동서기간항로 항만중심성에 관한 연구 - 사회 연결망 분석을 기반으로 -

이상윤 한국해양수산개발원 2015 해양정책연구 Vol.30 No.2

This study attempts to visualize the East-West trunk service network, in particular, Transpacific Route and Asia-Europe Route including Asia region recently generating tremendous inter-continental transportation demand as the world manufacturing center. The international shipping networks can be elaborated by adopting the concept of node centrality proposed by Social Network Analysis Method. Four types of centrality such as degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality are employed and, in consequence, the complicated and multiple aspects of the centrality of container ports can be explained and interpreted with more clear and meaningful implications. For instance, this empirical study involving 141 container ports reveals that the node centrality of Port of Pusan ranks first in terms of out-degree closeness and betweenness in Transpacific Route, which may explain the top position of Pusan for transshipment cargo in the Transpacific trade route, while also shows the weakness of the port in Asia-Europe service in terms of overall centrality indices lower than two Malaysian hub ports. 본 연구는 태평양항로와 유럽항로에 포함된 주요 항만들의 중심성을 사회 연결망 분석(Social Network Analysis)의 개념을 사용하여 측정하고 어떠한 이들이 특성을 보유하고 있는지를 상호비교해 보는 과정을 제안하고자 하였다. 기간항로상에 포함된 141개 항만을 대상으로 한 실증분석 결과 항만의 중심성과 관련된 유의미한 특성들을 관찰할 수 있었는데, 예를 들어 부산항은 유럽항로에 비해 태평양항로에서 전반적인 강점을 나타내고 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 특히 외향 근접 중심성과 매개 중심성은 태평양항로의 94개 항만 중 1위를 나타내었다. 그러나 유럽항로의 경우 근접 중심성이 매우 낮게 나타나고 있으며, 매개 중심성 역시 11위로서 다소 부진한 것으로 나타났다.

중ㆍ동 유럽 환경NGO의 정치화 과정

김성진(Kim, Sung Jin) 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2013 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.35 No.-

중ㆍ동 유럽 환경 NGO 중 16%만이 공산체제하에서 창설되었으며 대부분은 1989년부터 시작된 체제전환 이후 본격 활동을 시작했다. 슬로바키아 등 4개국 환경 NGO는 체제전환 과정에서 역량 축적도 없이 정치화해 녹색당으로 출범했다. 이들 녹색당은 1990년대 각국 선거를 통해 원내 진입을 노렸으나 결국 원외 소수정당으로 전락했고 이 때문에 다른 중ㆍ동 국가에서 환경 NGO의 정치화 시도도 전무했다. 2000년대 들어 중ㆍ동 유럽의 나머지 9개 국가의 환경 NGO가 녹색당을 출범시켰으나 대부분 원외 소수정당으로 남아있다. 중ㆍ동 유럽 녹색당 가운데 2013년 현재 원내 의석을 확보한 곳은 3개 국가의 녹색당이다. 역내 국가 중 가장 늦은 2008년에 창당된 헝가리 녹색당 LMP는 현재 16석의 원내 정당으로서 녹색당의 새 바람을 불러일으키며 침체에 빠진 다른 중ㆍ동 유럽 녹색정당의 전략적 대안이 되고 있다. Environmental NGOs generally focus on a variety of environmental issues and try to solve the problems. It's clear that environmental NGOs in Western Europe have remained successful with their green activities. In 1980s, Realpolitik convinced some environmental NGOs of a truth that green politics could be a real solution to solve the difficult environmental problems. New green parties were inaugurated in Western Europe. Especially German Greens hailed victory in the German Parliamentary Election. Some other Western Greens were in the early stage of take-off. However in East-Central Europe, civil societies and environmental NGOs were kept down by the communist regimes. Only 16% of the environmental NGOs in the region were founded before 1989. The region had very weak foundation to environmental movements. Only the dramatic transition since 1989 opened many doors to environmental NGOs. New NGOs founded everywhere and green movements began to be activated. Some NGOs in the region were swept away by the waves of forming political parties during the transition period and green parties were founded in 4 countries including Slovakia, Czech, Bulgaria and Romania. They are grossly ill-prepared and failed to be member of parliaments in each countries. Green Parties were newly founded by 9 countries in East-Central Europe since 2000. They were green parties of Slovenia, Albania, Montenegro, Poland, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Hungary. A large number of new green parties repeated the mistakes of their predecessors. In fact, as of 2013, only three green parties have a member of parliament. Greens of Macedonia and Serbia had only one member of parliament respectively. New Hungarian green party, LMP got 16 members of the Hungarian Parliament in the 2009 Election and became political ascendancy in the green politics of East-Central Europe. The LMP can be an strategic alternative to the other green parties in falling into arrears.

