‘대한민국임시정부의 법통 계승’의 규범적 의미

장영수(Chang, Young-soo) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구원 2024 아세아연구 Vol.67 No.4

The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was formed on April 11, 1919, through the integration of the Korean National Assembly, the Shanghai Provisional Government , and the Hanseong Government, which was secretly organized in Korea, inspired by the March 1st Movement in 1919. Since then, it has served as a symbol of the independence movement, like a ray of light in the darkness of the Japanese colonial period.<BR/> The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in 1919 can be said to be the starting point of the Republic of Korea. Although there is controversy over the date of the founding of the Republic of Korea due to the controversy over National Foundation Day, no one can deny that the name of the Republic of Korea and the official declaration to establish the Republic of Korea as a democratic state were initiated by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.<BR/> Nevertheless, after the enactment of the Constitution and the establishment of the government in 1948, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was forgotten for a while. Especially after the Korean War, interest in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was not great due to the hostile confrontation between the South and the North and the economic reconstruction after the war.<BR/> However, when the provision of “succeeding the legal tradition of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea” was added to the preamble of the current Constitution through the 9th amendment in 1987, the historical significance of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and its modern reinterpretation emerged as important issues related to the identity of the Republic of Korea. There has been much research and discussion on this issue.<BR/> The addition of the phrase “succeeding the legal tradition of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea” to the preamble of the Constitution through the 9th amendment in 1987 can be seen as confirming the legitimacy and justification of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea through a national referendum, although it may be late. Furthermore, by succeeding the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea before the division, not only can we secure the upper hand in historical legitimacy in our relationship with North Korea, but the spirit of self-reliance and self-reliance of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea can also be seen as having great significance as a coordinate for unification.

사회주의 민족운동과 대한민국 정부

이준식 한국근현대사학회 2009 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.48 No.-

This article shall review that socialist movement during the Japanese Colonial Period in Korean peninsula should affect the establishment of government of Republic of Korea. After it had appeared as a branch of nationalist movement, the socialist movement left, disputed, reconciled and solidified with the nationalist movement. As the solidarity between the two became a general trend since the mid 1930s, a democratic republic and a equal economy would be a core idea in establishing new nation, represented by each group of national movement. Nationalists had never though the capitalism was a ideal system and they had never been in the strict position on anti-communism. On the contrary, they wanted to establish new system which should overcome the contradiction and limitation of the socialism and capitalism. Socialists would be acknowledged to withhold or reserve a proletarian revolution and proletarian dictatorship and to make a concrete solidarity with nationalists in order to liberate Korean people under Japanese Imperialism. The establishment of Republic of Korea in 1948 was extended in the lien with above national movements. A lot of Korean people had a left-wing mind in establishment of New Nation under the disordered political situation after the liberation from Japanese Imperialism. Even the anti-communists gave an assent to the state ownership on several important industries, the land reform and the controlling economy. The Original Constitution of Republic of Korea ordinated under this circumstances. The Original Constitution had the factors from liberty and equality which were core value of modern society, but the Constitution strongly contained and preferred the factors related to equality rather than liberty. This was prominent especially in economic provisions of the Constitution. The current Constitution of Republic of Korea apparently describes succeeding the legal identity of the Provisional Republic of Korea Government born of the March First Independence Movement of 1919. The Provisional Republic of Korea Government showed a feature of the alliance of right-wing and left-wing since it had started. The Government operated and performed its mission and goal actively when the consolidation between left and right was accomplished. The socialist movement had contributed to extend the scope of the national movement as it had in that Government. Through the consolidation between socialism and nationalism, the nationalist movement, before August 15, 1945, had already reached to an agreement on the framework of the newly established Nation. The core ideas in establishing New Nation which presented by each major national movement groups were very similar in organizing a perfect independent state, introducing a democratic republic and enforcing equal economy. And the each movement group’s ideas in establishment of the Nation was succeeded by several political groups and parties’s ideas in describing the Original Constitution, under the political situation after the independence. The reason that the Original Constitution could contain ‘most’ progressive provisions under at that time of the south Korean system, was the historical backgrounds like above. This article shall review that socialist movement during the Japanese Colonial Period in Korean peninsula should affect the establishment of government of Republic of Korea. After it had appeared as a branch of nationalist movement, the socialist movement left, disputed, reconciled and solidified with the nationalist movement. As the solidarity between the two became a general trend since the mid 1930s, a democratic republic and a equal economy would be a core idea in establishing new nation, represented by each group of national movement. Nationalists had never though the capitalism was a ideal system and they had never been in the strict position on anti-communism. On the contrary, they wanted to establish new system which should overcome the contradiction and limitation of the socialism and capitalism. Socialists would be acknowledged to withhold or reserve a proletarian revolution and proletarian dictatorship and to make a concrete solidarity with nationalists in order to liberate Korean people under Japanese Imperialism. The establishment of Republic of Korea in 1948 was extended in the lien with above national movements. A lot of Korean people had a left-wing mind in establishment of New Nation under the disordered political situation after the liberation from Japanese Imperialism. Even the anti-communists gave an assent to the state ownership on several important industries, the land reform and the controlling economy. The Original Constitution of Republic of Korea ordinated under this circumstances. The Original Constitution had the factors from liberty and equality which were core value of modern society, but the Constitution strongly contained and preferred the factors related to equality rather than liberty. This was prominent especially in economic provisions of the Constitution. The current Constitution of Republic of Korea apparently describes succeeding the legal identity of the Provisional Republic of Korea Government born of the March First Independence Movement of 1919. The Provisional Republic of Korea Government showed a feature of the alliance of right-wing and left-wing since it had started. The Government operated and performed its mission and goal actively when the consolidation between left and right was accomplished. The socialist movement had contributed to extend the scope of the national movement as it had in that Government. Through the consolidation between socialism and nationalism, the nationalist movement, before August 15, 1945, had already reached to an agreement on the framework of the newly established Nation. The core ideas in establishing New Nation which presented by each major national movement groups were very similar in organizing a perfect independent state, introducing a democratic republic and enforcing equal economy. And the each movement group’s ideas in establishment of the Nation was succeeded by several political groups and parties’s ideas in describing the Original Constitution, under the political situation after the independence. The reason that the Original Constitution could contain ‘most’ progressive provisions under at that time of the south Korean system, was the historical backgrounds like above.

