The Development of Attitudes to Historic Conservation

Seung-jin Chung,Chang-sung Kim 대한건축학회 2010 Architectural research Vol.12 No.1

This paper investigates the development of attitudes to historic conservation from the turn of the nineteenth century when certain theoretical opinions on the protection of buildings began to be developed, through the time when the Venice Charter was established, to recent international trends in historic conservation. This paper also explores the contribution of these attitudes and ideas towards an international approach for historic conservation. This paper demonstrates that the Venice Charter is the acme of progress in the European stance towards restoration, reflecting European values of architecture and its conservation, and thus it is not sufficiently 'universal' to be unequivocally applied in non-Western countries. Secondly, recent international trends in historic conservation subvert the notions of Western cultural hegemony which have permeated global conservation practices, and accept the diversity of value criteria for heritage and its conservation in different cultural context. Thirdly, this paper argues that the conservation approaches in Asian societies need to move further into the retention and extension of the spirit and naturalistic sensibilities inherent in the architecture. Historic conservation is an expression of different cultural values attached to heritage resources by different societies. For conservation program to be effective, conservation should take place within a socio-cultural context.

The Development of Attitudes to Historic Conservation - From Eurocentrism to Cultural Diversity -

Chung, Seung-Jin,Kim, Chang-Sung Architectural Institute of Korea 2010 Architectural research Vol.12 No.1

This paper investigates the development of attitudes to historic conservation from the turn of the nineteenth century when certain theoretical opinions on the protection of buildings began to be developed, through the time when the Venice Charter was established, to recent international trends in historic conservation. This paper also explores the contribution of these attitudes and ideas towards an international approach for historic conservation. This paper demonstrates that the Venice Charter is the acme of progress in the European stance towards restoration, reflecting European values of architecture and its conservation, and thus it is not sufficiently 'universal' to be unequivocally applied in non-Western countries. Secondly, recent international trends in historic conservation subvert the notions of Western cultural hegemony which have permeated global conservation practices, and accept the diversity of value criteria for heritage and its conservation in different cultural context. Thirdly, this paper argues that the conservation approaches in Asian societies need to move further into the retention and extension of the spirit and naturalistic sensibilities inherent in the architecture. Historic conservation is an expression of different cultural values attached to heritage resources by different societies. For conservation program to be effective, conservation should take place within a socio-cultural context.

한국의 희귀 및 특산식물에 대한 국내 · 외 연구동향

채현희,김영철,손성원 한국환경생태학회 2022 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.36 No.3

