전기모터 효율 시험의 조기중단 결정 알고리즘

최병호 ( Byoungho Choi ),김민규 ( Minkyu Kim ),김흥섭 ( Heungseob Kim ) 사단법인 한국빅데이터서비스학회 2023 빅데이터서비스학회 논문집 Vol.1 No.2

전기모터는 산업 전반에 광범위하게 사용되는 핵심 자원이며, 산업용 모터는 국내 전력소비량의 절반 이상을 소비하고 있어 에너지 소비 효율성에 대한 문제가 중요하게 다루어지고 있다. 더불어, 전세계적인 탄소 중립정책 추진으로 고효율 전기모터에 관심이 매우 높아지고 있다. 이에 따라 모터 효율 검정을 위한 시험이 증가하고 있으며, 시험을 위한 전력소비량도 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 기존의 연구들은 주로 모터의 성능을 개량하기 위한 연구이며 모터시험에 관한 연구는 미흡한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구는 전기모터 효율 측정 시험의 전력소비량 감소를 위해 모터 효율의 포화 값을 예측하여 시험의 조기중단을 결정하기 위한 알고리즘을 제안한다. 후보 곡선모형에 대해 비선형 모형의 경우 변수변환을 통해 선형 모형으로 변환하였으며 최소제곱법을 통해 곡선모형의 계수를 추정하여 적합하고 다수의 미래 시점의 효율을 예측하였다. 예측값과 실제값의 평균제곱오차를 통해 후보 곡선모형을 평가하였으며, 모터 규격별 적절한 모형을 선정하였다. 적합한 모형의 잔차들과 종료 시점의 효율 예측값 및 최저효율 기준을 토대로 표준정규분포를 계산하고 효율 측정 시험 불합격 확률을 도출한다. Electric motors are an essential resource widely utilized across industries, and industrial motors consume more than half of domestic electricity consumption, making energy efficiency a critical issue. In addition, the global push for carbon neutrality drives interest in high-efficiency electric motors. Accordingly, the number of tests for motor efficiency verification is increasing, and the power consumption for such tests is also growing. Therefore, this study proposes an algorithm for predicting the saturation value of the motor efficiency to determine the early termination of the test to reduce the power consumption of the electric motor efficiency measurement test. However, existing studies are mainly aimed at improving the performance of motors, and there is a lack of research on motor testing. Therefore, this study proposes an algorithm for predict the saturation value of motor efficiency to determine the early termination of the test in order to reduce the power consumption of electric motor efficiency measurement test. For the candidate curve model, the nonlinear model was converted into a linear model through variable transformation, and the coefficients of the curve model were estimated through the method of least squares to fit and predict the efficiency at multiple future time points. Candidate curve models were evaluated using the mean square error between predicted and actual values, and the appropriate model for each motor standard was selected. Based on the residuals of the fitted model, the predicted efficiency at the end of the test and the minimum energy performance standard, a standard normal distribution was calculated and the probability of failing the efficiency measurement test was derived.

전기자동차 보조금제도

李鍾永(Yi, Jong-Yeong),朴基善(Park, Ki-Sun) 중앙법학회 2016 中央法學 Vol.18 No.2

As the development and evolution of automobile market progressed, electric vehicle s are receiving attention as a hot issue. electric vehicles are an ecological automobiles which don’t make air pollution and using an electric vehicles are one of ways to perform the global task, to lower a greenhouse gas. Developed countries in Europe already took initiative in get the electric vehicles through various policies and incentives. However, Korea has not only an insufficient automobile-related infrastructure and lack of policy, but also the very low penetration rate of electric vehicles. The 「Act on the promotion of development and distribution of environment-friendly automobiles」(Same as “Law of environment-friendly motor vehicles”) enacted in 2004, formed a foundation for electric vehicles to ensure its market competitiveness among existing vehicles using fossil fuel by reducing taxes and subsiding environment-friendly motor vehicles including electric vehicles. Until recently, the government had provided financial support as an institutional measure for encouraging the distribution of electric vehicles. However, the law of environment-friendly motor vehicles passed on 31th, December, 2015 is trying to promote the distribution of environment-friendly motor vehicles with institutional measure such as giving an obligation to public institutions to purchase environment-friendly motor vehicles and requiring the institutions to build charging stations at public houses and public parking lot. For expansion of distribution of environment-friendly motor vehicles through financial support, the clear standard for eligible receiver has to be made. This is because the budget of the fund is limited. Providing subsidy at different rate for using electric vehicles among environment-friendly motor vehicles has a possibility to violate the principle of equality on constitutional rights. However, large portion of deciding the object, range, and limitation for receiving subsidy is within administrational organization’s discretion. Since giving subsidy basically belongs to the financial support actualizing government’s policy, it does not need to set the equal amount of subsidy for all environment-friendly motor vehicles. The government can provide subsidy at different rate even the vehicle belongs to category of environment-friendly motor vehicles with considering overall market competitiveness, industrial aspect, safeness and this kind of distinction can be justified. Therefore, even though special subsidy is given only to users of electric vehicles not all environment-friendly motor vehicles, its appropriateness is accepted. The existing way of giving subsidy was that the buyer of electric vehicles applies for subsidy and eligible person is determined by lot but now it is switched to the first-come system.