대한민국 임시정부와 민주주의

한시준 ( Han Seejun ) 단국사학회 2019 史學志 Vol.59 No.-

To cite the biggest change in the history of the Korean race, what can be said? There are many opinions, but the history of Monarch has changed to that of Popular Sovereignty. This transition was prompted by the 3.1 Movement and the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The history of the nation changed when it declared itself an independent nation on March 1, 1919, and 40 days later, on April 11, 1919, it was founded as an independent nation ‘Republic of Korea'. The Republic of Korea was founded as a nation of Popular Sovereignty. The establishment of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea has also greatly changed national history. It has been transformed into a history of Democratic Republics through the Constitution of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea established the Constitution and operated the government based on the Constitution to establish and develop Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Republics. On April 11, 1919, < The Korean Provisional Charter of the Constitution > enacted as a constitution based on democratic principles and ran the government based on it. Since then, the Constitution has been supplemented and amended on five occasions until the amendment of < The Korean Provisional Charter of the Constitution > in April 1944. The operation and experience of a government based on the constitution has become a major asset in the establishment and development of a democratic republic. It was The Korean Provisional Congress that contributed greatly to the settlement and development of democracy. The Korean Provisional Congress was a legislative body of the interim government of the Republic of Korea, consisting of lawmakers representing each local people. It had The Korean Provisional Congress as an organization to collect the opinions of the people and ran the government under The Korean Provisional Congress's resolution. The Korean Provisional Congress have been running around political parties since the 1930s. In 1942, left-wing parties and groups joined the parliament, which also resulted in the creation of the ruling party and opposition parties. This experience achieved the origin of party politics and served as a great stepping stone to the establishment and development of Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Republics.

