전기식 센서를 이용한 기계식 퇴비화 시설 퇴비단 온도 모니터링, 부숙도 측정 및 모델링

최용준,박소연,이상락,나영준 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소 2023 동물자원연구 Vol.34 No.1

This study monitored temperature using electronic sensors and developed a prediction model for compost maturity. The experiment used swine manure in a mechanical composting facility equipped with a screw-type agitator, and the composting process was conducted for 60 d during the summer season in South Korea. Four electronic temperature sensors were installed on the inner wall between the compost piles on Days 7, 14, 21, and 28 for daily temperature monitoring. Compost samples were collected daily for 60 d, and compost maturity was analyzed using the Solvita method. Multiple comparisons, correlations, and modeling were performed using the stat package in R software. The average compost pile temperatures was 39.1±3.9, 36.4±4.3, 31.3±4.5, and 35.4±8.1 on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively, after composting. The average compost maturity according to the composting date was 3.61±0.60, 4.13±0.59, 4.26±0.47, and 4.32 ±0.56 on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. A significant negative correlation was observed between the compost composting periods (seven, 14, 21, and 28 d) and the temperature of all compost piles (p<0.05), where the correlation coefficients were -0.329, -0.382, -0.507, and -0.634, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between the compost composting periods (seven, 14, 21, and 28 d) and the maturity of the compost (p<0.05), where the correlation coefficients were 0.410, 0.550, 0.727, and 0.840, respectively. The model for predicting the maturation of the 14 d average compost pile according to the compost composting period and the average temperature for 14 d was y=0.026 x d – 0.021 x mt.x_14 d (mean temperature for 14 d) + 4.336 (R2=0.7612, p<0.001). This study can be considered a basic reference for predicting compost maturity by the proposed model using electronic temperature sensors.

Mechanical Test Methods for Compost Maturity

Kwon, Soon-Ik,Kim, Min-Kyeong,Jung, Goo-Bok,Park, Woo-Kyun,Hong, Seung-Gil,Kim, Kwon-Rae Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.5

Manure-based composts can have detrimental effects on the agricultural lands and crops if they are applied without proper stabilization process. Composting is well-known method for the stabilization of manure-based composts and the extent of composting could be examined by maturity test. Among various methods to examine compost maturity, the performances of two mechanical methods (Solvita and CoMMe-100) were examined and the test results were compared with seed germination test. The mechanical methods are considered to be simple and relatively objective. Also they are cost- and time-efficient. Ten commercially available composts collected in Korea were used for this study. Basically, the maturity determined with these mechanical methods was in good agreement with the seed germination test. However, it appeared that the index levels of compost maturity indicated more maturity by CoMMe-100 than Solvita for the same compost. The differences between maturity index levels determined by both methods were able to be minimized through extending the reaction time for CoMMe-100 and adjusting index level for maturity determination in the standard color chart.

Mechanical Test Methods for Compost Maturity

권순익,김민경,정구복,박우균,홍승길,김권래 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.5

Manure-based composts can have detrimental effects on the agricultural lands and crops if they are applied without proper stabilization process. Composting is well-known method for the stabilization of manure-based composts and the extent of composting could be examined by maturity test. Among various methods to examine compost maturity, the performances of two mechanical methods (Solvita and CoMMe-100) were examined and the test results were compared with seed germination test. The mechanical methods are considered to be simple and relatively objective. Also they are cost- and time-efficient. Ten commercially available composts collected in Korea were used for this study. Basically, the maturity determined with these mechanical methods was in good agreement with the seed germination test. However, it appeared that the index levels of compost maturity indicated more maturity by CoMMe-100 than Solvita for the same compost. The differences between maturity index levels determined by both methods were able to be minimized through extending the reaction time for CoMMe-100 and adjusting index level for maturity determination in the standard color chart.

한우분뇨 퇴비화 시 공기공급량 및 퇴비화 경과 시간에 따른 퇴비특성 평가

이성현 ( Sunghyoun Lee ),정광화 ( Gwanghwa Jeong ),이동준 ( Dongjun Lee ),이동현 ( Donghyeon Lee ),곽정훈 ( Junghoon Kwag ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2020 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.37 No.2

