이익이 침해되었는지를 입증해야 한다. 그러나 환경분야는 전문⋅기술적이라는 점에서 그 입증책임을완화해야 할 필요가 있다. 판례는 환경영향평가를 거쳐야 함에도 불구하고 거치지않은 경우는 무효로 판단하고 있다. 그리고 환경영향평가가시작되고 그 과정에서 공청회 또는 의견수렴절차를 거치지않은 경우에 대하여 판례는 이를 위법으로 보고 있다. 이외의 절차상 하자에 대해서는 명확한 판례의 입장은 없으며, 다만 학설적 견해로 경미한 하자일 경우에는 위법사유가 아닌 재량권을 일탈⋅남용했는지를 살피는 한 요소로 삼자는입장이 있다. 의견수렴절차는 의사합의기능을 수행한다는점에서 이를 거치지 않은 경우 적극적인 위법사유로 보아야한다. 환경영향평가법은 영향평가서를 작성할 때 환경부장관과의 협의를 거치도록 하고 있다. 판례는 환경부장관의 협의의견을 단순히 자문에 불과한 것으로 보고 있다. 그러나 실제로 환경부장관이 협의해야 할 사항은 환경영향평가의 본질적인 내용이라는 점에서 단순히 자문의견으로 보아서는안된다. 환경영향평가의 실체적 하자는 조사와 대안 제시의 부실을 의미한다. 판례는 이러한 부실이 환경영향평가제도를 둔입법취지를 달성할 수 없을 정도의 중대한 하자가 아닌 한, 그 부실을 이유로 곧바로 사업계획의 효력을 부인하지는 않는다. 대체로 판례는 여러 가지의 부실을 통합적으로 판단하여 사업계획 승인여부를 판단하지만, 실제로 사업계획 승인이 거부된 경우는 거의 없다. 환경영향의 하자에 대해 판례가 관대한 입장을 보이고 있는 주요한 이유는 사업취소 또는 철회의 비가역성이다. 환경영향평가의 내재적 한계라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이 한계를 극복하고 환경상 이익을 보호하기 위해서는 전략환경영향평가를 제대로 운영함으로써 사전에 환경상 이익침해요소를 걸러낼 필요가 있다.