중요사항별로 살펴본 헌법전사

허완중 전남대학교 법학연구소 2021 법학논총 Vol.41 No.3

Constitutional history generally takes as a starting point the enactment of the constitution in the modern meaning, which contains content on the protection of basic rights and separation of powers. The Constitution of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea corresponds to the constitution in the modern meaning. Therefore, the history of the Korean constitution must be traced back to at least April 11, 1919, when the Provisional Charter of the Republic of Korea was enacted. The historical process directly related to the establishment of the constitution in the modern meaning is called pre-constitutional history. In this respect, the pre-constitutional history is a link between before and after the establishment of the constitution in the modern meaning. Joseon and the Korean Empire were tyrannical monarchies. However, on April 11, 1919, the Provisional Charter of the Republic of Korea was drafted and the Republic of Korea was founded, and a democratic republic was proclaimed. There was a civil revolution that moved from empire to republic. Therefore, korean pre-constitutional history is the process of establishing the Republic of Korea as a democratic republic in which the subjects who have awakened to the people overcame the old system of secular politics. A constitutional code and a meaningful document containing constitutional matters are called a constitutional document. Contemporaneous thinking on the Constitution is expressed not only in the Constitutional Code, but also in various forms of documents. In this respect, constitutional documents are useful guides for understanding the history of the Constitution, especially the pre-constitutional history. Several constitutional documents are related to the pre-constitutional history. The country's name, which is closely related to the determination of the people and territory, and expresses the basic character of the country, was confirmed as the Republic of Korea through Joseon and the Korean Empire. The Republic of Korea refers to a country for all people, composed mainly of the korean nation. The form of state established by the Constitution was established as a democratic republic from the Provisional Charter of the Republic of Korea in 1919 and maintained until now. Republicanism emerged in earnest after efforts to change the tyrannical monarchy into a constitutional monarchy failed, overcoming the challenge of bluntism and becoming the basic principle of the Constitution. The subject of constitutional enactment emerged as the people built the Republic of Korea after a long struggle. The state domain is the basis of the people's living and the spatial scope of the state's power. Joseon and the Korean Empire did not give up their territories even in the face of constant threats and invasions from powers, so the territory of the Republic of Korea inherits the original territories of Joseon and the Korean Empire. The constitution in the modern meaning was enacted to guarantee the freedom and rights of the people. In Korea, the concept of equality has traditionally emerged, and the people have constantly fought for the abolition of the class system and realized it. And the concept of freedom imported from the West was immediately understood and put into practice. So, when the Provisional Charter of the Republic of Korea was drafted, freedom and rights were specifically stipulated. Therefore, when the Provisional Charter of the Republic of Korea was enacted, freedom and rights were stipulated in detail. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established after several attempts to establish a government in exile and a provisional government. 헌법사는 일반적으로 기본권 보호와 권력분립에 관한 내용을 담은 헌법인 근대적 의미의 헌법 제정을 출발점으로 삼는다. 대한민국 임시정부 헌법은 근대적 의미의 헌법에 해당한다. 따라서 한국 헌법사는 최소한 대한민국 임시헌장을 제정한 1919년 4월 11일로 거슬러 올라가야 한다. 근대적 의미의 헌법 제정과 직접 관련이 있는 역사적 과정을 헌법전사라고 한다. 이러한 점에서 헌법전사는 근대적 의미의 헌법 제정 이전과 이후를 연결하는 고리이다. 조선과 대한제국은 전제군주국이었다. 그런데 1919년 4월 11일 대한민국 임시헌장을 만들고 대한민국을 건국하면서 민주공화국이 선포되었다. 제국에서 공화국으로 넘어가는 시민혁명이 일어난 것이다. 따라서 한국 헌법전사는 전제군주정 아래에서 삼정문란을 가져온 세도정치라는 구체제를 어떻게 극복하고 인민으로 각성한 신민이 민주공화국인 대한민국을 세우는 과정이다. 헌법전과 헌법사항을 담은 의미 있는 문서를 아울러 헌법문서라고 한다. 헌법에 관한 당대의 사고는 헌법전뿐 아니라 다양한 형식의 문서로 결집하여 표출되기도 한다. 이러한 점에서 헌법사, 특히 헌법전사를 이해하는 데 헌법문서는 유용한 길잡이가 된다. 헌법전사와 관련이 있는 헌법문서에는 혁신정강 14조, 12개 폐정개혁안, 홍범 14조, 헌의 6조, 국태민안・칙어, 대한국 국제, 성명회 선언서, 대동단결선언, 무오독립선언서, 2・8 독립선언서, 3・1 독립선언서 등이 있다. 국민 및 영토 확정과 밀접한 관련이 있고, 나라의 기본성격을 표현하는 국호는 조선과 대한제국으로 거쳐 대한민국으로 확정되었다. 대한민국은 한민족을 중심으로 구성된 국민 모두를 위한 국가를 가리킨다. 헌법이 창설하는 국가 형태는 1919년 대한민국 임시헌장부터 민주공화국으로 확정되어 지금까지 유지된다. 공화주의는 전제군주제를 입헌군주제로 바꾸려는 노력이 무산되고 나서 본격적으로 등장하여 복벽주의의 도전을 물리치고 헌법의 기본원리가 되었다. 헌법을 만들고 고치는 주체는 인민으로 각성한 신민이 오랜 투쟁 끝에 시민으로 각성하고 나서 대한제국이 국가로서 기능하지 못하면서 나타난 자연상태를 민족으로 뭉쳐 극복하여 대한민국을 건설하면서 국민이 되어 나타났다. 국가영역은 국민이 사는 토대이면서 국가권력이 미치는 공간적 범위이다. 조선이 청나라와 백두산정계비를 세운 이후에 조선과 대한제국은 열강의 끊임없는 위협과 침략 속에도 영토를 조금도 포기하지 않아서 대한민국의 영토는 조선과 대한제국의 고유영토를 그대로 계승한다. 근대적 의미의 헌법은 국민의 자유와 권리를 보장하려고 제정되었다. 한국에서는 전통적으로 평등 개념이 등장하여 인민이 끊임없이 신분제 폐지를 위해서 싸워 실현하였다. 그리고 서양에서 수입한 자유 개념도 곧바로 이해하여 실천하는 데 이르렀다. 그래서 대한민국 임시헌장을 만들 때 자유와 권리가 구체적으로 규정되었다. 대한민국 임시정부는 광무 황제(고종)의 7차례 국내 망명 시도에 이은 국외 망명정부 시도와 미주에서 싹튼 임시정부 수립 노력이 발전적으로 결합하여 만들어진 것이다.