전기자동차 보급촉진제도

이종영 ( Yi Jong-yeong ),박기선 ( Park Ki-sun ) 한국환경법학회 2016 環境法 硏究 Vol.38 No.2

자동차는 이동의 편의를 증진시켜주는 수단으로 인간의 삶의 질 향상과 밀접한 관련성을 가지고 있다. 2015년 기준 우리나라 자동차등록대수는 약 2,100만대에달하나, 전기자동차를 포함한 환경친화적 자동차의 보급률은 1%에도 미치지 못하고 있다. 최근 고농도 민세먼지의 잦은 발생으로 인체에 유해한 미세먼지 문제에 대한 국민의 관심이 높아지면서 환경친화적 자동차에 대한 관심도 고조되고 있다. 얼마 전 사전구매예약을 받은 2017 테슬라 모델 3에 대한 높은 관심은 전기자동차시대가 도래하였음을 반증하는 것으로, 세계 각국은 전기자동차의 보급 확대를 위하여 다양한 정책을 도입하고 있다. 전기자동차는 대기오염물질을 배출하지 않는 환경친화적 자동차로 새로운 산업의 성장 동력으로 부상할 수 있다. 그동안 비싼 차량 가격, 충전 관련 기술력 부족, 각종 기반시설 부족 등 전기자동차가 가지고 있는 단점으로 인해 전기자동차의 보급 실적이 부진했던 것이 사실이다. 그러나 2015년 12월 친환경자동차법 개정을통해 기존의 보조금제도 이외에 공공기관의 구매의무 및 공동주택과 공영주차장에서의 충전시설 설치의무를 신설하여 전기자동차를 포함한 환경친화적 자동차의 보급 확대를 위한 제도를 구축하였다. 또한 2016년 1월 「주차장법」의 개정으로 전용주차구획 확보와 주차요금 감면 등에 관한 제도 마련을 통해 전기자동차의 보급 확대 기반을 마련하였다. 본 논문은 환경친화적 자동차 중 전기자동차의 보급 촉진을 위하여 현행법에서 도입하고 있는 의무구매제도(Ⅱ), 자동차대여사업에서 전기자동차의 가중환산제도(Ⅲ) 및 주차특례제도(Ⅳ)의 법적 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 다만, 전기자동차 보급촉진제도의 일환인 전기자동차의 보조금제도는 이미 언급한 바 있고, 전기자동차 충전시설 관련 문제는 향후 별도로 다룰 예정이므로 논외로 한다. Vehicles have strongly related with improving the quality of life for the human being as the tool for increasing convenience of moving. The number of the registered vehicles in our country reaches about 21 million pieces standard by 2015. However, the diffusion rate of the environment-friendly motor vehicles including electric vehicles has not reached less than 1%. Recently, as the public interest on the issue of the fine dust harmful to the human bodies by frequent cause of high density fine dust becomes higher, the interest in the environment-friendly motor vehicles has become higher. The fact that the interested in advance purchase registration of Tesla model 3 in 2017 proves that the age of the electric vehicles has been initiated and various policies to extend the diffusion of the electric vehicles have been introduced all over the world. Electric vehicles can be raised as the growth engine for the new industry of the environment-friendly motor vehicles not emitting air pollutants. So far, the diffusion result of electric vehicles has been sluggish due to the merits that the electric vehicles have such as expensive vehicle cost, lack of charging related technology, insufficient various infrastructure. However, through the revision of the environment-friendly motor vehicles act in December 2015, the institutions to increase the diffusion of environment-friendly motor vehicles including electric vehicles have been established by creating compulsory purchasing of institutions other than the existing subsidy system and the compulsory installation of charging facilities in the public parking lots. In addition, through the revision of 「parking Lot Act」in January 2016, through securing exclusive parking area and the preparation of the institution for the exemption of the public parking fees, the base of extending the diffusion of electric vehicles has been prepared. The purpose of this study is to make legal considerations on the compulsory purchasing system (II), the weighted conversion system of electric vehicles in the rent-a-car business (III) and the special exception to parking system (IV) that has been accepted in the current law to promote the diffusion of electric vehicles among all environment-friendly motor vehicles.