DMZ 일원 개발사업 환경영향평가 방안 : 경기권 DMZ 및 접경지역을 중심으로

전동준,소민섭,김남형 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental status and development plan of the DMZ and border areas in Gyeonggi-do. The development plan was analyzed in terms of sustainability, and the purpose is to present an environmental impact assessment of the development project planned in the Gyeonggi-do DMZ and border areas. □ Main research content ○ Collect environmental survey data on the research target area, and collect information on the general environment, natural environment, and development plan in the Gyeonggi-do DMZ and border areas. ○ Analyzes the status of development projects in the target area based on the established plan, and examines the trend in development projects in border areas between Incheon Metropolitan City and Gyeonggi-do. ○ Analyzes various environmental data, including land cover maps provided by the Environmental Information Space Service, as well as the status of the DMZ and border areas in Gyeonggi-do. Information on the development plan is collected from the Ministry of Public Administration and Security and the corresponding basic local governments in the border area between Incheon Metropolitan City and Gyeonggi-do. ○ Analyzes the environmental impact assessment, habitat quality assessment, and carbon storage for the development projects planned in the Gyeonggi-do DMZ and border areas. The evaluation criteria for each major item of the environmental impact assessment for development projects are presented. ○ To prepare for the introduction of climate impact assessment, ba database was built and the current status was analyzed. Analysis of land cover change, habitat quality assessment, and carbon storage change in the Gyeonggi-do DMZ and border areas was conducted. Future land cover changes and changes in carbon stocks were estimated, presenting a tool for policy decision-making to respond to climate change. Ⅱ. Status of Gyeonggi DMZ Border Area 1. General status of the border area □ The border area is a city or county connected to the DMZ, which is established pursuant to the Korean Armistice Agreement, passed on July 27, 1953. ○ The cities (si) or counties (gun) within the border area of Gyeonggi-do connected to the DMZ which was established pursuant to the Korean Armistice Agreement or the Northern Limit Line on the sea are Ongjin-gun, Ganghwa-gun, Gimpo-si, Paju-si, and Yeoncheon-gun. 2. Status of land use □ The border area in Gyeonggi-do comprises five sis (city)/ guns (counties) with a total area of 2,210.47㎢, consisting of 64 eups, myeons, and dongs and 1,321 tongs and ris. □ Land use status survey by each si (city)/ gun (counties) in the border area of Gyeonggi-do indicated that the urban areas account for 4.23∼36.85% of the total area, and non-urban areas account for 63.15∼95.77%. 3. Households and resident population □ According to a survey of the population status of each cities or counties within the border area of Gyeonggi-do, the number of households were 11,689~191,668 with 20,791~465,612 residents, the population per household being 1.78~2.50 and the population density being 66.0~1,654 person/㎢. 4. General environmental status □ Baekdu-daegan protected area and major ridges: None □ Status of designated parks: 339 parks □ Status of designated natural parks: One geopark □ Status of wetland protected area and Ramsar wetlands: 17 wetlands including three wetland protected areas □ Water resource protection areas: 2 □ Waterfront area: None □ Wildlife protection area: 7 □ Areas for observing ecosystem changes 8 designated areas □ Water pollution management areas: Gimpo-si, Paju-si □ Special water preservation area: None □ Air environment regulation area and air control zone: Ganghwa-gun, Paju-si □ Area Requiring Special Countermeasures for Preventing Air Pollution: None □ Areas where the installation of environment-polluting facilities is restricted: Yeoncheon-gun □ Area Requiring Countermeasures for Soil Conservation: None □ Sea conservation and special management area: Ongjin-gun, Gimpo-si □ Odor management area: None □ Mines: 108 locations □ Management area for naturally occurring asbestos: None 5. Natural environment □ Degree of eco-naturality: Second-grade areas of eco-naturality are widely distributed compared to other cities and counties. □ National environmental zoning: Most areas were evaluated as maintaining first or second-grade eco-naturality 6. Status of facilities that cause damage to the environment □ Environmental pollutant-emitting facilities: A total of 11,183 facilities including 3,262 facilities that cause air pollution (gas, dust, soot/smoke, and odor), 2,059 facilities that cause water pollution facilities (wastewater), and 5,862 facilities that generate noise and vibration □ Roads: The total length 1,671,246 m (average pavement rate 77.0%), consisting of 14,050 m of highway, 202,240 m of national road, 465,207m of local road, and 930,839 m of provincial road □ Industrial and agro-industrial complexes: 42 industrial complexes 7. Status of major protected facilities □ Cultural heritage sites: A total of 235 cultural heritage sites are distributed in the region and they include 69 state-designated cultural heritage sites, 121 local designated cultural properties, 27 cultural heritage resources, and 18 dregistered cultural heritage sites □ Water intake facilities: 19 facilities □ Water purification facilities: 21 facilities 8. Status of basic environmental facilities □ Sewage treatment plants: 17 plants □ Landfill facilities for waste: 9 facilities □ Waste incineration facilities: 8 facilities □ Public sewage treatment facilities: 24 public sewage treatment facilities with a treatment capacity of 500㎥/day or above 9. Status of socio-economic environment □ Industries: 16,676 mining and manufacturing businesses Ⅲ. Status of Development Plan and Project for Gyeonggi DMZ Border Area 1. Development plans according to entities □ Ministry of the Interior and Safety ○ The comprehensive development plan is established by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety in consideration of the Comprehensive National Land Plan, Regional Development Plan, Basic Plan for Management of Protection Zones, Seoul Metropolitan Area Readjustment Plan in accordance with the Special Act on Support for Border Area. □ Incheon-si Gyeonggi-do ○ 34 development projects are planned in the DMZ border area in Gyeonggi region. In accordance with Article 13 of the Framework Act on the National Land, Gyeonggi-do development strategies have been established ffor the growth and promotion of border and hub areas in Gyeonggi-do. 2. Development plans according to development project types □ Development plans according to project types in the DMZ border area of Gyeonggi-do include 26 road and railroad projects, six tourism complex projects, 13 industrial and logistics complexes, and 58 other projects (urban development, cableway development and power generation complex). Ⅳ. Current Status of Land Cover, Habitat Quality, and Carbon Stocks in the DMZ and Border Area in Gyeonggi Region 1. Current status of land cover and prediction of future changes □ In Ongjin-gun, an island region, the overall land cover status does not show significant changes. It is thought to be due to the geographical and topographical characteristics of Ongjin-gun, which consists of many islan areas. □ Ganghwa-gun, which is connected to the inland by a bridge, has recently been under increasing pressure for development. Since 2010, Ganghwa-gun has been connected with Gimpo-si, and the expansion of urban areas has been clearly visible in recent years. □ Yeoncheon-gun has regional characteristics as a border area, and there was little change in land cover until 2008. □ Gimpo-si and Paju-si are clearly showing the expansion of urban areas and bare land. As large-scale development projects have been carried out since 2010, the decrease in agricultural areas and the expansion of urban areas are clearly visible. 2. Habitat quality assessment □ Analysis was conducted using the InVEST model to evaluate the habitats of five cities and counties bordering Gyeonggi Province. Among the five cities and counties, it was analyzed that Yeoncheon-gun and Ongjin-gun have relatively high quality of habitats. □ Ganghwa-gun was seen to have good habitat quality, mainly in the military protected area and forest area. Although the coastal lowlands and agricultural and forest areas are widely distributed, it is estimated that there is no significant impact on the connectivity between habitats because the development pressure is not high. □ Gimpo-si and Paju-si, which are metropolitan areas, are gradually transforming agricultural areas into urban areas due to high development pressure. For this reason, the habitats for diverse species are steadily declining. 3. carbon storage status and simulation □ In this study, to propose the introduction of climate impact assessment tools, the carbon stocks of land were evaluated and the changes in carbon stocks according to land use changes were analyzed. □ The InVEST Carbon model can calculate the amount of carbon stored in the target area by using the land cover map. It is also possible to estimate changes in carbon stocks by predicting changes in land cover. □ In both Gimpo-si and Paju-si, if the urban area increases by 15% compared to the present situation, it is predicted that the carbon storage amount will decrease by about 38%. Ⅴ. Review of Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Plans by Type in the DMZ and Border Area 1. Selection of key items for assessment □ Review points of development projects (common) according to major factors. ○ Important considerations that can be applied to the environmental impact assessment of development projects planned in the Gyeonggi-do DMZ were determined In consideration of the characteristics of the development project, the key evaluation items and review items for the environmental impact assessment for each type of project are presented. Ⅵ. Conclusion and Policy Suggestions □ Incheon-si and Gyeonggi DMZ and its border areas include forested areas and protected areas, such as wildlife protected areas, sea conservation areas, geo parks, and wetland protected areas. The project plan proposed may need to be changed or canceled in the environmental assessment in case damage on the environment is expected. □ In areas with high development pressure, including Gimpo-si and Paju-si, agricultural areas are gradually transformed into urban areas, and the quality of habitats is steadily declining. When development projects increase, agricultural or forest areas are reduced and urban areas are expanded. It is predicted that the amount of carbon stock on land will decrease significantly. □ The negative impact of development on the environment should be minimized through the selection of proper sites and ensuring appropriateness of the plan for the project, as well as developing various eco-friendly designs and construction methods, and establishing land use plans that can harmonize with the surrounding natural environment. □ The key and major review points should be considered during the initiation of a development plan, and should be actively reflected during the implementation of the plan for sustainable development.

환경평가의 공정성 제고를 위한 공탁제 도입방안에 관한 연구

유헌석 ( Heonseok Yoo ),이영준,전동준,황지원 한국환경연구원 2017 수시연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

The environmental impact assessment has contributed to minimizing the negative impact as an institutional device to anticipate the environmental impact of development projects and to take mitigation measures. However, the reliability of the results of the environmental impact assessment is constantly problematic due to the insufficient investigation of the status in the evaluation report and the failure to prepare the evaluation report, which is causing huge social costs. To solve this problem, there have been many efforts such as amendment of legal regulations and development of guidelines, but there has been no clear effect. Therefore, in order to restore credibility, the government has designated the introduction of the environmental impact assessment depositary system as one of the top 100 national affairs, and it is time for urgent institutional change in line with this. The purpose of this study was to investigate the root cause of the question, “Why is the reliability of the environmental impact assessment question doubted?”, and to analyze the necessity of the whole system reform to improve it. In addition, in relation to the introduction of the so-called “depositary system” proposed as a national task, we proposed the direction of concrete system improvement such as the necessity and effect analysis of the introduction of the system and the main issues in the introduction, and the possibility. The fundamental problems identified in this study are that ‘the issue of fairness and trust in the procedure’ of writing the environmental impact assessment report resulted from the lack of environmental consciousness of the business operator, and ‘the issue of the environment assessment agency system’ under which securing of independence of subcontractor is difficult by ‘boss-subordinate relationships’ between evaluation agencies. This can be reexamined as the maximization of the superiority and profit creation of the operator. To solve this problem, it is necessary to calculate the agency cost including the appropriate investigation cost. The current operating system and various improvement measures actively proposed are compared and examined. In the case of the introduction of the depository system or the appointment of the depository management agency, the evaluation was relatively low, and the establishment of a specialized depository agency involved in the whole evaluation procedure was found to be superior in terms of implementation and operation of fair environmental impact assessment. However, since the alternatives include the advantages and disadvantages of each, it is necessary to establish a plan to maximize the improvement effect by setting up a convergent alternative. When introducing the deposit system, it is judged that it can not be succeeded by only handling the cost deposit. Therefore, this study presented the basic principles that should be reflected in the introduction of deposit agents. To establish a dedicated organization capable of carrying out a neutral role, to merge with the work of calculating the appropriate evaluation agency expenses, to simplify the unnecessary and redundant environmental impact assessment procedure in the current system, to switch to the win-win system between stakeholders, and to guarantee the professionalism and independence of evaluation agencies are principles that should be basically reflected. And the establishment of an environmental impact assessment agency(dedicated management agency) capable of performing a neutral role is an effective and convergent measure. Specialized management agencies will participate in all stages of the environmental impact assessment and will improve economic effectiveness by reducing time and cost expenditure and improve the reliability of environmental impact assessment by breaking down the dependency between the operator and evaluation agency. It is also expected to lead environmental experts and improve the quality of environmental impact assessment system. The improvement of this system is a matter that requires a lot of financial and time efforts, so it is considered that mid- to long-term implementation will be necessary. Therefore, in the short term, it would be desirable to use the existing neutral organization to operate the bidding system as a function of the bidding agent and to calculate the appropriate agency cost. Although it may be difficult to improve and adjust due to the complex interdependence of each factor, efforts should be made to ensure fairness through overall inspection and improvement of the system for the objective and reliable environmental impact assessment system.