유럽에서의 한국학 연구 동향 및 방향

이민희(Lee, Min-heui) 한국어문학회 2016 語文學 Vol.0 No.134

This study purposes to examine the trends of Korean studies in Europe in order to check the contents and directions of Korean studies in the rapidly changing academic society. In particular, it examines the history, activities and achievements of the Central and East European Society of Koreanology (CEESOK), which has been actively engaged in researches on European studies for over the last 100 years in Europe. CEESOK has succeeded in developing Korean studies, which have been carried out independently since the communist era, while maintaining the political, economic and cultural traditions and academic color of the Central and Eastern European region. Since its formation in 2003, it has hosted academic conferences every year. Now it publishes its own academic journals online in Korea, providing communication and academic exchange with Korean researchers in Korea. Although it has a short history, it has a framework of Korean language education and Korean culture study in a bigger category of understanding oriental culture. It also has harvested various research results related to Korean studies. When examining the contents of the recent research papers presented at CEESOK conferences, we confirm that it has been moving on from the humanities-centered researches of literature, history, and philosophy and presenting a new direction to Korean Studies by crossing boundaries of the academic fields. It devotes itself to the study of Korean Studies, focusing on North Korea, politics, economy, society, art, culture, religion, history, and life. In the case of translation of Korean literature (classical, modern literature), Korean and Chinese researchers in Central and Eastern Europe have a high level of native language translation. It is also encouraging that the attitude of ‘literature-first, language-second’ is being promoted from the traditional approach of ‘language-fist, literature-second’, which is in relation to the increasing interest in Korean Studies. It is now time for Korean researchers to look into the results of the textual analyses and works done in the tradition of long-standing texts in Central and Eastern Europe including Russia. It is also requested to apply the perspectives and research methodologies of foreign scholars with excellent foreign language skills and broad perspectives to domestic studies. It is possible to pursue research on Korean Studies in response to the change of the times, when vigorous reflux work is carried out by systematically providing communication, academic exchanges, and team collaboration systems between Korean researchers and Korean researchers abroad.

지구적 이민, 정체성과 다문화주의

김시홍(Kim, Si-hong) 아시아·중동부유럽학회 2003 동유럽발칸학 Vol.5 No.2

탈냉전시대에 접어들면서 국제이민은 유럽사회에 중요한 문제로 대두되었다. 과거현실사회주의국가였던중동부유럽으로부터많은수의이민자들이 쇄도할 것이며 이로 인해 인종적 갈등이 심화될 것으로 보였다. 실제로 1990년대 초반까지 이 지역으로부터 이민자, 난민 및 망명신청자의 유입이 있었으나, 중반 이후에는 현격히 감소하기 시작하였다. 주된 이유로는 유럽연합의 회원국들이 자신들의 국경에 대한 통제를 강화했기 때문이었다. 2004년5월유럽연합에정식으로가입하게될예정국들은인구의유입국으로변모하고있다. 체코, 헝가리, 폴란드로들어오는이민자들은이들나라들을경과국으로여기며장차서유럽지역, 그중에서도독일로진입하려는의도를갖고있다. 그러나서유럽국들은이민자의수가증가하는것을원치않기 때문에 공동의 이민정책을 마련함으로써 이 문제에 대처하려는 움직임을 보이고 있다. 결국 불법이민이 증가하는 현상이 발견되며 이것이 심각한 쟁점으로부상될가능성이높아보인다. 이를해소하는방법으로서유럽국들의또 다른 희생과 양보가 필요하지만 가까운 미래에 해소되기 어려운 난제로 보인다. International migration has been a serious concern for Europe after 1989. It is believed that a number of people from East and Central Europe will invade western part of the continent and concomitantly raise conflicts among different ethnicities. But reality is such that in early 1990s there have been immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers from that region but shortly after those trends did not happen and member states of the EU chose somewhat 'fortress Europe' way. It is also true that candidate states are becoming importing foreign labor rather than exporting. In fact those who are coming to Czech, Hungary and Poland consider these countries as transit area, and in the long run want to move to the West. Nevertheless west European countries are reluctant to receive those people under the principle of 'zero migration'. In so doing, illegal immigration is increasing and might create tumultuous trouble among the peoples of Europe. To lessen the problem there needs another sacrifice of the western countries but it seems quite unrealizable in the foreseeable future.