전기자동차 모터 화인소음 저감을 위한 1D MBSE 모델 개발

박진환(Jinhwna Park),문재민(Jae min Moon),전경훈(Kyunghun Jeon),장혁균(HyukKyun Chang),김창완(Chang-Wan Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2021 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.6

최근 대기가스 배출량 및 연비 규제에 의해 전기자동차의 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 기존의 화석 연료를 연소시켜 구동되는 내연기관차와는 다르게 전기자동차는 배터리의 전기에너지로 모터를 회전시켜 구동에너지를 얻는다. 전기자동차는 전기모터를 사용하기 때문에 내연기관 차량대비 소음과 진동이 낮아진 특징이 있다. 그러나 내연기관 대신 전기모터를 사용함으로써 전반적으로 낮아진 소음 환경으로 인해 기존에는 문제로 대두되지 않았던 소음 문제들이 대두되고 있다. 모터의 화인소음(Motor Whine Noise), 감속기의 화인소음(Reducer Whine Noise) 등이 있다. 주로 사용되는 전기모터 단품 단위의 해석 및 시험을 통한 개발은 전체 전기자동차의 주행상황에 의해 발생하는 모터의 화인소음을 고려하지 못한다는 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전기자동차 전체 차량 시스템의 주행 및 구동상황을 고려하면서, 모터의 화인소음을 분석할 수 있는 1D MBSE(Model-Based System Engineering) 모델을 개발하고, 본 모델을 통해 모터의 화인소음을 저감할 수 있는 설계 방안을 제시한다.

전기추진 항공기용 전력전자 시스템 및 모터 동향분석

구본수(Bon-soo Koo),한동기(Dong-ki Han),최인호(In-ho Choi) 한국항공우주연구원 2019 항공우주산업기술동향 Vol.17 No.2

최근 항공분야에서 전기추진 항공기는 차세대 항공기로써, 효율향상 및 항공기의 소음 수준을 낮추기 위해 분산추진 기술이 적용된 전기추진 항공기를 개발 중에 있다. 이에 따라, 전기추진 시스템의 기술동향을 분석을 통해 앞으로 개발해야 할 방향을 선정 할 필요가 있으며 주요 장치인 인버터 및 모터를 전기추진 항공기에 적용이 필요하다. 이는 다른 어플리케이션과 달리 인버터의 높은 효율과 안정성, 모터의 소형화 및 높은 출력밀도 등을 요구한다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 전기 추진 시스템의 개념과 종류를 소개하고 전기추진 시스템에 활용된 인버터, 모터를 조사 및 분석하여 미래에 개발될 전기추진 항공기에 적용 가능한 기술을 파악하였다. The Electric propulsion aircraft are next-generation aircraft and electric propulsion aircraft with distributed propulsion technology is being developed to improve high efficiency and reduce noise levels. So, it is necessary to select the direction to be developed through analysis of the technological trends in the electric propulsion system. In addition, the application of the main equipment(inverter and motor) to the electric propulsion aircraft requires high efficiency and stability of inverter, miniaturization and high power density of motor unlike other applications. Therefore, this paper introduces main equipment of electric propulsion system, and analyze inverter/motor of electric propulsion system. Thus, the applicable technologies to future electric propulsion aircraft have been identified.