공간환경계획에 기반한 광역계획의 전략환경평가 방안

최희선 한국환경연구원 2011 녹색성장연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.-

In July 2011, the Ministry of Environment stipulated high-level assessments that were subjected to existing pre-project environmental reviews as Strategic Environmental Impact Assessments. Legally, Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment reviews the appropriateness of relevant plans and validity of locations from the perspective of environment by checking the compatibility of environmental protection plans and establishing/analyzing alternatives. In addition, it is subjected to policy planning and basic development plans. In August 2010, the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs introduced a land planning assessment system by amending basic land laws, and it required a self-review of compatibility with comprehensive land planning and basic ideas of land management(eco-friendly, etc) when establishing ``medium to long-term/guideline natured planning.`` The purpose, language, and contents of the two law`s amendments are different, but when the subjects of assessment and eventual implementation purposes are considered, they take the form of Strategic Environmental Assessments which has been discussed thus far. These amendments also show the need for close cooperation between government departments and express concerns regarding problems of overlapping assessment. Moreover, they suggest the need for further research and discussion to stabilize the system due to lack of discussion between government departments regarding assessment methods. This study aims to provide a forum for discussing Strategic Environmental Assessment methodology to find ways of establishing reasonable land/regional planning. The study placed its focus on establishing alternatives and their assessment methodologies, and in the case of establishing alternatives, the focus was placed on.spatial structure design,. which directly impacts changes in land use. To achieve its objectives, this study: 1) analyzed the operational status and conditions of Strategic Environmental Assessment, 2) analyzed the trends of spatial planning and case studies of Strategic Environmental Assessment techniques, 3) provided discussions concerning Strategic Environmental Assessment methodology based on spatial environmental planning, 4) applied case studies of Strategic Environmental Assessment methods, and 5) differentiated policy improvements measures.