Hanwoo (a breed of small cattle native to Korea) manure is a major byproduct generated in farms in Korea. As an effort to exploit the organic waste, this study assesses the feasibility of composting of Hanwoo manure. For the composting test, a control pile, which did not supply air, and two test piles supplying 100 L/m³/min (EXP1) and 150 L/m³/min (EXP2) of outside air, respectively, were installed. Fermentation and post-fermentation lasted for a total of 8 weeks, and samples were collected every week beginning with the initiation of composting. The inner temperature of composting piles EXP1 and EXP2 rapidly increased to 50 ~ 70℃ within 1 ~ 2 d. No significant difference was found in the moisture content, N content, pH, and C/N ratio. The organic matter content was highest in EXP1 and lowest in the control pile. The compost maturity in this study was assessed using a seed germination index wherein 70 or greater is considered to be fully matured compost. The seed germination index of the raw material was initially greater than 100; after 8 weeks of composting, it was 116 ~ 154. In addition, the seed germination index during the composting period exhibits a U-shaped pattern. According to our results, the composting process of the aerated static pile compost had a significant effect on reducing the time required for composting. Thus, supplying an adequate amount of air to compost Hanwoo manure greatly reduces the composting period.

농가규모 양돈분뇨 퇴비화시 공기공급량 변화에 따른 퇴비 특성 평가

이성현,정광화,이동준,이동현,장유나,곽정훈 유기성자원학회 2019 유기물자원화 Vol.27 No.3

Swine manure has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize and treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing swine manure compost under various treatment with mixture of swine manure and saw dust. Treatments were designed as follows; non aerated composting pile(REF), aerated composting pile of 100L/㎥(EXP1), and aerated composting pile of 150L/㎥(EXP2). The total days of fermentation were 28 days and each samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Temperature sensors were installed under 30~40㎝ from the surface of composting pile. Inner temperature in composting piles of EXP1 and EXP2 was rapidly increased to 67~75℃ within 1~2 days. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of organic materials. While swine manure composted, moisture content, total nitrogen, EC of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were lower than those of REF. But, pH and organic matter of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were higher than those of REF. After finishing fermentation experiment, maturity was evaluated with germination test. Calculated germination index(GI) at REF, EXP1 and EXP2 were 23.49, 68.50 and 51.81, respectively. The values of germination index were higher at EXP1 and EXP2 which is aerated composting piles than REF which is non aerated composting pile. According to the results, composting process by aerated static pile compost had significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting. Supplying adequate amount of air to compost swine manure will greatly reduce composting period. 양돈분뇨는 퇴비화하여 이용할 경우 좋은 유기물 자원이 될 수 있으며, 양돈 분뇨를 효율적으로 이용하기위한 많은 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 양돈분뇨를 톱밥과 혼합하여 여러 가지 퇴비화 조건에서 퇴비화촉진정도를 실제 농가 현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 시험규모를 확대하여 수행하였다. 퇴비화 시험처리는 퇴비화기간동안 공기를 송풍하지 않은 대조구와 퇴비화기간 동안 퇴비단 아래에서 공기를 송풍한 시험구로 구분하였다. 시험을위한 퇴비단의 크기는 각각 5 ㎥로 조성하였다. 시험구 1 (EXP1)에는 돈분 1 ㎥당 100 L의 공기를 송풍하였으며, 시험구 2 (EXP2)에는 돈분 1 ㎥당 150 L의 공기를 송풍하였다. 공기공급량을 1 ㎥당 100 L, 150 L로 한 것은 현재 활용하고 있는 퇴비화시설 설계 규정에 가축분 1 ㎥당 150 L의 규모의 송풍 시설을 설치할 것을 권장하고 있으나현장에서는 과다 송풍 우려가 발생하고 있기 때문에 이에 대한 검토가 필요하기 때문이었다. 퇴비화 발효기간은4주로 하였으며, 퇴비화 시작 직후부터 매주 퇴비단의 샘플을 채취하여 물리 화학적 성분을 조사 분석 하였다. 퇴비단의 온도는 퇴비단 표면으로부터 약 40㎝ 지점에 온도센서를 설치하여 매 30분 간격으로 기록하였다. 발효온도를 분석한 결과 시험구에서는 공기를 송풍한 1~2일차에 최고온도 67~75℃에 도달하였다. 이는 호열성 세균이 급격하게 증가 활동하였기 때문으로 판단되었다. 퇴비화기간 동안 수분함량, 총질소, EC의 값이 송풍발효가 완료된 4주차에대조구에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 pH와 유기물 함량은 시험구에서 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 송풍발효가 끝난 4주차의 부숙정도를 평가하기 위하여 종자발아지수를 분석한 결과 대조구에서 23.49, 시험구 1이 68.50, 시험구 2가 51.81로 나타났다. 종자 발아지수로 평가한 퇴비의 부숙은 대조구에 비해 시험구에서 매우 높은 것으로나타났다. 따라서 양돈분뇨의 퇴비화시 외부로부터 가축분뇨 1 ㎥당 100~150 L/min의 공기를 공급하는 것이 퇴비의부숙을 매우 빠르게 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