4륜구동 접이식 초소형 전기자동차 개발을 위한 In-wheel 모터 제어 시험장치 개발과 해석

정광우(Kwangwoo Jeong),이기범(Kibeom Lee),이민영(Minyoung Lee),서인수(In-Soo Suh) 한국자동차공학회 2013 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.5

As air pollution problem and scarcity of natural resources have been a big issue throughout the world, electric vehicle became alternative to the combustion engine driven vehicles. While lots of research and development are performed on electric vehicles, including charging infrastructure test bed launches, the micro-size electric vehicle is recently considered as a new urban transportation mode. In addition, a foldable body concept applied to the micro electric vehicles can be considered as an innovative design in automotive industry. With the foldable body powered by electric motors, the in-wheel electric motor design can provide huge benefit in design of the vehicle. In this paper, a motor performance test rig has been built with the in-wheel motor assembly in a wheel. The main objective of the test rig is to verify the motor control algorithm and design with a single set of the in-wheel motor assembly. The test rig system is composed of a surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor installed in a wheel, a load motor drive system, DC power supply battery system, and a motor controller. The dynamic model for the drive and load motor has been established in order to obtain the dynamic response characteristic of the test rig system.

Control Method for Performance Improvement of BLDC Motor used for Propulsion of Electric Propulsion Ship

Hyeonmin Jeon,Jaejung Hur,Kyoungkuk Yoon 해양환경안전학회 2019 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.25 No.6

직류전동기는 속도제어가 간단하고, 출력 토크특성이 우수한 장점으로 윈치나 카고 펌프 모터 등으로 선박에서 많이 사용되었으며, 전기추진선박이 도입된 초기에는 선박용 추진전동기로도 적용되었다. 하지만 브러시와 정류기와 같은 기계적 정류장치의 단점으로 인해 최근에는 직류전동기와 전기적인 특성은 매우 유사하지만 기계적인 정류장치를 설치하지 않고 반도체 소자를 이용한 전자적인 정류장치를 사용하는 브러시리스 직류전동기의 사용이 증가하고 있다. 기존의 브러시리스 직류전동기를 구동하기 위한 인버터 시스템은 2 상여자방식을 사용하므로 역기전력파형이 사다리꼴모양으로 되며, 이로인해 전류가 흐르는 권선이 바뀌는 상전류 전환 구간에서 고조파와 토크리플이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 고조파와 토크리플을 저감하기 위한 다양한 방안이 연구되어 발표되었으며, 본 연구에서는 전력분 석프로그램을 이용하여 브러시리스 직류전동기의 구동회로에 비례적분 속도전류제어기 알고리즘을 구현한 Cascaded H-Bridge 멀티레벨 인버터를 적용하였다. 모델링한 브러시리스 직류전동기의 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안하는 전동기의 구동방식을 적용하는 경우에 기존의 구동방식에 비해 전동기 입력측 전압파형 개선과 고조파 및 토크리플이 현저히 저감되는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. DC motors are used extensively on shipboard, including as the ship’s winch operating motor, owing to their simple speed control and excellent output torque characteristics. Moreover, they were used as propulsion motors in the early days of electric propulsion ships. However, mechanical rectifiers, such as brushes, used in DC motors have certain disadvantages. Hence, brushless DC (BLDC) motors are increasingly being used instead. While the electrical characteristics of both types of motors are similar, BLDC motors employ electronic rectifying devices, which use semiconductor elements, instead of mechanical rectifying devices. The inverter system for driving conventional BLDC motors uses a two-phase excitation method so that the waveform of the back electromotive force becomes trapezoidal. This causes harmonics and torque ripple in the phase current switching period in which the winding wire through which the current flows is changed. Researchers have studied and presented various methods to reduce the harmonics and torque ripple. This study applies a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter, which implements a proportional–integral speed current controller algorithm in the driving circuit of the BLDC motor for electric propulsion ships using a power analysis program. The simulation results of the modeled BLDC motor show that the driving method of the proposed BLDC motor improves the voltage waveform of the input side of the motor and remarkably reduces the harmonics and torque ripple compared with the conventional driving method.