Studies on rare and endemic plant conservation should be performed nationally to conserve plant diversity. Studies targeting a specific taxon have been reported based on the necessity of conserving plant diversity. From this point of view, there is an increasing necessity to compare and evaluate the studies for conservation. Moreover, it is necessary to analyze and review the direction for study subjects and items required for effective conservation of rare and endemic plants in Korea, based on the analysis results of collected data. We analyzed trends of studies on rare and endemic plants worldwide. In particular, we collected and analyzed the study trend in Korea. Study fields of the rare and endemic plants were divided into six classifications, of which the conservation ecology classification was sub-divided into the species traits, population study, and biological interaction. We have collected conservation ecology studies showing significant differences in regions and countries. They have been actively conducted in Europe and North America by region and in Japan and the United States by country. On the contrary, studies on basic ecology accounted for the most, followed by conservation genetics and restoration ecology in Korea. It was revealed that the portion of conservation ecology conducted in Korea was lower than that of the world. Moreover, studies mainly focused on a specific taxon of rare and endemic plants, such as endangered plants designated by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Particularly in Korea, conservation genetics and restoration ecology studies accounted for high percentages. Considering the worldwide study trends, particularly those in Europe and North America that lead the study of conservation ecology, we suggest approaches to increase the percentages of conservation ecology, including securing the information on species traits, population structure and population dynamics, and interaction between animals and plants are necessary for effective conservation of rare and endemic plants in Korea. 희귀식물과 특산식물의 보전연구는 국가적 수준에서 식물다양성 유지를 위해 우선되어야 한다. 식물다양성 보전의 필요성에 따라 이들 분류군이 대상이 되는 다양한 연구가 보고되었다. 이러한 시점에서 지금까지의 연구결과를 비교하 고 평가할 필요성이 증가하였다. 그리고 수집된 자료를 분석한 결과로부터 국내 희귀식물과 특산식물의 효과적인 보전을 위해 필요한 연구항목과 연구의 방향을 재검토할 필요가 있다. 우리는 희귀식물 및 특산식물이 연구의 대상이 되는 전 세계적인 연구동향을 수집하였다. 그리고 특별히 한국에서의 연구동향을 수집하였다. 희귀 및 특산식물에 대한 연구 분야를 6개의 분야로 구분하였고 그 중 보전생태학의 분야는 ‘종 특성연구’, ‘개체군 연구’ 및 ‘생물학적 상호작용’의 세부항목으로 구분하였다. 수집된 연구를 종합해 볼 때 보전생태학적 연구는 권역별 그리고 국가별로 큰 차이가 있었다. 보전생태학 연구는 권역별로는 유럽과 북아메리카에서 활발하게 진행되었고 국가별로는 일본과 미국에서 비율이 높았다. 반면에 한국은 기초생태학 연구의 비율이 가장 높았고 보전유전학, 복원생태학 순이었다. 한국에서 보전생태학 연구비율은 세계적인 수준에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 희귀식물과 특산식물 중에서 환경부 지정 멸종위기식물과 같은 특정 분류군에 대한 연구가 주를 이루었다. 특히, 우리나라에서는 보전유전학 및 복원생태학 연구의 비율이 높았다. 세계적인 연구동향, 특히 보전생태학적 연구를 선도하는 유럽 및 북아메리카와 비교해 볼 때 우리나라에서 희귀 및 특산식물의 효과적인 보전을 위해서는 종 특성에 대한 정보 확보, 개체군 구조와 동태 그리고 식물과 식물, 동물과 식물과의 상호작용을 포함하는 보전생태학적인 연구의 비율을 높이는 접근이 필요함 을 제안하였다.

문화재 보존에 있어서 합리적 판단을 위한 제언 -회화문화재를 중심으로-

이수정 ( Su Jeong Lee ) 한국불교미술사학회 2013 강좌미술사 Vol.41 No.-

Conservation is a ``social process``, of which result is not being judged as right or wrong answer but a rational decision-based practice based on logical ground of thinking. Therefore conservators has responsibility to make a rational decision in choosing materials and techniques for conservation. Science-based approach which understands conservation is a technical practice with advanced equi[ments and scientific analysis has been deeply rooted in heritage conservation in Korea. Such approach has been challenged in western countries by recognising conservation which is totally derived from philosophical way of reasoning. Considering such change of attitude towards understanding and executing conservation, this study has dealt with they way how to make a rational decision in conservation of paintings. First I has described various values of paintings so that conservation can present a rational of their practice before making detailed hardware such as materials and techniques. As being stated that heritage values are artistic, historical, and informational values in the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of Korea, this has displayed various aspects and characteristic aspect of heritage values. Thereafter it has noted what conservators should carefully consider in choosing conservation materials and techniques based on the Ethical Guidelines for Conservation(2012). Finally it argues that conservators should have a logical process of thinking in deciding materials and techniques so that values of painting can be preserved and delivered to our next generations.