환경영향평가 사후환경영향조사 개선 및 환류체계 구축방안 연구

김경호,이진희,양경,이영준,이선민,정슬기 한국환경연구원 2021 기본연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ Background and necessity of research ㅇ Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is completed through ex-post EIA in which the actual environmental impact that has occurred during the implementation of a project is monitored and reduction measures are implemented. In Korea, the ex-post EIA process consists of an EIA follow-up and the monitoring of the fulfillment of the consultation content in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, and is compulsory. However, it is currently not playing a great part in decision-making because it is difficult to verify environmental impacts due to insufficient monitoring and reporting, and the auditing of the entire EIA process is insufficient due to a lack of administrative power and budget. ㅇ In particular, the ‘feedback’ system that can verify and improve the EIA method, process, and system by analyzing the effect of the EIA process and decision-making according to the ex-post evaluation, and improve the effectiveness and suitability of the environmental impact reduction plan is very insufficient. □ Purpose and scope of research ㅇ (Status analysis) Review the current operational status of the ex-post EIA and identify problems and points for improvement ㅇ (Institutional improvement) Design a system improvement plan for the integrated operation of the ex-post EIA system and promotion of feedback ㅇ (Implementation plan) Establish a feedback system for EIA follow-up for the advancement of the ex-post EIA system and draw up an implementation plan Ⅱ. Improving EIA Follow-up 1. International principles of EIA follow-up □ Principles of EIA follow-up ㅇ Theoretically, environmental impact assessment follow-up is defined as a process of carrying out environmental management and communication between stakeholders in relation to a specific development project or plan. This is accomplished by monitoring and evaluating the environmental impact of the development project or plan (that has conducted an environmental impact assessment). ㅇ EIA follow-up consists of four elements: monitoring, evaluation, management, and communication. Internationally, it is subject to 17 principles regarding the need for follow-up (why), stakeholder roles (who), follow-up goals (what), and follow-up method (how). ㅇ In other countries such as the United States and Europe, follow-up is legally defined as monitoring and supervision over regulatory compliance. In addition, follow-up includes project audit and ex-post evaluation of environmental impact assessment. 2. EIA follow-up in South Korea □ Institutional status of EIA follow-up ㅇ In Korea, EIA follow-up legally consists of ‘fulfillment and management of the agreed terms/conditions’ and ‘ex-post environmental monitoring (investigation)’ as stipulated in the Environmental Impact Assessment Act. ㅇ The concept of EIA follow-up is not clear since the ex-post environmental monitoring includes checking whether the agreed terms have been fulfilled. Moreover, it is managed in a dual system with the approval agency and the Ministry of Environment, which makes the procedure complicated and causes role overlap. □ Institutional improvement for EIA follow-up ㅇ We propose an institutional improvement plan based on the international principles and the current status of our EIA follow-up system. The plan encompasses eight sections in the following categories: the legal system, the ex-post environmental monitoring, and the management of agreed terms/conditions. ㅇ It is necessary to introduce the concept of EIA follow-up into relevant laws and to either divide or unify the roles of the management agencies which are divided into consulting agencies and approval agencies. There is also a need for legal measures to expand public participation, including local residents and non-governmental (civil) groups. Ⅲ. Implementation Plan for Ex-post EIA 1. Status of the ex-post EIA implementation □ Status of the implementation of EIA follow-up ㅇ According to the annual status information provided by the Environmental Impact Assessment Information Support System (EIASS), the number of EIA follow-up reports has steadily increased since 1998. After 2015, an average of about 1,600 cases per year is being conducted. ㅇ EIA follow-up reports are currently reviewed by three organizations: the Korea Environment Institute, the National Institute of Ecology, and the Korea Environment Corporation. Among the project types subject to each institution’s review, plans to extract earth and stone, sand, gravel, minerals, and more (hereafter, ‘quarrying project’) which have a relatively longer duration than other projects in EIA follow-up, were selected as the target project type for analysis of ex-post EIA implementation cases. □ Case studies on EIA follow-up of quarrying projects ㅇ Typical environmental impacts include degradation of water systems, dust scattering effects, disconnection of ecological axes, noise and vibration effects from blasting, as well as water and soil contamination from heavy metals. Accordingly, typical terms and conditions often include the implementation of dust reduction measures, the installation of sedimentation ponds, the construction of temporary drainage channels, tree transplantation plans, and phased quarrying and restoration. ㅇ According to the result of a frequency analysis of the itemized comments on 113 quarrying projects that were subject to EIA follow-up in 2020, more than 90% of all projects received comments on the investigation results and points of the flora and fauna; approximately 80% of the comments were on the fulfillment of the agreed terms and conditions. ㅇ The problems relating to the follow-up survey of the environmental impact reports can be summarized as follows: inappropriate survey methods, a lack of reliability in the results of the surveys, insufficient notification of survey results, uncertainty regarding the fulfillment of agreed terms and conditions, and insufficient implementation of additional mitigation measures. □ Perception of the professionals about EIA follow-ups ㅇ Based on the interview with the representative of the agency conducting EIA follow-ups, the problems and suggestions for improvement in the field management of the ex-post EIA were summarized as follows. · Practical applicability of comments on EIA follow-up reports · Strengthening the role of approval and consulting organizations in on-site inspections · A lack of awareness about environmental issues and a lack of motivation on the part of business owners to manage the environment · Providing flexibility in follow-up management based on the characteristics of the business · Securing the reliability of ex-post EIA · Establishment of the ex-post EIA system · Increasing the authority and responsibilities of administrators on agreed terms and conditions ㅇ A survey related to the effectiveness of the comments on EIA follow-up reports was conducted targeting member companies of the Environmental Impact Assessment Association and the problems of the current ex-post EIA system were outlined as follows. · Unpractical comments that require further investigation or redesign · Inappropriateness of comments in terms of timing (e.g. comments that should have been reflected before the construction given after the completion) · Investigation periods that are difficult to follow in reality (e.g. ban on sampling during rainfalls) · Comments on areas beyond the scope of the project’s impact zone 2. The stakeholder survey ㅇ In order to identify the problems of ex-post EIA and to discover improvement points, we constructed a questionnaire by referring to the 17 principles of ex-post EIA. ㅇ The questions were about the importance and the current status of ex-post EIA, the roles of stakeholders, ex-post EIA and feedback, and the problems and points for improvement in ex-post EIA. ㅇ Most respondents agreed on the importance of ex-post EIA, but they also recognized that ex-post EIA is not perceived as important. ㅇ Review agencies tended to be skeptical of the role and status of the current ex-post EIA, but a consensus was formed on the fact that resources for ex-post EIA are not provided sufficiently. ㅇ There is a high level of awareness of the lack of cooperation among stakeholders, and more than half of the respondents had negative responses regarding the operators’ responsibility for fulfilling the agreements. ㅇ Many respondents felt that ex-post EIA is helpful in improving the environmental impact assessment of the follow-up development projects, but the review agencies perceived the feedback system negatively based on their job experiences. ㅇ Securing resources, including human resources, is more urgent than revising systems or guidelines, and since the perspectives on problems vary depending on the respondent groups, an opportunity to understand each other is necessary. 3. Improvement plan for ex-post EIA □ Problems of ex-post EIA ㅇ The current problems in the operation of the ex-post EIA system include unclear roles of participants in the ex-post EIA management system, the low reliability of monitoring and written reports, and insufficient environmental management at project sites. Also, information on post-environmental management is not well-organized and released sufficiently, and the Ministry of Environment is not placing much importance on follow-up management. □ Action plan to improve ex-post EIA ㅇ The purpose, role, and scope of ex-post EIA in the Environmental Impact Assessment Act should be defined clearly first, including both EIA follow-up and the management of the consultation content. The details of the relevant sub-regulations should be revised afterward, including strengthening the roles of major participants in the ex-post EIA system (e.g. the approval agency and the person in charge of managing the consultation content), rationalizing agency costs for EIA follow-ups, improving the regulation for writing EIA follow-up reports, and systematically organizing/fully disclosing the information on post-environmental management. Ⅳ. Establishment of a Feedback System in Ex-post EIA □ Necessity of a feedback system in ex-post EIA ㅇ Many researches on environmental impact assessment in Korea have long been focusing heavily on EIA or SEA which includes the enforcement of EIA laws and regulation and technical improvement on quantitative analysis methods. There has been a lack of research on the number and scale of EIA follow-up and ex-post EIA. EIA follow-up in Korea is mainly focused on environmental monitoring and the fulfillment of agreed terms/conditions which act as a tool for filtering illegal procedures and violation of the terms. This resulted in the lack of communication and informational feedback between EIA stakeholders and many issues have been continuously raised from ineffective reduction measures at sites. Thus, ex-post EIA, which is the superordinate concept of EIA follow-up, has not been studied much. In this research, we tried to demonstrate a set of organized feedback system to enhance the utility and effectiveness of ex-post EIA. ※ The term ‘ex-post EIA’ includes EIA follow-up and EIA monitoring. □ Establishment of a feedback system using Environmental Indicator Framework (EIF) ㅇ In this research, we have set out a series of improved methods for applying ‘Environmental Indicator Framework’ to the current ex-post EIA system in Korea. The objective is to enhance the communication between EIA stakeholders and to improve the current EIA system in Korea. Main criteria for ‘indicator category’, ‘primary objective’, and ‘indicator’ have been collected from various studies and guidelines. After a thorough study, it was found that EIA follow-up had a large number of structural components similar to those of EIF. As a result, we have demonstrated a new EIF model suitable to Korea’s EIA procedures. □ Application of the ex-post EIA feedback system ㅇ According to the ex-post EIA system in Korea, comprehensive evaluation result must be described in EIA follow-up reports. However, there is no clear guideline for writing this section and it has been used only for presenting the monitoring result. We have noticed that this section must include the ‘Effect’, ‘Status changes’, and ‘Ex-post evaluation of the result’ which are the main components of environmental indicator framework (EIF). Thus, we have modified several EIF models used in many other countries and organizations to make them suitable to current EIA system in Korea. We have demonstrated several comprehensive evaluation exercises on waste treatment facility construction operation, rock mining operations, and industrial complex development operations. As these exercises utilizes the results from monitoring procedures and evaluation of the effectiveness of the reduction measures implemented in the EIA process, the results should resolve many issues in Ex-post EIA and enhance Ex-post EIA feedback. Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions □ Future direction for ex-post EIA ㅇ An institutional basis should be established so that the concept of core principles and values of ex-post EIA can be applied in the field. To this end, it is necessary to establish a cooperative system among stakeholders and learn about exemplary implementation, and it should be accompanied by on-site environmental management and continuous system improvement through experience. □ System improvement plan for ex-post EIA ㅇ Introduction of the ex-post EIA concept in the legal system, clarification of the roles of consulting agencies and approval agencies, expansion of public participation, introduction of the concept of the feedback system (ex-post evaluation), revision of the regulations on the report form, establishment of provisions clearly stating environmental damage prevention measures in laws and enforcement regulations, and establishing a clear connection between the EIA follow-up and the management of consultation content are required. □ Improvement plan for follow-up management ㅇ It is necessary to strengthen the roles of major participants in ex-post EIA, such as the approval agency and the person in charge of managing the content of consultation, to rationalize agency costs, to improve the regulations on the report form, and to systematically organize and fully disclose ex-post EIA data. Also, it is required that the Ministry of Environment, the main body in charge of system management and monitoring, give more weight to follow-up management by raising awareness, increasing human resources, and fostering expertise. □ Establishment of a feedback system and implementation plan ㅇ We propose to add a checklist to the ‘comprehensive evaluation’ item in the EIA follow-up report so that quantitative analysis can be carried out according to the characteristics of each project. The analysis of the accumulated data would be released in white papers. It is possible to promote further development of EIA and ex-post EIA by accumulating and sharing the experiences gained in the management of EIA follow-up and agreed terms/conditions.