후쿠시마 원전사고 이후 중 · 동유럽의 원자력정책

김성진(Kim, Sung-Jin) 아시아·중동부유럽학회 2012 동유럽발칸학 Vol.14 No.1

일본의 후쿠시마 원전 사고 이후 세계 각국의 원자력 정책은 원전 영구 폐쇄를 포함한 급진적 정책과 현상 유지라는 점진적 정책의 사이에 위치하고 있다. 안전 조치 강화로 원전 건설 및 운용비용도 상승하고 있다. 중·동유럽 원전 보유국들은 서유럽보다 원자력 의존도가 높고 신재생에너지 투자가 미흡하다는 점에서 현상유지나 원전확대를 정책으로 추진해왔다. 그러나 불가리아의 경우 EU가입 조건으로 노후 원전 4기를 폐쇄했고 후쿠시마 사고로 신규 원전건설마 저 포기해야 했다. 외적 환경에 의해 강요된 급진적 정책 수용이다. 불가리아의 사례는 다른 중·동유럽 원전 보유국의 정책도 외부환경의 개입으로 바뀔 수 있음을 보여주는 선험적 지표이다. The meltdown at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan had caused the world of nuclear power fall apart. One year after the disaster, world's attitudes about nuclear energy have become polarized between a radical change and a policy of status quo or a gradual change. A radical change of nuclear energy policy was made by Germany, Belgium and Italy. They vowed to quit nuclear energy. Instead, they are going to focus better and work toward developing renewable energy. Most of countries are maintaining of status quo policies with safety enhancement at nuclear power plants. It shows that these countries believe the benefits outweigh the risks. Six countries is operating nuclear reactors in the East-Central European region. They are Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. They have no choice but to take a gradual development or a status quo. Bulgaria was in a position of status of quo and gradual development with the attempt of building new nuclear power plant in Belene. But she failed to do because of the Fukushima accident. Bulgaria with the other East-Central nuclear countries is expected to be under pressure of radical change in nuclear energy policy. South Korea will continue its atomic energy buildup despite the nuclear disaster unfolding in Japan. The subtle change of Nuclear energy policy in East-Central European countries will be a point of reference to establishing future Korean Nuclear Energy Policy.

안보의 진공을 타개하기 위한 약소국의 선택

김신규(Kim, Shin-Kyu) 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2012 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.32 No.-

약소국이 안보를 위해서 선택하는 정책과 전략은 무의미하며 주변 강대국의 자비로운 의지와 국제관계의 특정한 상황 속에서만 보장될수 있는 것인가. 본 논문에서는 이러한 질문에 대한 답을 찾기 위해 강대국의 위협에 직면한 약소국들이 어떤 선택을 했는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 전간기 중·동부유럽을 둘러싸고 벌어진 일련의 사건은 국제관계 이론과 외교정책 이론의 검증 사례로 많이 이용되고 있으며, 동시에 약소국의 외교정책과 안보전략이 실패했던 대표적인 사례로 인용되고 있다. 전간기 중·동부유럽은 이 지역을 둘러싼 강대국들 간의 국제관계와 강대국과 약소국의 관계 그리고 약소국과 약소국의 관계를 통해 생존을 위해 투쟁해야 했던 약소국들이 어떤 선택을 했는지를 살펴볼 수 있는 가장 대표적인 사례이다. 더군다나 그들이 선택했던 방안은 사실상 아무런 효력도 발휘하지 못했기 때문에 본 논문에서는 약소국이 강대국의 직접적인 군사적 위협에 처하게 될 경우 어떠한 전략을 선택하는 것이 타당한지를 제시한다. 이러한 목적을 위해 본 논문에서는 약소국이 선택할 수 있는 다양한 전략을 살펴보며, ‘가상사실(counterfactuals)’을 통해 만약 그러한 전략이 아닌 다른 전략을 선택했다면 어떠한 결과가 나타나게 되었을지를 평가한다. Are the policies and strategies which weak and small states choose to follow for ensuring their's own security meaningless? Can the fate of weak states be guaranteed only by the neighboring benign strong states and be in certain international relations favoring for them? In this paper, to answer these questions, what kinds of security policies and foreign policies had small states chosen which were in the face of threats of great powers will be examined. Between the two world war, the series of event which took place in central and eastern European countries(CEEc) have been selected to examine the hypothesis and theories of international relations and foreign policies, and at the same time cited as examples of failed foreign policy and security strategy. During interwar periods, CEEc were the prime examples for examining what kind of policies and strategies had the small states chosen over the international relations in which the smalls had to struggle to survive between neighbouring the powers and between the hostiles. Furthermore, for the measures which the smalls had chosen had no effect when the great power threatened military to them, the main purpose of this paper is to examine what was the best choose to depend their survival. For this purpose, in this paper, several strategies which the smalls can choose and the counterfactuals, that is "if the smalls chosen another strategies, they could...", will be examined.