역사적 건축문화유산의 인식변화와 보존가치의 형성

홍순연 ( Soon Yeon Hong ),옥선호 ( Seon Ho Ok ),김기수 ( Ki Soo Kim ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2010 석당논총 Vol.0 No.46

The conservation for recognizing historical architecture as culture heritage has been an important point since 15C. The conservation for historical architecture as culture heritage has been started after 1960`s in Korea and the value of conservation has been evaluated with value of cultural assets such as historical value, artistic value and academic value ect. But the conservation with an existing valuation has became problems by expanding the scope of historical architecture as culture heritage. In the west, the conservation for historical architecture as culture heritage was discussed by rationalization after 18C stared the enlightenment. And changes of recognition on the conservation occurred by introducing the method of conservation for historical architecture as culture heritage as a new style in architecture Also, Viole-iet-duc from France and John Ruskin from England were conservation unity of style and protection point at issue become. And functionalism recognized by period value according to period correlation after 20th century. Demand reconstructed by Representation and various Presentation according to Artistic Practice and Historical Attitude from Post-historicism viewpoint. The value of conservation also occurred variously according to these changes of recognition. Before 19C, the value of conservation with Record value and scientific value basis on historical value, artistic value formed outline for value of conservation in each countries. And according to the international charter, the method of conservation with periodical transition has been acknowledged with base on social value since 20C also, even future-oriented value has been acknowledged in recent years. Therefore, this study will prepare more active guidelines for the conservation by doing research on the relations between the changes of recognition and the value of conservation.

생물다양성 관련 정책의 우선순위 및 중요도 분석

오새라(Sae ra Oh),김규호(Kyu ho Kim),임정빈(Jeong bin Im) 한국농식품정책학회 2017 농업경영.정책연구 Vol.44 No.1

In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation are two basic types of biodiversity conservation which are in respective article of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD). To successfully implement CBD, conservation of biodiversity is fundamentally required. In this regard, this paper aims to look over domestic policies related to in-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation and, to investigate priority and relative importance of the elements. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, we use Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method as an useful tool of the multi-criteria decision making approach in combination with expert interviews. The main results of the study are as follows: In-situ conservation is scored more priority scale than ex-situ conservation, as CBD specifies it as the primary conservation strategy. Among the in-situ conservation policies, ‘development regulatory provisions for the protection of threatened species and population’ and ‘establishment a system of protected area and development the necessary guidelines for the protected areas’ have more priority than any other measures. And among the ex-situ conservation policies, ‘effort for recovery and rehabilitation of threatened species and fore their reintroduction into natural habits’ are significantly considered in expert groups related to biodiversity conservation. In conclusion, the government should gather and harmonize various policies in the field of biodiversity rather than constructing new strategy or policy. As biodiversity issues are comprehensive, we need to pursue policy consistency and manage the conflict affecting biodiversity.