환경평가 지원을 위한 지역 환경현황분석 시스템 구축 및 운영

문난경,전동준,하종식,김순태,서지현,은정 한국환경연구원 2015 사업보고서 Vol.2015 No.-

The Korea Environment Institute (KEI) has been committed to the development and dissemination of professional review and evaluation techniques of environmental impact assessment through the operation of the Environmental Assessment Group in order enhance the professionalism and impartiality of Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA), which is one of the missions of the Institute. However, the current environmental assessment system is limited to the prediction and analysis of environmental status of individual project and plan and there is a limit in conducting a scientific and comprehensive evaluation reflecting the considerations of the differences in local environmental capacity and effect of temporal and spatial changes in environmental factors. Thus, the KEI Environmental Assessment Group rather than merely collecting data needs to operate a constant analysis system to examine the feasibility of development plans based on the analysis of environmental changes in the atmosphere, ecosystem, water quality and topography and future prediction during the review of strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the environmental status across the nation by region and to establish an analysis system to assess the adequacy of future development plans. To that end during the first year, we performed analysis required for the environmental assessment of air quality and ecosystem. < Air quality > The objective of this study is to provide objective data for policy adjustments that can contribute to effectively improving air quality by operating air quality analysis system for existing and planned sources and in-advance assessment system to evaluate the impact of regional atmospheric effects in accordance with development plan. In this regard, we examined the air quality impacts of thermal power plants that are currently under operation as well as those scheduled for operation according to the 6th Basic Plan on Electricity Demand and Supply and evaluate the impact on public health by estimating early death toll in order to analyze the impact of the energy projects that have one of the greatest impact on air quality. A study on the air quality impact found that the operation of domestic thermal power plants including the ones planned on the 6th Basic Plan on Electricity Demand and Supply will result in a maximum of 24.56../.... (accounting for 49% of air quality standards) of PM2.5 and up to 94.269ppb in case of O3 concentration (accounting for 157% of air quality standards). In particular, the 8hr O3 maximum contribution level of Gangwon region showed a maximum of 11.74ppb or about 20% air quality standards due to the impact of thermal power plants planned under the 6th Basic Plan on Electricity Demand and Supply, which raises the need for counter-measures. As a result of health impact assessments on the operation of thermal power plants including the ones planned on the 6th Basic Plan on Electricity Demand and Supply, early deaths associated with the increase in PM2.5 was found to be 1,144 which means 34,320 premature deaths can occur when considering the power plants’ useful life of 30years. As air pollution is a broad-based issue affected by atmospheric conditions and chemical reactions, impact assessment on individual projects cannot ensure practical air quality management and preemptive management. Therefore it is necessary to manage the amount of generated air pollutants based on regional air quality analysis and to that end, measures should be taken to differentiate the air pollutant emission standards by region. Through the next year’s research, the plan is to complete the development feasibility evaluation systems by performing analysis of regional emission densities and additionally permissible emission amounts. < Ecosystem > Remote sensing techniques are being utilized in a wide range of fields as one of the effective methods for monitoring environment status. The benefit of using satellite images in monitoring the water environment of rivers and lakes is the ability to quickly identify the cause of problem and scale of damage. Satellite imagery has been actively used in other countries and the applicability of remote sensing techniques in water environmental monitoring has been sought by researchers in South Korea. The possibility of using satellite images as a tool for monitoring water environmental problems that occur in river or water resource development projects has been confirmed. In the ecology section of this study, we conducted research on air quality monitoring using near-infrared images of satellite data by assuming that data extracted from near-infrared images can be used to estimate plankton concentration, based on which algae status of water bodies can also be identified. Anomalies were identified by employing remote sensing techniques on the Nakdong river area where public’s attention has been brought on by the appearance of algae over a wide range after the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project. We compared the video information obtained from satellite images and water quality measurement data provided by public agencies and confirmed that there is a correlation between the values extracted from satellite images and on-site observations at the time of algae’s manifestation. Based on these results, we have confirmed the possibility of using remote sensing techniques in water quality monitoring while the limitations of remote sensing techniques were also confirmed and presented.