민주헌정의 관점에서 본 대한민국임시정부헌법과 제헌헌법의 관계

김수용 한국헌법학회 2019 憲法學硏究 Vol.25 No.1

비교헌정사적으로 근대 민주국가는 봉건질서를 타파하고자 하는 민주시민의 탄생과 민주시민에 의한 시민혁명 발발, 민주시민들을 대표하는 의회 조직, 의회에서 민주시민들의 요구를 반영한 헌법 제정, 헌법에 입각한 민주국가 수립, 민주국가를 실현할 구체적인 법령 마련, 헌법 제정과 실천 과정에서 미흡했던 내용을 반영한 헌법 개정 등의 과정으로 진행된다. 1919년 4월 11일에 건립된 민주공화국 대한민국도 이러한 과정을 거쳐 탄생하였다. 즉 1919년 3.1혁명 이전에 민주시민들이 탄생하였고, 그들이 중심이 되어 1919년 3.1혁명을 일으켰다. 1919년 4월 10일 저녁 10시경에는 민주시민의 대표자들이 대한민국 임시의정원을 개원하였다. 대한민국 임시의정원은 1919년 4월 11일에 대한민국헌법(대한민국임시헌장)을 제정하였다. 1919년 민주공화국 대한민국은 1919년 4월 대한민국헌법에 따라 1919년 4월 11일에 건립되었다. 이후 대한민국 임시의정원은 민주공화국 대한민국을 운영하는데 필요한 법령 등을 마련하였다. 그리고 1919년 9월 11일에는 1919년 4월 대한민국헌법 이후 미흡한 내용들을 반영하여 제1차 헌법 개정을 하였다. 대한민국임시정부헌법은 총 5차에 걸쳐 개정이 되었는데, 해방 이전 마지막 개정은 1944년 4월 22일에 이루어졌다. 1944년 대한민국헌법은 제61조에서 헌법 개정에 관한 규정을 두고 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 1948년 7월 12일에 제정되고 7월 17일에 공포된 제헌헌법(1948년 대한민국헌법)은 1944년 대한민국헌법을 개정하는 방식이 아니라 헌법 제정 절차에 따라 새롭게 제정되었다. 그러나 1944년 대한민국헌법과 1948년 제헌헌법은 기본편제가 유사한 점, 두 헌법 모두 제1조에서 대한민국이 민주공화국임을 규정하고 있는 점, 1948년 7월 7일 국회 본회의에서의 대한민국 정체성 논쟁과 결정 내용 등을 종합할 때, 1948년 제헌헌법은 헌법 제정 절차에 따라 제정되었지만 실질은 1944년 대한민국헌법의 개정 또는 전면 개정이라고 할 수 있다. On April 11, 1919, the first Constitution of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea(hereinafter “the Korean Constitution of 1919”) was enacted and was promulgated in Shanghai, China. The Article 1 of the Constitution says “The Republic of Korea shall be a democratic republic.” The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea(hereinafter “the Republic of Korea of 1919”) was established by the Korean Constitution of 1919 in the course of the March 1st Revolution caused by democratic citizens. The Korean Constitution of 1919 was revised five times until liberation from Japanese imperialism. The last Constitution(hereinafter “the Korean Constitution of 1944”) was revised on April 22, 1944. After liberation from Japanese imperialism, the Constitution of the Republic of Korea(hereinafter “the Korean Constitution of 1948”) was enacted on July 12, 1948 and was promulgated on July 17, 1948. On August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea(hereinafter “the Republic of Korea of 1948”) was established by the Korean Constitution of 1948. The Article 1 of the Constitution also says “The Republic of Korea shall be a democratic republic.” like that of the Korean Constitution of 1919. On July 7, 1948, the National Assembly of 1948 decided the identity of Republic of Korea of 1948 as follows. “We, the people of Korea, proud of a resplendent history and traditions dating from time immemorial, upholding the great spirit of independence, as manifested in the establishment of the Republic of Korea in the course of the March 1st independence movement, now at this time engaged in reconstructing a democratic, independent country are determined.” In other words, the Republic of Korea of 1919 was established by the Korean Constitution of 1919 on April 11, 1919, then it was reestablished by the Korean Constitution of 1948 on August 15, 1948. In summary, after liberation from Japanese imperialism, the Korean Constitution of 1948 was made by new process even though the Korean Constitution of 1944 had the process of revision. But I think that the Korean Constitution of 1948 was the revised constitution of the Korean Constitution of 1944 based on the decision of the National Assembly of 1948 on July 7, 1948, the same Article 1 of two Constitutions(the Korean Constitution of 1919 and the Korean Constitution of 1948) and the similar formation of two Constitutions, etc.