環境保全을 위한 土地利用規制 制度의 檢討

李順子(Lee, Soon-Ja) 한국토지공법학회 2010 土地公法硏究 Vol.48 No.-

환경보전을 위한 토지이용규제는 사전예방적 환경보전수단으로성 중요성이 커지고 있으며 이를 위해 자연자원, 자연경관, 상수원, 토양, 동·식물 그리고 지하수등의 보호와 관련하여 국가는 광범위한 구역을 지정하고 그 구역내에서는 건축과 같은 토지이용을 규제하는 경우가 많아졌다. 그 법적 근거는 헌법적 근거와 법률적 근거에서 찾을 수 있는데 헌법적 근거로는 제23조와 제35조 그리고 제120조와 제122조에서 찾을 수 있고, 법률적 근거로는 토지이용규제 기본법을 비롯하여 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률에서 각종 용도지구와 용도지역의 설정, 환경정책기본법에 의한 특별대책지역, 자연환경보전법에 의한 생태·경관보전지역, 토양환경보전법에 의한 토양보전대책지역, 수도법에 의한 상수원관리지역 등에서 토지이용제한을 규정한 것에서 그 근거를 찾을 수 있다. 환경보전을 위한 수단은 여러 가지가 있지만 그 중에서 토지이용규제가 환경보전을 위해 필요하며, 이런 토지이용규제를 함에 있어서는 규제를 하는 법령간의 체계성이 떨어지고, 환경보전을 위해 의미없는 지역을 지정하는 문제점, 주민지원이나 손실보상이 필요함에도 불구하고 규정이 미흡했다. 이를 위해 개발위주의 법령과 보존위주의 법령간의 유기적 체계확립을 필요로 하며 자연환경보전법과 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법의 조화, 국토기본법과 환경정책기본법의 조화 등 법제의 개정이 필요하였다. Land use regulations have important implications for a means to environmental conservation; actually, there have been increasing cases where the Government designates a specific, extensive area for the conservation of natural resources & landscape, water sources, soil, animals & plants, groundwater, etc. so that land uses (e.g. construction activities) are regulated within the conservation area Legal grounds for these regulations involve the two legal systems: the Constitution and other laws. Constitutional grounds can be found in Articles 23, 35, 120 and 122 of the former. Legal grounds are rooted in various provisions on land use regulations contained in various law, including the Basic Act on Land Use Regulation; the Act on Land Plan and Use (a clause providing the establishment of various use disticts and areas); the Environmental Policy Act (a clause providing special conservation areas); the Natural Environment Conservation Act (a clause providing ecology & landscape conservation areas); the Soil Environment Conservation Act (a clause providing soil conservation areas); and the Water Supply Act (a clause providing water conservation areas). Problems with land use regulations for environmental conservation include a lack of systematicness among laws and regulations on land uses, a mis-designation of conservation areas in terms of environmental conservation, insufficient regulations on supports for residents or compensations for their due losses or damages, etc. To improve those problems, legal amendments for the establichment of an organic coordination between development-related laws and conservation-related laws, and a legal harmonization between the Natural Environment Conservation Act and the Act on Land Plan and Use and between the Basic Act on National Land and the Environmental Policy Act, are required.

보존유적 현황과 문제 인식을 통한보존조치 제도 연구

소재윤 국립문화재연구원 2020 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.53 No.3

The term “conserved remains” refers to cultural remains that are preserved in accordance with the valuationof buried cultural properties when important remains are recognized in rescue excavations during constructionwork. South Korea’s rapid economic growth and ensuing land development over the past few decades compelled asharp increase in the number of rescue excavation cases, and, naturally, of conserved remains. Today, an increasinglylarge number of conserved remains have raised issues, including those concerning land expropriation as well as themanagement and utilization of such remains, but no clear solutions have been proposed. This study attempts to propose plans for improvement based mainly on the recognition of institutional issuesrather than technical issues related to the conservation of cultural remains. This is because the identification andreview of institutional deficiencies must be prioritized in order to efficiently manage conserved remains with limitedresources and manpower. Among many possible proposals to demand improvement of conservation policies, one that must first beexamined under the current system is the rapid transition, or review thereof, of “conserved remains” to “designatedcultural properties.” Unlike designated cultural properties, conserved remains are merely a temporary means ofconservation, because they lack regulations for follow-ups subsequent to preliminary measures. Naturally, deferringthe definition of relics as “conserved remains” for extended periods causes numerous problems. Measures to resolvesuch problems may include establishing a legal system to manage conserved remains at a level similar to designatedcultural properties or seeking ways to improve management under the current system. This study focuses onareas where institutional improvement for conserved remains is possible by methods other than through the rapidtransition to designated cultural properties and presents several proposals. Currently, conservation measures are divided into three categories: on-site conservation, relocation conservation,and record conservation. This study reclassifies these categories from three into four categories. On-siteconservation includes only two categories: conserved remains and the newly-proposed soil-covered remains. Tworemaining categories, the relocation conservation remains and the record conservation remains, are presented asclassifications in which development projects are possible, and they are presented as alternative conservation typesthat contrast with on-site conservation. Unlike conserved remains, soil-covered conservation presented as a newcategory in which development projects are possible.