초소형차용 후륜 인휠모터 시스템개발

김영렬(Youngryul Kim),김종수(Jongsu Kim),이준호(Junho Lee),이호영(Hoyoung Lee),권순오(Soono kwon) 한국자동차공학회 2020 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2020 No.11

When the in-wheel motor is applied to the vehicle, the differential gear and the drive shaft are removed, thereby increasing the spatial design freedom in the vehicle layout, and can also be used to control vehicle motion through independent torque control of the in-wheel motor. The point of design of the in-wheel motor is the harmonious and concise packaging of the surrounding components, such as suspension, brake, hub, and reduction gear, in a given space within the wheel. In particular, the inherent performance of the surrounding components shall not be reduced due to the mounting of the in-wheel motor. This study is about the design of the in-wheel motor for the rear wheels of a ultra-small electric truck, and the design of the in-wheel motor for vehicles with disc brake and torsion beam axle suspension. where the in-wheel motor was designed based on the excellent buried permanent magnetic motor motor in efficiency and size, and the reduction gear was applied with the planetary gear. In the primary design and manufacture of the motor, a motor with a small outer diameter and a long length in the axial direction of the motor was designed, but in the secondary design, the motor was able to increase the outer diameter of the motor and shorten the axial length of the motor by improving the packaging design with the brake caliper and packaging the reduction gear into the rotor of the motor.

하이브리드/전기자동차용 영구자석 모터의 열적 모델링과 냉각 시스템 최적 운전 제어에 대한 연구

김선진(Sunjin Kim),김귀택(Gwiteak Kim),정융(Yoong Jung),김민수(Min Soo Kim) 대한기계학회 2017 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2017 No.11

Because of the environmental issues, hybrid/electric vehicles are becoming the focus of the automotive industry and research field. From this trend, permanent magnet (PM) motors are receiving much attention because hybrid/electric vehicles can replace internal combustion engine as a PM motor to generate driving force. Like internal combustion engine, PM motor can produce power and also heat losses during the driving mode. So PM motor need cooling system to maintain the temperature lower than the temperature limit. So minimizing power consumption for the cooling system can directly affect the mileage extension of electric vehicle. So in this paper, optimal operation control of motor cooling system is studied based on the thermal characteristics of PM motor. For the optimizing PM motor cooling system, thermal modeling of PM motor is also conducted. If heat losses and heat transfer characteristics of PM motor are considered, cooling system control can be conducted efficiently. From the saving power of the cooling system, mileage extension of electric vehicle is calculated for the given driving mode. If the algorithm of the cooling system control is applied for another system of electric vehicle like battery or any other electrical component, electric vehicle driving range will be extended or battery size can be minimized.

50kW급 로켓 엔진용 전기펌프 모터의 개념 설계

김홍교(Hong-Kyo Kim),곽현덕(Hyun-Duck Kwak),최창호(Chang-Ho Choi),김정(Jeong Kim) 한국항공우주학회 2018 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.46 No.2

전기펌프시스템은 기존 터보펌프의 가스발생기, 구동기 및 터빈이 필요 없는 매우 간결한 구조를 갖고 있어 저가 소형 위성 발사체의 차세대 추진기관으로써 최근 주목받고 있다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 로켓엔진용 전기펌프 시스템의 가장 중요한 핵심부품인 영구자석 동기모터(PMSM)의 개발 및 발사체로의 적용 가능성을 파악하기 위하여 50 kW, 50,000 RPM의 성능을 가지는 전기모터에 대한 개념설계안을 도출하였다. 요구되는 전기모터의 성능을 만족시키기 위해서 전자기장해석을 수행하여 모터의 전체 외경과 회전자의 내경을 결정하였으며, 회전자는 4,000 가우스의 Sm2Co17 원통형 자석을 이용하여 Inconel 718 재료의 캔으로 체결하였다. 또한, 엔진구동시 모터 운전 영역에서의 회전 동역학적 안정성을 검증하기 위해서 회전체 동역학해석을 수행하였으며, Campbell 선도를 통하여 설계한 모터의 단품운전 뿐만 아니라 성능확인을 위한 Dynamo meter 운전 시에도 공진현상이 발생하지 않음을 해석적으로 확인할 수 있었다. Electric pump system is new technology for next generation propulsion unit. The system has simple structure which dose not need gas generator, injector and turbine and might better pump for low cost and low payload rocket. Therefore, this paper suggests conceptual design of electric-pump Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) which has 50 kW & 50,000 RPM for rocket. To satisfy the system’s requirement, electromagnetic analysis is conducted for suitable inner and outer diameter of stator and rotor which uses 4000 Gauss cylinder magnet and Inconel 718 can to fix whole rotor. Futhermore, to confirm rotational vibration, rotordynamics analysis is conducted. By this analysis, Campbell diagram is printed. From the diagram, natural frequency could be determined for the only motor and dynamo meter test bench.