환경·경제 통합분석을 위한 환경가치 종합연구

김현노,안소은,김충기,전호철,정다운,이홍림,홍현정,한선영,최병웅,최새미 한국환경연구원 2019 사업보고서 Vol.2019 No.-

Ⅰ. Research Background and Purpose 1. Background and purpose □ To assist rational decision making that considers environmental values, it is necessary to conduct integrated environmental and economic analysis that connects analysis on physical impacts due to the policy/project and economic evaluation of environmental benefits and costs. □ Therefore, this study quantifies the environmental impacts of various types of environments and estimates values per unit (hereinafter, unit values) of environmental services, while also establishing a systematic integrated analytical framework (procedures) to connect the two results and use them in policy/project assessment. □ Moreover, the aim is to provide an analytical tool so that the established integrated analytical framework can operate as a system, while also improving the Environmental Valuation Information System(EVIS) as a database to support the system. 2. Content and scope □ The integrated analysis system comprises of an analytical tool, which is the integrated analysis template, and the support DB. Thus, templates for integrated analysis are designed for each environment type, and the support DB is built to support data for integrated analysis using the templates. ㅇ This includes direct research of each category, case studies for policy assessment, design of the integrated analytical framework, and improvement of the DB. □ The research is categorized into general, ecosystem, health, and Survey on Public Attitudes toward the Environment. Ⅱ. Establishment of an Integrated Environmental and Economic Analysis System 1. Procedures of integrated analysis □ Integrated environmental and economic analysis is based on impact pathway analysis (IPA) in terms of tracking impact pathways of human activities―environmental quality changes―receptors (ecosystem, human health, etc.), physiologically and physically assessing them, and connecting them directly to human activities. ㅇ Integrated analysis begins with listing and selecting the scope of assessment for environmental policies/projects. Then, physical impacts of the assessment target are quantified, to which unit values (costs) are applied to derive the environmental benefits/costs. □ The process of quantifying environmental impacts and deriving the environmental values is supported by “integrated analysis templates,” and data related to environmental valuation used for integrated analysis are provided through the online DB of environmental valuation, the EVIS. 2. Integrated analysis templates □ This study developed templates as analytical tools for systematic and efficient application of integrated analysis procedures. ㅇ This table shows the procedure of integrated environmental and economic analysis at a glance, such as setting the scope of impacts, quantifying physical impacts, and specifying procedures and results of the economic evaluation process by subject of analysis. □ To establish integrated environmental and economic analysis as a system to help decision making instead of using it merely as an individual case study, it is necessary to systemize the integrated analytical framework (procedures). 3. Database of environmental valuation(EVIS) □ To use integrated environmental and economic analysis as a decision-making system, it is necessary to efficiently support data used in the analysis beyond systemizing the integrated analytical framework (procedures). □ This study introduced an online DB of environmental valuation (EVIS), which is the second component of the integrated analysis system, and summarized the EVIS improvement tasks performed in this study to reinforce its role in supporting the integrated analysis system. ㅇ The EVIS is revised to take the form of a receptor-based classification system that is compatible with the integrated analytical framework, and an Excel extraction function is added for desired data to increase data usability by facilitating the extraction of environmental values. ㅇ The EVIS is updated so that it can serve as a one-stop platform for environmental valuation such as providing guidance on procedures for the use of environmental valuation data in decision making beyond providing information about environmental valuation. - Various concepts of environmental values and methodologies for environmental valuation are introduced in addition to summarized data of environmental values in previous studies, and case studies and methods to create new unit values for desired environmental services using the provided information are also given. ㅇ Moreover, this study is expected to “instrumentalize policy assessment” beyond providing template information, and promote usability. Therefore, the “valuation toolkit” service is to be established and provided on the EVIS. - The valuation toolkit is an integrated analytical tool that enables users to obtain valuation results immediately if they choose the desired environment type for valuation and enter the necessary information. ㅇ Furthermore, previous studies on environmental valuation recorded in the DB are updated. - Through the update, the EVIS currently provides 420 studies and 1,912 value estimates as of December 2019. Ⅲ. Case Study on Integrated Environmental and Economic Analysis: Ecological Stream Restoration Projects □ By conducting case studies on policy/project assessments of the ecological stream restoration projects, this study is intended to improve the integrated analytical framework and review usability of the framework as a policy/project assessment tool. 1. Setting the scope of analysis □ Background and purpose ㅇ Recent stream restoration projects have focused on expanding the water-friendly space of streams, promoting health of the aquatic ecosystem, and restoring various habitats, which raises the need for relevant research. ㅇ Therefore, this study models the changes in hydraulic characteristics, water quality, and habitats before and after an ecological stream restoration project and conducts an analysis on physical habitats to analyze the effects of the projects. □ Current state of the target area of study and target fish species ㅇ The target area of the study, Anyangcheon Stream, has multiple issues within the basin, and thus, many experts in various fields such as hydraulic characteristics, floodgate, water quality, ecology, and urban planning, participated in establishing a master plan for the Anyangcheon Stream Restoration Project. - The Anyangcheon Stream Restoration Project consists of a project for improving water quality, a project for securing water volume, a project for recovering naturalness, and a project for restoring ecological health. ㅇ The target section is selected based on the following requirements. - It must first have been a project carried out in the 2000s, and thus not be more than 20 years old, and the target area must not be a tributary and somewhat meet the adequate river length and drainage-area requirements. Moreover, it must be located near the metropolitan area, be relatively accessible, and offer secure data on water volume, water quality, and the aquatic ecosystem. ㅇ As a result, the target section is 3km of the midstream of the Anyangcheon Stream, and the target fish species are Korean dark chub, pale chub, slender shiner, striped shiner, and Korean striped bitterling. 2. Quantifying physical impacts: Analyzing the changes in water quality and habitats through physical habitat modeling □ Changes in hydraulic characteristics ㅇ As a result of analysis, it was identified that the hydraulic characteristics clearly changed according to the geomorphological changes after the restoration project. When the stream design criteria were applied, the area where water activities could be conducted increased. It was found that the ecological stream restoration project changed the stream into one that enables water-friendly activities. - The water level in the stream was higher than 1.5 meters, and flow velocity was higher than 1.0m/s before the restoration project (2001), but the water level was mostly 0.02~1.0 meters, and flow velocity was 0.0~0.7m/s right after the restoration project (2006) and up until recently (2018). □ Changes in water quality ㅇ DO, BOD, and COD are considered as water-quality factors for examining changes in water quality. They are calculated using changes in hydraulic characteristics (water level, flow velocity, water temperature), and the methods used are CCME WQI and IRWQI, both of which showed that the water-quality rating increased by two levels due to the ecological stream restoration project (see Table 1). - Changes in water-quality factors were quantitatively analyzed by each factor at three points in time, before and after the project and present (2018), which are shown in one integrated index. □ Changes in habitats ㅇ To examine changes in habitat area with an integrated quantitative index, the methodology of Zingraff-Hamed et al. (2018) is used. The results showed that the habitat area level increased from low before the ecological stream restoration project to medium after the project (see Table 2). - The ecological stream restoration project was beneficial in terms of securing habitats for aquatic life inhabiting the stream. 