발굴유구의 보존방법과 적용

안진환 국립문화재연구원 2010 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.43 No.3

발굴유구에서 보존은 보존에 복원을 포괄하는 개념이며, 여기서 복원은 유구 원래의 원형으로 복원하는 것을 의미하는 것이 아니라, 발굴 당시의 모습 그대로 복원하는 것을 의미한다. 즉 발굴유구 보존은 수리복원의 개념이 함께 포함된 것이다. 발굴유구는 보존하는 위치에 따라 크게 현장보존과 이전보존으로 나눌 수 있다. 현장보존은 발굴유구를 현장에 그대로 보존하는 것으로 유구의 훼손을 방지하기 위해 복토하는 복토 현장보존법과 유구를 노출된 상태 그대로 보존하는 노출 현장보존법이 있다. 유구가 발굴된 장소에서 다른 장소로 이전하는 것을 전제로 한 보존방법을 이전보존이라 하며, 세부방법으로 원형이전, 전사이전, 복제이전, 해체이전으로 나눌 수 있다. 원형이전은 유구의 원형을 그대로 다른 곳에 이전하는 방법이고, 전사이전은 유구 표면의 일정부분을 떼어내어 이전하는 것이다. 복제이전은 발굴된 유구의 형태를 본떠 이전할 곳에서 다시 복원하는 방법이며, 해체이전은 유구를 구성하고 있는 부재를 해체ㆍ이전하여 해체의 역순으로 복원하는 방법이다. 발굴유구의 보존에서 가장 기본이 되는 것은 발굴유구의 원형을 그대로 보존하는 것이지만 실제로는 발굴유구를 둘러싼 여러 가지 환경 즉 사회ㆍ경제ㆍ문화ㆍ지역 상황에 따라 보존방법이 결정되는 경향이 있다. 앞으로 더 효과적인 발굴유구 보존을 위해 보존방법별로 좀 더 세분화되고 전문화된 방안을 도출하고, 인접학문과의 교류 및 발전하는 과학기술을 접목시켜 발굴유구를 가장 효과적으로 보존할 수 있는 방법에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다. When the term conservation is used with regard to excavated features, it means not only conservation but also restoration. Restoring the features here does not imply restoring their original form but restoring their form at the moment of excavation. That is, the conservation of excavated features includes the concept of reparation and restoration. The way of conserving excavated features can be largely categorized into on-site conservation and transfer conservation. On-site conservation means to conserve excavated features as they were at the excavation site. It can be further categorized into soil-covered on-site conservation, in which excavated features are covered with soil to prevent them being damaged, and exposed on-site conservation in which the features were conserved as they were exposed. Transfer conservation is operated on the premise that excavated features are transferred to another place. It can be further categorized into original form transfer, transcribing transfer, reproduction transfer, and dismantlement transfer. Original form transfer refers to the method of moving the original forms of excavated features to another place. Transcribing transfer refers to moving some of the surfaces of excavated features to another place. Reproduction transfer refers to restoring the forms of excavated features in another place after copying the forms of excavated features at the excavation site. Dismantlement transfer refers to the method of restoring excavated features in a place other than the excavation site in the reverse order of dismantlement after dismantling the features at the excavation site. The most fundamental issue regarding conserving excavated features is the conservation of their original forms. However, the conservation of excavated features tends to be decided depending on a variety of conditions such as society, economy, culture, and local situations. In order to conserve excavated features more effectively, more detailed and specialized conservation methods should be created. Furthermore, continuing research is needed to find the most effective way of conserving them through exchange with other neighboring academic fields and scientific technology.