3・1운동의 3・1혁명으로서 헌법사적 재해석 : 건국절 논란과 연관하여

김광재(KIM Gwangjae) 전남대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.39 No.1

2019년은 3･1혁명과 대한민국임시정부 수립 100주년을 맞아 지난 100년을 되돌아보고 새로운 100년을 시작해야 할 중요한 해이다. 2019년이야말로 지난 100년 간 왜곡되고 뒤틀린 것들이 제대로 규명되고 정체(正體)를 되찾음으로써 새로운 100년의 정초(定礎)를 다지는 해가 되도록 해야 할 것이다. 그동안 우리는 3･1혁명을 3･1운동이라 명명하면서 그 의의를 독립운동이라는 대외적 측면에 국한해왔다. 3･1혁명은 독립운동일 뿐만 아니라 남녀노소 모든 인민(국민)이 참여하여 기존 질서에 항거하고 이후 대한민국임시정부의 수립을 이끈, 즉 민주공화국으로의 역사적 전환을 가져온 혁명이란 점에 주목해야 한다. 이 점은 영국, 프랑스, 러시아, 중국, 미국 등의 세계적 혁명사례들과 비교해보면 더욱 명확해진다. 2000년대 중반 이후 건국절(일) 논란이 사그라들지 않고 있다. 대한민국(정식)정부 수립일인 1948년 8월 15일이라는 입장과 대한민국임시정부 수립일인 1948년 4월 11일이라는 입장이 대립한다. 기념일 지정에 대한 우리와 베트남, 인도네시아, 미국, 프랑스, 중국 등 세계 각국의 태도를 살펴보면, 역사적 사건의 완성일(종결일)이 아닌 출발일(촉발일)을 기념하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 4월 11일은 대한민국(임시정부) 출범일로서, 7월 24일은 대한민국(정식)정부 출범일로서, 8월 15일은 광복절이자 대한민국(정식)정부 국민축하일로서, 3월 1일은 혁명일이자 대한민국의 출발일(촉발일)로서 각 의미를 갖는다. 이와 같이 본고는 3･1혁명과 대한민국임시정부 수립 100주년을 맞아 대한민국의 발원일이 3월 1일에 있음을 정확히 인지하고, 3･1혁명과 그로 인해 건립된 대한민국임시정부의 헌법사적 의의와 가치를 재정립하고자 하였다. The Republic of Korea celebrated the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and the March 1st Revolution in 2019. Thus, this year is an important year to look back on the past 100 years and start a new century. In 2019, we will have to recover the distorted and undiscovered history of the past 100 years. So we have to make it a year to set a new 100-year framework. In the meantime, we have referred to the March 1st Revolution as the March 1st Movement and have limited its significance to the independence movement as the external aspect. It should be noted that the March Revolution was not only an independent movement, but a revolution that led to the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and also the historical transition to the Democratic Republic. This point becomes clearer when compared with the cases of global revolution such as Britain, France, Russia, the United States and China. Since the mid-2000s, the controversy over the date of the national foundation day has not diminished. The position of August 15, 1948, the date of establishment of the Republic of Korea, and April 11, 1948, the date of the establishment of the Pro- visional Government of the Republic of Korea, are in conflict. Looking at attitudes of countries such as Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, the United States, China, and France to designate the anniversary, we can see that they commemorate the start date (date of the event), not the completion date of the historical event. The April 11th is the launch date for the Republic of Korea (Provisional Government). The July 24th is the day of the Korean (official) government. The August 15th is the day of independence and it is the celebration day of the Korean government. The March 1st is the day of revolution and the beginning date of Korea. Thus, in recognition of the 100th anniversary of the Korean Revolution and the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, this study correctly recognized that the start date of the Republic of Korea was on March 1st. And this study focused on redefining the Constitutional meaning and value of the Provisional Government of Korea which was established through the Korean Revolution.