3. Monetizing environmental impacts □ On the basis of the results of quantifying the physical impacts, economic values and benefits are calculated for changes in water quality and aquatic ecosystem service due to the ecological stream restoration project. ㅇ Data from the National Survey on Management and Improvement of Water Quality by Ahn et al. (2018b) are used, excluding the effects of certain policies for objectivity of research findings. - Choice experiment (CE) data from Ahn et al. (2018b) are used to re-estimate the econometric model to meet the purpose of this study. - To arrive at the unit values for changes in water quality and aquatic ecosystem indexes, the index values (water quality: IRWQI, aquatic ecosystem: HHS Index) before and after the project are applied. ㅇ The pivot-style design is applied for CE design. - On the basis of the level perceived by respondents, imaginary alternatives that changed the attribute levels of ecosystem services are designed and presented as choice alternatives. - Water-friendly service, ecological function service, water-level control, and water-quality purification are selected as major ecosystem service attributes, and water-use charges are selected in exchange for such services. ㅇ Conditional logit model (CLM), nested logit (NL), and error component logit (ECL) are applied as analytical models. - The model minimizing econometric bias, which may occur when using data generated by pivot design, is selected. - As a result of model estimation, the ECL model considering heteroscedasticity among latent choice alternatives turned out to be more suitable than other models. ㅇ As a result of calculating benefits, the water-quality level increased by two levels after the ecological stream restoration project, and the benefit from that is approximately KRW 10.54 - 21.44 billion a year. For the aquatic ecosystem, the benefit from a one-level increase after the project is estimated at approximately KRW 6.05 - 12.3 billion a year. □ This study applied the integrated analytical framework as a policy/project assessment tool, and the results of this study will be useful as the basic data for integrated water management policy support. Ⅳ. Case Study on Integrated Environmental and Economic Analysis: Calculating the damage costs of premature mortality due to PM_2.5 1. Setting the scope of analysis □ This study aims to calculate damage costs of premature mortality due to long-term exposure to PM_2.5 caused by various pollution sources (dot, line, plane) and air pollutants (NOx, SOx, PM_2.5, NH₃, VOC). ㅇ Considering data availability, the scope of analysis is limited to “emissions in Korea that affect generation of particulate matter in Korea.” □ The temporal scope of analysis is the 2015 population, and the spatial analysis unit is set as 252 local governments in Korea. Moreover, the population for analysis is set as those aged 30 and above to assess the health damage due to long-term exposure. 2. Quantifying physical impacts and health impacts □ To calculate costs of damage to health, it is necessary to quantify the physical impacts of health effects associated with emissions quantity by pollutant and pollution source, how the air pollution concentration ultimately changes when the discharged pollutants are diffused in the atmosphere, and how much damage to health is caused to humans exposed to air pollutant concentrations. □ This study used the PM_2.5 conversion rates by air pollutant and pollution source derived from studies in Korea based on the modeling. To determine the damage effects of air pollution concentration on human health, adequate concentration-response functions are selected based on literature reviews in Korea and overseas. ㅇ The conversion rate can be interpreted as how much one ton of emission by pollutant and pollution source (dot, line, plane) contributes to increasing the annual average concentration of _PM2.5. 3. Monetizing the health impacts □ The number of premature deaths due to long-term exposure to “PM_2.5” derived in the process of quantifying physical impacts and health impacts is converted to economic damage costs. ㅇ Related studies are reviewed and applied to select the value of statistical life (VSL) to calculate the damage costs of premature mortality due to PM_2.5. □ The results of unit damage costs by pollutant and pollution source for premature mortality due to long-term exposure to PM_2.5 are summarized as follows. ㅇ The lower bound, mean, and upper bound of unit damage costs were presented using the 95% confidence interval of the estimated coefficient of concentration response (CR) function by Hoek et al. (2013), and the three were applied also for VSL to calculate the results of damage costs(see Table 3). Ⅴ. Impact Assessment by Category 1. Ecosystem habitat quality assessment □ Habitat quality is the ecological ability to provide an adequate state for the inhabitation of individuals or colonies based on resources useful for survival, regeneration, and maintenance. National habitat quality is assessed as biodiversity proxy to support policy decision making for biodiversity preservation and sustainable use. ㅇ The InVEST Habitat Quality Model is used to assess habitat quality (0.00(non-habitable area)~1.00(ideal habitat)) considering habitat suitability, habitat threat factors, habitat sensitivity to threat factors, and habitat accessibility. ㅇ The national habitat quality in 2009 was 0.64, and the result of assessment by ecosystem type showed that forests that are suitable habitats due to low human-use intensity and accessibility and are little influenced by threat factors had the greatest habitat quality (0.86). The result of an assessment by administrative district showed that Gangwon (0.76), Gyeongbuk (0.69), Chungbuk (0.66), and Gyeongnam (0.66) had great habitat quality with a high ratio of forests (see Table 4). ㅇ In the last 20 years (1989-2009), forests decreased by 8.11% (5,402.90㎢) nationwide, and built-up areas (or urban areas) increased by 192.68%(4,010.71㎢). Accordingly, the habitat quality of Incheon (-18.00%), Jeju (-17.26%), and Busan (-12.56%) decreased significantly, and the national average habitat quality (2009) decreased by 5.56% compared to 1989, which suggests that it is necessary to inspect and promote the implementation of policies to improve national and regional biodiversity. 2. Health impact assessment of harmful environmental factors □ Research framework ㅇ Purpose of Phase 2 Project (2019-2021) - The framework to estimate damage costs due to chemical substances is established by determining the impact of chemical substances transported into the environment and the impact they have on humans through the path of the ecosystem and dietary exposure. ㅇ Research overview of Phase 2 Project Year 1 (2019) - Literature that assessed the impact of chemical substances on the ecosystem, which is the first path of harmful factor-ecosystem (receptor)-health impact, is reviewed. - The recently presented ecological risk-valuation framework and cases are analyzed to seek usability in the future. □ Connection of the EPA’s ecological risk assessment and ecosystem services ㅇ Traditional concept of ecological risk assessment - The toxic endpoint measured at the sub-organism level is used for ecological impact assessment. - Lab-based toxicity test at the organism level - There is a gap between target of protection (population, colony, ecosystem) and target of assessment. ㅇ Endpoints of ecosystem services (ES-GEAEs, ecosystem services generic ecological assessment endpoints). - New risk assessment endpoints are presented by adding ES-GEAEs to the current endpoints of ecological risk assessment (C-GEAEs, conventional generic ecological assessment endpoints). - Reinterpreted from the perspective of human benefits, that is, the economic, psychosocial, and health benefits provided by the ecosystem for humans. - The existing C-GEAEs are supplemented to enable quantitative benefit analysis and valuation from the human perspective. - Cases that include the EPA’s ES-GEAEs are still very limited and thus cannot be generalized. □ Model-based ecological risk assessment framework ㅇ Framework connecting ecological risks-ecosystem services by Forbes et al. - The framework is presented based on the proposition that damage to health for individuals due to harmful environmental factors leads to a quantitative and qualitative decline in the level of ecosystem services. - The framework connects harmful factor data at the sub-organism or organism level to population level and food web data that can be used as an ecosystem service providing units through modeling. - The plan was presented to connect final ecosystems and services to benefits provided for humans and turn them into values. ㅇ Case study - Introduced three types of mechanical impact models to connect the organism-level data to higher-level impact data ㆍDynamic energy budget model: Connection to the sub-organism and organism-level response ㆍInSTREAM model: Connection to the organism-level response and population-level response, using a model based on trout ㆍAQUATOX model: Connection to single-species response and multispecies or ecosystem response