자연자원총량제의 실효성 강화를 위한 제도적 대안

이승준,이상범,차은지,윤은주,( Morgan Robertson ),( Wolfgang Wende ),( Donna Kendall ) 한국환경연구원 2020 기본연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. Overview of the Research 1. Background and purpose of the research □ Background of the research ㅇ The newly launched Moon Jae-in administration in 2017 confirmed ‘setting the total amount of natural resources for conservation and making restoration or replacement obligatory to offset the losses’ as one of the 5-year policy tasks, which is the result of the continuously impacted natural environment by development. ㅇ The draft amendment of the Natural Environment Conservation Act in 2019 which was intended to support the administration’s policy task failed to be approved. ㅇ Biodiversity offsets experienced in other countries or regions suggest that diverse alternative institutional frameworks should be analyzed and prepared for policy decision making in consideration of legislation, planning, and implementation. □ Purpose of the research ㅇ The purpose of this research is to suggest alternative institutional frameworks for the effective total natural resources conservation in Korea by analyzing and characterizing relevant domestic and foreign regulations. 2. Research questions and methods □ Research questions ㅇ What are the mechanisms of biodiversity offset regulations in foreign countries or regions, and how are they related to their legislative and policy environment□ ㅇ What are the domestic institutions related to biodiversity offsets and how could the new institutions be effective under the current institutional setup□ ㅇ What are the alternative institutional frameworks for the effective total natural resources conservation, based on the answers to the two research questions, and how could they be characterized□ □ Research methods ㅇ Chapter 2 provides implications for an institutional design and implementation from the analysis of the major issues in the foreign biodiversity offset policies. ㅇ Chapter 3 and 4 provide implications for an institutional design and implementation from the analysis of the relevant domestic legal or institutional arrangements, such as the draft amendment which failed in 2019, environmental impact assessment, ecosystem conservation fund, integrated management of land and environmental planning, ecological networks, and total environmental use. ㅇ Chapter 5 suggests alternative institutional frameworks for the effective total natural resources conservation and compares their features by synthesizing the implications from the results of Chapter 2-4. ㅇ Chapter 6 suggests future tasks of legislation, planning, policy, and research required to realize the alternative institutional frameworks. Ⅱ. Analysis of the Biodiversity Offsets 1. Overview of the institutional characteristics □ Governance ㅇ The US and Germany, experiencing the institutions over 30~40 years, have developed different state-level regulations under the federal-level Act. ㅇ Germany and the UK have designed and implemented biodiversity offsets by incorporating them into local planning. ㅇ Experienced countries legally enforce the implementation of biodiversity offset, which is a critical condition for the success of the policy. □ Typology of the stakeholder relationships ㅇ The main stakeholders are generally composed of project developers, service providers (compensation bank operators), and decision-makers (administrative authorities), although each country or region has diverse compositions of and relationships between stakeholders. ㅇ Institutional characteristics can be classified by the extent to which market is involved; for example, markets are quite well balanced with the control of public administration in the US and Australia, while public administration is strong in Germany. 2. Implications of the overseas biodiversity offsets □ Institutional design dealing with the most pressing issues ㅇ The policy can be best promoted by designing useful institutions dealing with the most pressing issues in a country or a region. ㅇ Considering the balanced national development, which is one of the most pressing issues in Korea, an institutional design promoting locally-determined goal setting for environmental conservation and its achievement is required. □ Strengthening regulations ㅇ Legal enforcement is critical to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the institutions under the conflict between development and conservation. □ Mitigation hierarchy ㅇ While anticipated ecosystem loss should be first avoided or minimized, offsets need to be used as a last resort for the unavoidable residual loss and the damage to an irreplaceable or vulnerable ecosystem should be prohibited. ㅇ It is better not to allow in-lieu fee payment to offset losses; in cases where it is allowed, the amount paid should include all costs associated with site selection, planning, management, monitoring, and so on. □ Location for the offsets ㅇ Appropriate offset sites should be mapped out in a local or watershed planning process taking into consideration ecological connectivity and sociocultural relation. □ Efficient and effective matrix ㅇ The assessment matrix should be concise for the efficiency