1932-1945년 대한민국 임시의정원의 모습과 그 헌정사적 의의

김현정 한국공법학회 2019 공법연구 Vol.48 No.1

The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was first established in Shanghai, China in 1919. From 1932 to 1940, however, it had to move from one city to another. Political ideas and different opinions divided independence activists groups and the operation of the Provisional Government stagnated. Things were also not easy for the Provisional Assembly of the Republic of Korea that allowed the Provisional Government a kind of democratic legitimacy as the parliament and had the authority to amend the Constitution of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Despite the difficulties it faced, it supported the Provisional Government through the standing committee. As the situation improved, the Provisional Government could finally settle down in Chongqing, China in 1940. Right wing parties got consolidated into one political party, Korean Independence Party, and it served as a kind of a ruling party in the Provisional Assembly ever since. Left wing independence activists groups including Chosun People’s Revolutionary Party eventually decided to join the Provisional Government and the Provisional Assembly in 1942, and the members of these groups won some seats in the Assembly. It was meaningful from the perspective of constitutional history in that now the Provisional Assembly was able to represent more independence activists and more diverse opinions. This significant change led to the Constitution amendment process in which debates and compromises were made between the ruling party and the opposition parties. The text of the constitutional clauses about the Provisional Assembly did not change that much during the period from 1932 to 1945, but participation of the left wing groups raised its status as the representative body. 본래 대한민국 임시정부는 1919년 상해에서 설립되어 활동하였다. 그러나 1932년부터 1940년까지는 상해를 떠나 중국 각지를 전전해야 했다. 이 시기는 국제 정세나 경제적 여건 등 여러 측면에서 임시정부에 어려운 시기였으며, 독립운동 세력이 분열된 가운데 임시정부의 활동이 매우 침체된 시기였다. 임시정부의 의회였던 대한민국 임시의정원도 운영이 쉽지 않았으나 상임위원회를 중심으로 임시정부의 명맥을 이어갈 수 있도록 뒷받침하였다. 상황이 호전되고 1940년 임시정부가 중경에 정착한 뒤, 우선 우파 독립운동 세력이 임시의정원에 참여하고 한국독립당으로 통합되었다. 이어 1942년에는 조선민족혁명당 등 좌파 독립운동 세력이 임시의정원에 진출하기에 이르렀다. 이로써 임시의정원은 좌와 우를 아우르는 기관으로서의 지위를 갖게 되었다. 임시정부와 임시의정원이 실제로 국민을 얼마나 대표할 수 있었는가라는 사실적 한계는 지속적으로 제기되고 있지만, 좌우 합작운동이 임시의정원에서 상당 부분 결실을 맺었다. 이는 다시 좌우의 토론과 타협에 의한 대한민국 임시정부헌법 개정 과정으로써 다시 한번 그 헌정사적 의의를 드러내었다. 1932년부터 1945년에 이르는 시기 임시정부헌법문서 상으로 드러나는 임시의정원의 역할은 아주 크게 변화한 것은 아니다. 그러나 좌익 세력의 참여로 인해 사상을 달리하는 여러 독립운동 세력을 모으는 구심점으로서의 역할이 강화되었음을 알 수 있다.

1948년 ‘건국론’의 불성립과 파급 영향

한시준 ( Han See-jun ) 단국사학회 2017 史學志 Vol.54 No.-

‘Founding the Republic of Korea in 1948’ theory is an assertion that the Republic of Korea was initially founded in 1948. Such an assertion was brought up in earnest as Lee Myung-bak administration was launching in 2008; and it aroused huge controversies. This is not an easy task. Most of all, the assertion that the Republic of Korea was founded in 1948 does not have any historical reference or logic. Moreover, if it is confirmed that the Republic of Korea was founded in 1948, burdens and harms which the government of the Republic of Korea and our descendants shall take are not so few. The ‘founding in 1948’ theory is not only historically unfactual but also legally and commonsensically irrational. In our history, the establishments of the Republic of Korea are twice: the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in 1919, and the Government of the Republic of Korea in 1948. When the first National Assembly framing the constitution established the Government of the Republic of Korea, never did the assembly claim that it founded the Republic of Korea. Rather, it inherited and rebuilt -succeeded, in other word-the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The ‘founding in 1948’ theory is unconstitutional and not commonsensical. Both the original constitution of 1948 and the amended constitution of 1987 confirm that the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. The assertion that the Republic of Korea was founded in 1948 is nothing but the denial of the constitution. It does not logically match with common sense. Korea University and Ewha Women’s University have used their names since August of 1946, their histories root on Bosung College founded in 1905 and on Ewha School founded in 1886. Although the names of the schools and the founders originated from different inceptions, it is not considered that they distort or stretch out their histories. Effects which the ‘founding in 1948’ theory may derive should be considered as well. Most of all, the theory is not only a denial of the legitimacy of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and of the history of independence movement but also a reduction·distortion·cessation of our own history. Regarding the matter of ethnic legitimacy, the theory is a profiting-enemy action that benefits North Korea, and weakens our justifications and logics against Japan’s and China’s history distortion.