Post-코로나19 사회 개발트랜드 변화 관련 환경평가 대응방안 연구

이영준,유헌석,이상범,이병권,박지현 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Background and aims of research □ Mid- to long-term socioeconomic changes are expected due to COVID-19. ○ The spread of untact culture and the acceleration of the Fourth Industrial Revolution ○ Capacity to respond to disasters such as infectious diseases has emerged as a major indicator showing the nation’s capabilities. □ These socio-economic changes are expected to affect the field of environmental impact assessment. ○ Changes in development plans and project patterns are expected. ○ Environmental impact assessment will also be affected by non-face-to-face communication and technological development. □ Proposing new direction for the field of environmental assessment in line with the changing circumstances ○ To analyze and predict the direct and indirect impact and ripple effect of changes caused by COVID-19 on the environment ○ To suggest a direction for leading environmental assessment 2. Research method □ Data collection of Post-COVID-19 predictions (literature review) □ Conducted a survey among officials in the field of environmental impact assessment (154 people participated) □ Listened to the opinions of related experts and held several multi-disciplinary expert forums Ⅱ. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Social Changes 1. The spread of and response to COVID-19 □ COVID-19 has been spreading worldwide up until now since the first confirmed case was identified in December 2019. □ New types of infectious diseases and viral variants are spreading faster in line with urbanization, globalization, and climate change. 2. Social and cultural changes caused by COVID-19 □ Spread of untact culture ○ As countermeasures against COVID-19 mainly consisted of minimizing contact, it led to the spread of non-face-to-face communication. The untact culture is expected to continue in the post-COVID-19 society with the development of ICT technology. □ Acceleration of the Fourth Industrial Revolution ○ As telecommuting and online classes become routine due to COVID-19, ICT technology related to this will further develop, which is expected to be an important opportunity to advance the Fourth Industrial Revolution. □ Changes in national awareness of crisis response capabilities □ Increased demand for social safety nets and response systems related to human security 3. Changes in development trends due to COVID-19 □ Changes in development trends due to the spread of untact culture ○ Indoor spaces less preferred due to higher risk of infection, and increase in demand for natural spaces in urban areas □ Changes in spatial plans to prevent infectious diseases ○ Securing open space, wind paths, and moving routes for the prevention of infectious diseases is expected to emerge as a new issue in spatial planning. ○ Creating a national environment that can prevent contact with wildlife that may carry infectious diseases Ⅲ. Impact of COVID-19 on Environmental Assessment 1. Changes in conditions and methods of environmental impact assessment (international trends) □ A survey conducted by the International Association for Impact Assessment(IAIA) on changes in the performance of environmental impact assessment since COVID-19 ○ Currently, the most affected part in the field of environmental impact assessment by COVID-19 is field work (73%), on which restrictions have been imposed. ○ As changes in work conditions caused by COVID-19, respondents chose an increase in online meetings (93%) and telecommuting or flexible working (73%). ○ Regarding the role of future environmental impact assessment, 34% answered that “it is necessary to promote integrated impact assessment taking a medical approach to social environment and health impacts.” 2. Impact of COVID-19 on domestic environmental impact assessment □ Survey among officials in the field of environmental impact assessment ○ Regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their work, 70.1% said it was “affected.” ○ Regarding the environmental impact assessment system in preparation for the post-COVID-19 era, they answered that “the system improvement to facilitate non-face-to-face procedures” is the top priority. □ Changes in the method of public hearings to respond to COVID-19 ○ Increase in utilization of videos, YouTube channels, and so on, compared to the existing face-to-face public hearings Ⅳ. Strategy for Environment Assessment in Preparation for the Post-COVID-19 Society 1. Improvement of the system for non-face-to-face environmental assessment □ Improvement of procedures for public hearings and related systems to enable non-face-to-face communication (e.g., using various media) 2. Smart environmental assessment incorporating the Fourth Industrial Revolution technology □ Improve the process and system of environment assessment by utilizing technological advances such as metaverse, artificial intelligence, big data, and modeling 3. Shifting the direction for environmental assessment to reflect social culture and development trend □ Reflecting changes in spatial planning according to changes in development patterns ○ Spatial planning (buffer zones, urban parks, wind paths, etc.) taking into account the prevention of infectious diseases ○ Seek ways to avoid contact with wild animals ○ Consideration of the rapid increase in the development of logistics facilities in our living environment ○ Issues related to the location of waste treatment facilities due to the increase in the use of disposable products and medical supplies ○ Improvement of predictive models according to changes in development patterns □ A new concept of environmental damage management ○ Identifying assessment items that cause new environmental issues such as climate crisis, new infectious diseases, disasters, and dismantling ○ Consideration of excluding the safety item from the scope of environmental assessment Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions □ The impact of COVID-19 is causing tremendous changes in all fields of society in a short period of time, and it appears that it is having a significant impact on the field of environmental impact assessment as well. □ This study suggested mid- to long-term strategies and countermeasures in preparation for the post-COVID-19 era.

환경영향평가제도 운영에 대한 입법론적 연구

김기태 ( Kim Ki-tae ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2022 法과 政策 Vol.28 No.1

The principle of environmental protection guaranteed by the Constitution is a system that has been developed through legislation for a long period of time for professional and systematic management that ensures a comfortable environment for the people through environmental impact assessment. The Environmental Impact Assessment Act is adjective law and has an intention of constructing system of public and private benefit. But the Act has some limits to achieve the purposes. Also, the judgement about whether the result of environmental impact assessment reflects the people’s expectation is needed. The State stipulates that when conducting an environmental impact assessment to achieve the neutral objectives of the public and death, it should point the direction of the State and listen to the opinions of the residents. It stipulates that not only the opinions of residents but also the opinions of related experts and environmental groups should be converged, and that an environmental impact assessment report that reflects the results should be prepared and notified to the consultative body. Whether or not the content of such opinion convergence will be reflected in the business plan is not disclosed, and it is necessary to make a decision from the viewpoint of the direction and consistency of the business plan according to the reflection result of the discussion. Since the impact of the environmental impact assessment system has a strong ripple effect depending on the scope and direction of businesses and systems that cover the entire environment, it is necessary to have a strategy that suits the medium- to long-term environmental impact rather than a national policy decision. This assessment system is a means of performing predictive analysis on environmental impact and considering measures to reduce the negative environmental effects. And public and private organizations as well as administrative agency have utilized this system. Although environmental impact assessment has an important direction in business planning, it must include an evaluator with specialized knowledge because it must be considered in all parts of the environment as a whole. However, since it is not possible to have experts in all fields, it is necessary to consider the cooperation plan of external experts. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the law system to supplement something that is inadequate legislatively in light of the importance and necessity of Environmental impact assessment act in principled aspect of legislation.