of implementation, while including necessary information to effectively achieve the goals. ㅇ An effective assessment framework would consider both quantitative and qualitative aspects. □ Monitoring system ㅇ Relevant indices and monitoring plans should be developed by analyzing logical connections between implementation and impact performances. ㅇ Experienced NGOs or local residents would play an important role as monitoring experts in the long term as well as inspectors. Ⅲ. Analysis of the Domestic Relevant Institutions 1. Analysis of relevant institutions, policies, and plans □ Draft amendment in 2019 ㅇ The draft amendment of the Natural Environment Conservation Act, which includes the regulation of environmental offsets for the impacts caused by development projects, was submitted to the National Assembly in 2019. ㅇ The draft amendment focused on the development projects under the environmental impact assessment regulation, which results in the problems of institutional redundancy as well as limited coverage. ㅇ The institutional effectiveness can be improved by approaching not development project units but upper-level land planning. □ Ecosystem conservation fund ㅇ The ecosystem conservation fund is not the best approach to achieving conservation goals as it is applied to individual development projects and in-lieu fees are highly underestimated to offset environmental losses. ㅇ Although the total natural resources conservation is similar to the ecosystem conservation fund in its goal, it should be applied at the different governance level to prevent the redundancy in environmental management and maximize its usefulness. 2. Integration of land and environmental planning □ Integration of plans ㅇ The recent efforts to integrate land and environmental planning promoted discussion of specific collaboration between relevant sectors, which may be partially realized by the total natural resources conservation. ㅇ As the upper-level land planning including urban planning is not subject to the environmental impact assessment regulation, setting the total amount of natural resources conservation at the planning stage is required where areas for potential development and conservation are mapped out. □ Ecological network ㅇ Since the conservation of the environment including ecological networks has been only conceptually dealt with in the land planning, the assessment and methodology of ecological networks need to be specified for practical application. 3. Environmental policies based on the total maximum amount concept □ Air and water policies ㅇ The cause and effect of pollutant emission and concentration are obvious and come out in a fairly short term for the air and water sectors, and they are also easily measurable to produce available data. ㅇ The policies are being implemented by a total maximum load approach in each region, and both the regulations and incentives are used to achieve emission targets. □ Ecosystem-related policies ㅇ The ‘no net loss’ of wetlands or green, unlike the maximum load control of the air and water policies, manages conservation targets of the various components of the natural environment. ㅇ Ecosystem-based ‘no net loss’ policies should evaluate functions and values of the components of the natural environment by considering the target entities, assessment frameworks, and implementation. Ⅳ. Institutional Alternatives 1. Considerations for the alternatives □ Legal and planning aspects ㅇ The EIA-based draft amendment proposed in 2019 exposed problems, such as the absence of realistic goals, the spatial and temporal issues caused by the individual development project approach, and the relevant planning level. ㅇ In consideration of the problems in the 2019 draft amendment, the institution needs to be implemented in a way that corresponds to the upper-tier plans which take into account the state of each region or watershed unit so that the total maximum load for conservation can be set and managed properly based on the linkage to the land use and environmental planning. □ Implementation aspects ㅇ Conservation goals should be set by deliberately assessing the environmental and socioeconomic conditions in each region. ㅇ Development within the conservation goal areas should preferably be prohibited; in case of unavoidable development and the consequent environmental loss, an offset such as a substitutive restoration area needs to be prepared. ㅇ The institution should be carefully designed to prevent it from being used as an excuse for development. 