Trends of Import and Export by Each Continent in Korea and Plans to Increase Exports

Soo-Ho Choi(최수호) 한국콘텐츠학회 2018 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.18 No.11

본 연구의 목적은 각 대륙별 한국의 수출입액 동향을 살펴보고, 향후 한국 수출을 증대하기 위한 방안을 찾아보는데 있다. 각 대륙은 아시아, 유럽, 북미, 중남미, 중동을 선정하였다. 분석기간은 2000년 1월부터 2018년 4월까지 총 220개월이며, 관세청에서 자료를 수집하였다. 회귀분석결과, Coefficient가 아시아, 유럽, 북미, 중동, 중남미 순으로 높게 나왔다. 각 대륙별 시장은 서로 독립적으로 움직이고, t통계량과 p-value(≦0.01)에서 통계적으로 유의하게 산출되었다. 최근 유럽, 중동, 중남미가 새로운 시장으로 부각되고 있다. 향후 한국의 수출 증대를 위해서는 중국과 동남아시아를 비롯한 아시아 시장에 대한 지속적인 관심이 필요하다. 또한 새로운 시장으로 떠오르는 유럽, 중동, 중남미에 대한 수출비중을 높이기 위해 효율적인 대응전략을 마련해야 한다. The purpose of this study is to examine the trends of import and export of Korea by each continent and to find ways to increase export to Korea in the future. Each continent selected Asia, Europe, North America, Central and South America, and the Middle East. The analysis period was 220 months from January 2000 to April 2018, and data were collected from the KCS. Regression analysis showed that the coefficient was higher in Asia, Europe, North America, Middle East and Latin America. The markets of each continent moved independently of each other and were statistically significant at t statistic and p-value(≤0.01). As a result of this study, Asia and North America have been major export markets in Korea. Europe, the Middle East and Central and South America are emerging as new markets in Korea. In order to increase Korea’s exports in the future, there is a need for continued interest in Asian markets including China & Southeast Asia.

CONSUMER INNOVATIVENSS AMONG YOUNG-ADULT CONSUMERS: COMPARING EAST ASIA AND CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

Zhonghui Ding,Davor Vuchkovski,Vesna Žabkar,Morikazu Hirose,Vatroslav Škare,Đurđana Ozretić Došen,Matevž Rašković 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

Since Levitt’s (1983) utopic proclamation of globalization-driven market and consumer convergence the determinants, consequences and challenges of addressing globalization have been scrutinized by academics, managers and policy makers. After more than 3 decades of research, however, “there is [still] a dearth of empirical research on its [globalization’s] impact upon consumers” (Cleveland et al., 2016, p. 1090). Such research should also be positioned within a new conceptual framework of geo-economics – resulting in “unique outcomes in different geographic areas” (Merz et al., 2008, p. 169) – where the relationship between regionalism and so-called glocal consumer identities has remained relatively unexplored (Cleveland et al., 2016). International marketers have also been increasingly moving away from country- towards customer-centric approaches (Riefler et al., 2012, p. 285). Young-adult consumers (18-30 years) are believed to be a more homogeneous cohort in terms of their consumer behavior under globalization (Carpenter et al., 2012), as they are seen as glocal citizens (Strizhakova, Coulter, & Price, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to analyze two key consumption-based variables – innate consumer innovativeness (Baumgartner & Steenkamp, 1996) and consumer ethnocentrism (Shimp & Sharma, 1987) – for FMCGs among young-adult consumers across two regions – Central and Eastern Europe (Slovenia, Croatia) and East Asia (China, Japan). Table 1 summarizes the consumer innovativeness and ethnocentrism scores from four matched student samples. Our preliminary results support young adult’s glocal consumer identity (Douglas & Craig, 2011), going beyond regional differences. 5-point ordinal scales Slovenia (n=246) Croatia (n=243) China (n=208) Japan (n=233) Con. innovativeness 4.49 (1.22) 4.70 (1.22) 4.69 (1.19) 4.33 (0.92) Ethnocentrism 2.78 (1.39) 2.93 (1.33) 2.46 (1.29) 2.87 (1.23) Pair-wise correl. 0.146 (p <0.05) 0.03 -0.151 (p <0.05) -0.03