돈분 퇴비화 중 부숙도에 미치는 영향인자 구명

김태일,송준익,양창범,김민균 한국동물자원과학회 2004 한국축산학회지 Vol.46 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate indices affecting composts maturity for swine manure compost produced in a commercial composting facility with air-forced from the bottom. The composting was made of swine manure mixed with puffing rice hull(6:4) and turned by escalating agitator twice a day. Composting samples were collected periodically during a 45-d composting cycle at that system, showing that indices of Ammonium-N to Nitrate-N ratio were sensitive indicators of composting quality. Pile temperature maintained more than 62℃ and water contents decreased about 20% for 25days of composting. A great variety and high numbers of aerobic thermophilic heterotropic microbes playing critical roles in stability of composts have been examined in the final composts, showing that they were detected 10^(8) to 10^(10) CFUg^(-1) in mesophilic bacteria, 10³-10⁴ in fungi and 10^(6)-10^(8) in actinomycetes, respectively. The results of this study for determining a factor affecting compost stability evaluations based on composting steps were as follows; 1. Ammonium-N concentrations were highest at the beginning of composting, reaching approximately 421㎎/㎏. However Ammonium-N concentrations were lower during curing, reaching approximately 104㎎/㎏ just after 45 day. The ratio between NH₃-N was above 11 at the beginning of composting and less than 2 at the final step(45 day). 2. Seed germination Indes was dependent upon the compost phytotoxicity and is nutrition. The phytotocity caused the GI to low during the period of active composting(till 25 days of composting time) depending on the value of the undiluted. After 25 days of composting time, the GI was dependent upon compost nutrition. The Germination index of the final step was calculated at over 80 without regard to treatments. 3. E4:E6 ratio in humic acid of composts was correlatively decreased from 8.86 to 6.76 during the period of active composting. After 25 days of composting time, the E4:E6 was consistently decreased from 6.76 to 4.67(r² of total composting period was 0.95). 4. Water soluble carbon had a tendency to increase from 0.54% to 0.78% during the period of active composting. After 25 days of composting time, it was consistently decreased from 0.78% to 0.42%. Water soluble nitrogen increased from 0.22% after 15days of compostion. In consequence, the correlation coefficient(r²) between water soluble carbon and water soluble nitrogen was 0.12 during the period of active composting while was 0.50 after 25 days of composting time.

유용미생물처리 음식물쓰레기와 계분 혼합물 퇴비화 특성

홍지형,박금주,Hong, Ji-Hyung,Park, Keum-Joo 한국축산환경학회 2009 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.15 No.1

농업은 작물잔사, 가축분뇨, 음식쓰레기 등의 지역자원을 퇴비화하여 이용하는 순환산업이며, 작물 생육은 빛, 물, 공기, 온도 및 양분 등이 필요하며 유해물질이 없어야한다. 유용미생물처리 음식쓰레기와 계분혼합물 횡형 밀폐원통형 교반방식 퇴비화처리시설에서 얻어진 최종퇴비는 발아율, 산소호흡지수 및 염분농도 등의 수치가 작물 생육에 유해하므로 부적합하였다. 생산된 유용미생물처리 음식쓰레기와 계분혼합물 퇴비를 분석한 결과, 퇴비공정규격, 건물기준 유기물 함량 60% 이상, 유기물대 질소비 50 이하, 탄질비 20 이하를 충족하고, 중금속함량이 미량 함유된 것으로 나타났으나, 발아율이 60% 이하, 칼리 성분이 1.2%,dm 이상 및 염분농도가 1.4%, dm 이상 등으로서 부적합한 것으로 판정되었다. 생물계폐기물 자원순환을 위한 유용미생물처리 고속퇴비화시설의 건설은 환경 친화적인 양질퇴비생산으로서 지역자원을 순환 이용하는 사회 구축이 목표이므로, 인근주민과 주변 환경에 악영향을 차단하기 위하여 양질퇴비 생산과 함께, 오폐수, 분진, 소음, 진동, 악취 및 이물질을 분리 배출하는 고효율설비가 부수적으로 반드시 필요하였다. This study investigated the evaluation of maturity, stability, nutrient and heavy metal from rotating drum composter of food waste amended with poultry manure composting inoculated with effective microorganisms(EM). Composting were performed for the first, drying reactor($15m^3$) 3 hours and the second, composting reactor($30m^3$) 24 hours, and parameters monitored this period included moisture content, NaCl, pH, electrical conductivity(EC), C/N ratio, organic matter(OM), nutrient content and heavy metal. Changes in compost temperature during composting were maintained constantly in the range of $60{\sim}80^{\circ}C$ using firewood boiler(450 MJ/h). We examined physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in order to assess their effectiveness as stability and maturity, nutrient and harmful indicators such as seed germination rate<60%, potassium 1>%, dm and NaCl>1%, dm at the end of the final compost. The finished compost obtained after decomposition phase at the end of the 2nd composter could not be utilized for land improvement or reclamation.