2. Institutional alternatives □ Legal framework ㅇ This research proposed institutional frameworks which are applied in the urban and provincial planning and also related to upper and lower-tier land and environmental plans (see Figure 1). ㅇ The proposed frameworks can be elaborated by amending the National Land Planning and Utilization Act or the guideline for urban planning and it can also be applied through the environmental conservation plan in case the linkage between land use plans and environmental plans is strengthened. □ The concept of the alternatives ㅇ Alternative A: flexible goal setting by socioeconomic condition - In consideration of the region’s natural environment and socioeconomic conditions, the total conservation goal and strategic offset sites are set at the planning stage. Any loss to the areas for conservation at the implementation stage would be offset by credit transactions with the restored strategic offset sites (see Figures 2 and 3). - It is applied at both the planning and individual project levels. ㅇ Alternative B: conservation at the planning step - The total conservation goal is set based on the current conservation areas before the planning stage. In case of any additional allocation of development area at the planning stage, potential conservation areas equivalent to those for development is mapped out so that the total area for conservation is maintained at the planning stage (see Figures 4 and 5). - It is applied only at the planning level. 3. Assessment and quantification approaches □ Area-based approach ㅇ The loss and gain at the planning and implementation steps are assessed by green areas. ㅇ While it is a simple approach that may be easily applied in the early stage of the institution, restoration does not guarantee the substitution of the structure, function, and value of the impacted site; this approach is suitable for alternative A which employs biobanks for offset. □ Function and service-based approach ㅇ The gain will have the same functions or services as the loss. ㅇ While the results of this approach is relatively uncertain since the same functions and services as those of the impacted site should be restored at a substitutive site, it is suitable for a case where locally important functions and services are damaged. □ Carrying capacity-based approach ㅇ Both direct and indirect impacts of development are considered in assessing the loss and gain. ㅇ Although the carrying capacity assessment methodology needs to be standardized and awareness raising is needed for the future, the merits of this approach lie in that the concept of damage to the natural environment is not limited to the area of development-induced loss but to the resultant carrying capacity. 4. Allocation of conservation areas using ecological networks □ Assessment and planning of ecological networks ㅇ An approach of ecological networks needs to be elaborated since the information about maintaining and conserving the ecological connectivity among the main mountain ranges and streams has not been much accumulated. ㅇ Potential conservation areas can be mapped out based on not only the current development conditions but also the future values. 5. Comparison of the alternatives □ The characteristics of the two institutional alternatives proposed in this study are compared to those of the 2019 draft amendment in < Table 1 >. Ⅴ. Conclusion and Future Tasks 1. Conclusion □ Institutional design considering pressing issues ㅇ For total natural resources conservation, problems of property right, ecological connectivity, conflicts with other plans or policies as well as the interests of stakeholders that arise in the site selection process for offsetting and conservation should be considered. ㅇ Although the total natural resources conservation is a policy task, considerable research and pilot studies on the institutional frameworks should be conducted to avoid wasting budget and stakeholder conflict. ㅇ The 2019 EIA-based draft amendment may conflict with other institutions or plans, lead to stakeholder resistance, and include uncertainty with regards to offsetting by individual development projects. ㅇ As the balanced regional development is a national pressing issue in Korea, an effective conservation policy would take local environmental and socioeconomic conditions into account instead of enforcing unconditional conservation. □ Institutional alternatives ㅇ This study proposed institutional frameworks to be implemented at the urban and provincial planning level in connection with other official plans. ㅇ While the alternative A is an approach setting flexible conservation goals by socioeconomic condition and applied at the planning and individual project levels, the alternative B achieves conservation goals at the planning step and is only applied at the planning level. ㅇ The proposed alternative institutional frameworks require collaboration among local authorities, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and the Ministry of Environment. 2. Future tasks □ Short-term tasks ㅇ The institutional frameworks proposed in this study would be improved and elaborated by pilot studies of selected regions to ultimately develop a flexible institutional framework which can be applied in diverse environmental and socioeconomic conditions. ㅇ A pilot study guideline which specifies the proposed frameworks, such as the institutional mechanism, loss and gain assessment, and location, should be developed. ㅇ Stakeholder dialogues which include ministries, project developers, conservation groups, local residents, and local authorities as participants should be promoted to discuss institutional design and implementation. □ Future tasks for the institutional setup ㅇ Future tasks are suggested by incorporating the results of this study and the long-term research roadmap proposed by Lee et al. (2020) (see Table 2).