한국 민주공화정의 기원과 대한민국임시정부의 헌정사적 의미

박정희,장훈 동아시아국제정치학회 2019 국제정치연구 Vol.22 No.3

It has been understood that the Korean democracy was planted in the United States Military Administration Era, unlike the development of the western democracy. However, Korean democracy had been in internal development process since the beginning of open ports, and was realized with request of people's sovereignty by the 3·1 Independence Movement. As a result, the Constitution of the Korea Provisional Government was enacted and the origin of the Korean democratic republic, which was specifically realized with democracy, was confirmed in it. That is, the Korea Provisional Government was the political system to realize democratic republic combined with democracy and republic for both whereabouts and practical ideologies of sovereignty. Therefore, we can confirm that self-independence and modern sovereign nation establishment were the tasks in that era. This study aims at defining that the Korea Provisional Government established from the 3·1 Independence Movement declared the 'democratic republic' and fought against Japan and that the 'democratic republic' was deepened and developed by solidarity among political parties since the era of Chongqing and figuring out them. For this, focusing on the Korea Provisional Constitution revised in 1944, its current meaning will be analyzed. In particular, the study will explore that the Provisional Government in the era of Chongqing established Anti-Japanese Coalition, overcoming ideological conflicts among nationalism, communism, anarchism and uniting the parties and that the Korea Provisional Constitution had backgrounds of the solidarity logics and activities of the anarchist party which had been ignored. The will for democratic republic, which had been made with this historical process, was recognized for its legitimacy by the declarations in the enactment constitution on the succession of the 3·1 Independence Movement in 1948 and in the current constitution on the succession of legitimate traditions of the Korea Provisional Government in 1987 in the constitutional history. However, there was a limit to the succession of substantial dimensions yet. Therefore it aims at seeking how to implement succession for the unified Korean Peninsula. 한국 민주주의는 서구 민주주의의 발전 과정과 달리, 미군정 시기에 이식되었다고 일반적으로 이해되어 왔다. 하지만 한국의 민주주의는 근대 개항기 이후부터 내적 발전 과정에 있었고, 3·1운동에 의해 인민주권의 요구로 발현되었다. 그 결과 수립된 대한민국임시정부의 헌법에서 민주주의가 구체적으로 실현되는 한국 민주공화정의 기원이 파악된다. 즉 대한민국임시정부는 주권의 소재 이념과 실천 이념으로서, 민주주의와 공화주의가 결합된 민주공화주의를 구현하려는 정치체제였다. 이로써 자주독립과 근대 주권국가 건설이 시대적 과제였음을 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구는 3·1운동으로 수립된 대한민국임시정부가 ‘민주공화제’를 천명하며 일제와 투쟁했고, 중경시기부터는 각 정파의 연대가 형성됨으로써 ‘민주공화정’을 심화 발전시켰다고 규정하며 이를 밝히려 한다. 이를 위해 1944년 개정한 대한민국임시헌장에 주목하여 현재적 의미를 분석한다. 특히 중경시기 임시정부는 민족주의·공산주의·아나키즘의 이념적 분화를 극복하고 정파연합에 의한 항일연합전선을 구축하였다는 점과, 이때 제정된 대한민국임시헌장은 그 동안 간과된 아나키즘 정파의 연대논리와 활동이 배경으로 작용하였다는 점을 탐색할 것이다. 이렇게 전개된 민주공화정에 대한 의지는 1948년 제헌헌법에서 3·1운동 정신을 계승하고, 1987년 현행 헌법에서 대한민국임시정부의 법통을 계승한다고 명기함으로써 비로소 그 정통성이 헌정사적으로 인정받았다. 그러나 아직 실질적 차원의 계승에는 한계가 있음을 지적하면서, 통일 한반도의 미래를 위해 이의 실천 방안을 모색한다.

柳子明의 대한민국 임시정부 활동

이재호(Lee, Jae-ho) 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소 2016 한국독립운동사연구 Vol.0 No.56