Maturity Evaluation of Pig Manure Compost by Constituents of Organic Matter Influenced by Microbial Activity

Shin, Wan-Sik,Chung, Doug-Young,Chang, Ki-woon,Lee, Kyu-Seung 한국응용생명화학회 2000 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.43 No.3

Regarding to maturity evaluation of pig manure compost mixed with saw dust, change of constituents of organic matter influenced by microbial activities were investigated. Throughout the two stages of active composting period, we obtained a lot of data related to compost stabilization. However, we found out that only a couple of parameters could be used for adequate evaluation of compost. We, therefore, decided that total sugar and reducing sugar could be used for the reasonable standard criteria of maturity during composting process, even though some enzyme activities by phosphates and cellulase reactions were obtained and compared. Because the other parameters such as contents of lignin, cellulose, and organic acids were difficult to be used for maturity evaluation of pig manure compost.

미생물 첨가제가 거세한우 분의 이화학적 특성, 미생물 성상, 가스 발생량 및 퇴비 부숙도에 미치는 영향

주영호,서명지,정승민,김지윤,김삼철 한국초지조사료학회 2022 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.42 No.4

The present study investigated effects of microbial additives on the floor of Hanwoo steer manure in barn. The treatment following: without additives (CON); additives (AMA). Each treatment used 3 barns as replication and each barn contained 5 Hanwoos. The Hanwoo steer manure in barns was sub-sampled from 5 sides of pen at 0, 4 and 12 weeks. The sub-samples were used for analyses of chemical compositions, microbial counts, gas emissions and compost maturity. The concentrations of moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N ratio) of Hanwoo steer manure before the microbial additives were each 59.1%, 83.2%, 1.78% and 50.0%, respectively. The counts of lactic acid bacteria, Yeast, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were each 5.94, 6.83, 7,28 and 5.52 cfu/g, but Salmonella was not detected. The ammonia-N gas was 4.67 ppm, but hydrogen sulfide gas was not detected. After 4 weeks, moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen, pH and yeast count were lowest (p<0.05). The lactic acid bacteria, yeast, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and ammonia-N gas were not effects of microbial additives. All treatments was not detected at Salmonella count and hydrogen sulfide emission, and compost maturity was completed. After 12 weeks, the lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis were highest in AMA, while moisture, yeast and E. coli were lowest (p<0.05). The ammonia-N gas was not effect by microbial additive. Salmonella and hydrogen sulfide emission were not detected in all treatments, and compost maturity was completed. Therefore, in present study, the microbial additive did not affect of gas and compost maturity, but the pathogenic microorganism such as E. coli, were inhibited by microbial additives.

Effects of Earthworm Cast Addition on Food Waste Compost under Co-composting with Sawdust

Lee, Chang Hoon,Nam, Hong-Sik,Kim, Seok-Cheol,Park, Seong-Jin,Kim, Myeong-Sook,Kim, Sung-Chul,Oh, Taek-Keun 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Food waste has been recognized as a critical problem in Korea and many research was conducted to efficiently reutilize or treat food waste. Main purpose of this research was to evaluate a feasibility for producing fermented organic fertilizer with mixture of earthworm cast (EC). Four different treatments were mixed with food waste and EC at the rate of 0, 10, 20, and 30%, respectively. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 5~10 days depending on mixing ratio of EC. Among different treatment, the highest increase of inner temperature was observed in treatment mixed with food waste and EC 30%. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of each treatment was ranged between 5~7 indicating that manufactured fertilizer was curing or finished stage. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of 104~116 depending on mixing ratio of EC. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while control (FW only) was not adequate for composting. Overall, earthworm cast can be utilized for improving compost maturity by mixing with food waste and more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with earthworm cast in agricultural fields.