류자명은 대한민국 임시의정원 의원으로 활동하며 임시정부와 처음 관련을 맺었다. 1919년 8월 18일부터 한 달간 개최된 제6회 임시의정원 회의에서 충청도 대표로 의원에 선출되었는데, 류자명이 처음 참여한 임시의정원에서 해외 독립운동을 지도할 정부 통합이라는 역사적 결정이 이루어졌다. 류자명이 김구를 비롯한 임시정부 인사들과 다시 관계를 맺기 시작한 것은 1937년 중일전쟁 발발 이후 민족통일전선운동에 주도적으로 참여하면서 부터이다. 류자명은 1937년 南京에서 아나키스트 단체인 남화한인 청년연맹을 조선혁명자연맹으로 바꾸고 본격적인 민족통일전선운동에 나섰다. 우선 김원봉의 민족혁명당과 김성숙의 조선민족해방동맹 등 좌파 세력의 연합을 추진하여, 1937년 12월 武漢에서 조선민족전선연맹을 결성하였다. 이어 독립운동 세력의 통일을 위해 우파 진영의 한국광복운동단체연합회 인사들과 1937년 8월 27일 綦江에서 7당통일회의를 개최하였다. 류자명은 조선혁명자연맹 대표로 李何有와 함께 참석하였다. 각 단체 대표들은 통일의 필요성에 대해서는 이견이 없었다. 그러나 각 단체를 해체하고 신당을 조직하자는 單一黨 방식과 각 단체를 기초로 聯盟體를 조직하자는 통일 방식을 두고 의견이 대립되었다. 류자명의 조선혁명자연맹은 민족혁명당과 더불어 단일당 방식에 찬성하였다. 하지만 참여한 단체 간 통합의 방식과 이념의 차이로 회의는 결렬되고, 민족통일을 위한 시도는 좌절되었다. 중국 관내 독립운동 세력의 통합은 1942년 重慶에서 좌익 진영이 임시의정원에 참여하게 된 ‘통일의회’에 이루어졌다. 이 회의에 류자명도 의원으로 선출되어 참여하였다. 류자명은 임시의정원에서 임시정부와 重慶의 독립운동 세력이 해결해야 할 당면 현안에 대해서 여러 가지 提案을 하였다. 「한국광복군에 관한 제의안」, 「임시정부 승인에 관한 건」, 「현행 約憲 개정에 관한 건」, 「건국기원절 경축일 교정에 관한 건」 등이 그것이다. 「한국광복군에 관한 제의안」은 1942년 10월 28일 류자명을 비롯한 17명의 의원들이 중국 국민당 정부가 광복군의 활동을 제약한 ‘한국광복군 행동9개준승’ 취소의 당위성을 강력히 주장한 것이다. 이외에 류자명은 아나키스트 단체인 조선혁명자동맹을 대표하여 대한민국 임시정부의 헌법을 개정하기 위한 ‘임시약헌수개위원’으로도 활동하였다. 重慶에서 류자명은 議政 활동 이외에 임시정부의 운영에도 참여하여 1943년 3월 4일 열린 국무회의에서 학무부 차장에 선임되었다. 차장은 현재 차관급이다. 학무부는 당시 重慶에 거주하고 있던 독립운동가 자녀들의 교육과 학예에 관한 사무를 관장하였다. 해방 전 마지막으로 열린 제38회 임시의정원 회의록에 류자명의 이름이 나온다. 제38회 임시의정원은 1945년 4월 11일에 열렸다. 하지만 류자명은 특별한 이유 없이 개원 후 5일이 넘도록 의회에 출석하지 않았다. 이것이 重慶에서 임시정부와 관련하여 찾아볼 수 있는 류자명의 마지막 기록이다. Ryu, Ja-Myeong was elected as a Chungcheong representative member of Korean Provisional Congress at the 6th session of the “Korean Provisional Congress Conference” in Aug 1919, Shanghai(上海), China. This Conference determined unify government for overseas independence movement. Since then, He was actived for ‘Anarchist’. He was begun making formal relations with member of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea including Kim gu(金九), in 1937. And he was participated in United Nation Front movement of Korea. Ryu, Ja-Myeong was participated as The Chosun revolutionists union(朝鮮革命者聯盟) representative member of ‘Conference of unification of Seven paties’ in Aug 27, 1937, Qijiang(綦江), China for unification of independence movement power. The representative of each group was no doubt that unification of independence movement power. But opinion was divided about way of unification. The Chosun revolutionists union including Ryu, Ja-Myeong agreed to deactivated each group and organized new party with The National Revolutionary Party of Korea(民族革命黨). But the Conference broke down for difference about unification’s way and idea of each group. The unification of independence movement power in China was built in ‘The United National Assembly’ that The left wing taken part in Korean Provisional Congress Conference in 1942, Chongqing(重慶), China. Ryu, Ja-Myeong was participated as a member of this Conference. He proposed variety of solution about facing issue of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Korean Provisional Congress. Especially,「The suggestion about Korean Liberation Army」of 17 Korean Provisional Congress members including Ryu, Ja-Myeong at Oct 28, 1942 strenuously insisted to withdrawal of ‘The 9 fixed rule about Korean Liberation Army’ that Korean Liberation Army’s restriction of activity by Chinese kuomintang government. Also, Ryu, Ja-Myeong played as ‘The Temporary Constitution Modification Member’ of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. He was participated managing of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, He was elected as vice-minister of The Education Department in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea at Mar 4, 1943 Chongqing. Ryu, Ja-Myeong was the Anarchist and the Activist for independence. He efforted for unification of independence movement power until independence at 1945.