기후환경 대응역량 평가체계 구축

채여라 ( Yeora Chae ),송영일,안윤정,이주형 한국환경연구원 2016 사업보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

Climate change adaptation and mitigation goals are set up to reduce the negative impact of climate change. Second national Climate Change Adaptation Plans(CCAPs) are established to minimize the impact of climate change in Korea. There are many physical, informational, and behavioral barriers that hampering implication of policy. However, these issues have not been fully discussed yet. The barriers should be identified and solved to improve climate change combat capability. We defined climate combat capability is a combination of exposure, adaptive combat, effectiveness of adaptation measures. This study developed climate change combat capability assessment framework and suggest policy implication. To that end the contents is divided into analyzing methodology of climate change combat capability, developing climate change combat capability assessment framework, and suggesting policy implication. Firstly, indices which were used for assessing climate change adaptive combat were reviewed from referencing previous studies about climate change vulnerability assessment, adaptive combat, and risk assessment. Also, this study attempts to categorize public service and investigates evaluation methodology. Public service category and evaluation index were deduced from literature review. Public service was categorized according physical properties such as point type, line type, and plane type. Public service could be assessed with fairness, effectiveness, and effectualness. Secondly, list of climate change adaptive facilities among national·metropolitan·local level`s climate change adaptation action plans` options was deduced. climate change adaptive facilities were divided by the physical properties and evaluation indices were suggested for each facilities according to public service attributions. Thirdly, cooling center service, one of the adaptative plans has been analyzed by the assessment framework proposed in this study. Firstly, the perspective of the equity of the service is evaluated by comparing the distributions of cooling center service and the number of the national basic livelihood recipients and the population over 65 years of age in the areas. The result shows that the number of cooling centers per the national basic livelihood recipients is in lack in Gyeongsangnam-do, Gyeonsangbuk-do, and some parts of Daegu. Meanwhile, there are lack of the number of cooling centers per the population over 65 years of age in the Gyeonsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and some parts of Jeollabuk-do. Secondly, this study draws heat-vulnerable areas and analyzes the locational suitability of cooling centers in terms of travel time from heat-vulnerable areas to heawave shelters by the methods of network analysis in order to evaluate the perspective of efficiency of the service. The result illustrates that Junggu district in Seoul is one of the heat-vulnerable areas. It is only about 985 people, 6.5% of the population aged over 65 and over, can access the cooling center within 15 minutes, whereas it is about 11,062 people, 73% within 25 minutes. In addition, the number of those aged 65 and over who are unsuitable to use cooling center is about 3,065, 20% of those aged 65 and over. Lastly, user satisfaction survey has been conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the service and the result informs that the overall satisfaction is 4.3 points out of 5. The temperature inside of the cooling center is the hightest at 4.88 among the various attributes of the service, and the visibility of the shelter`s sign is the lowest at 3.94. In short, as the result of the application of the assessment framework into the cooling center service, it is necessary to elaborate the assessment framework and to develop the assessment tools considering the characteristics of the service. Further studies are required to elaborate evaluation framework by identifying climate change risk and adaptation plans` attributions.

기후변화와 인권 – 기후인권의 헌법적 보장에 대한 시론적 고찰 –

이재희 한국헌법학회 2023 憲法學硏究 Vol.29 No.3

기후변화는 자연적으로 발생하는 자연재난과는 구별된다. 인위적인 온실가스배출작용에 의하여 야기・촉진되는 것이고, 온실가스배출감축 및 기후변화 방지를 위한 인위적 노력에 의하여 완화될 수 있는 것이다. 그렇기에 기후변화로 인한 피해는 단순히 자연재난과 같이 취급될 것은 아니고 기후변화 피해에 대한 국가 및 국제사회의 책임이 인정된다. 국외의 기후변화 소송 과정에서 특히 우리의 법제에서 보건대, 새로운 권리보호 주장이 제기되기도 하였는데, 예컨대 이시적(intertemporal) 자유권 보장, 사생활 및 가족생활 존중권 등을 들 수 있다. 우리의 기후소송의 관점에서 이러한 권리 주장이 받아들여질 수 있을 것인지 향후 기후변화에 대한 사법적 대응의 관점에서 법리적 검토가 필요한 것이지만, 그에 앞서 기후변화 위기로 야기되는 인권문제에 어떠한 특수성이 있고 이에 따라 인권침해에 대한 국가책임 주장이 수용되도록 요청되는 것인지에 대하여 전체적인 관점에서 조망해볼 필요가 있다. 기후변화는 단순히 환경문제이기만 한 것은 아니다. 개인들의 삶의 본질적인 부분에 영향을 미치는 것이며, 기후재난에 의해 즉각적으로, 또는 기후변화의 누적된 영향에 의해 장기적으로, 인권으로 보장받는 개인의 권리들을 위협하게 되는 것이다. 그리고 이러한 기후변화위험은 일시적 위험을 넘어서 점증하고 상존하는 위험이기 때문에, 기후변화 위험으로 인하여 개인의 삶이 위협받는 것에 대하여 국가의 보호가 요청된다. 기후변화가 인권에 미치는 해악에 대하여 기후인권의 관점에서 접근하여야 하고, 기후변화를 방지하여 인권의 보장수준을 유지할 국가의 의무가 있다고 설명할 수 있는 것이다. 기후인권을 국내사법절차를 통해 보장하기 위하여 헌법소송 적용 가능성에 대하여 검토할 때, 헌법에 직접 규정된 것은 아니지만 헌법해석을 통해 기후인권 보장을 위한 국가의 의무를 도출하여 국가의 의무 이행에 대하여 심사해야 할 것이다. 기후변화로부터 보장되어야 할 기후인권의 내용들은 우리 헌법상 기본권으로서 생명권, 신체적 및 정신적 건강권, 인간의 존엄과 가치, 일반적 행동의 자유권, 환경권 등으로 구체화될 수 있으며, 기본권의 내용 해석을 통해 기후인권으로 보호될 필요가 있는 권리의 내용, 주체를 확장하여 현재의 기후위기 상황에 의하여 요청되는 새로운 인권으로서 기후인권의 내용을 포괄할 수 있도록 고려할 필요가 있다. 또한 환경권의 적극적 해석으로의 전환도 검토될 필요가 있다. 헌법 제10조에 따라, 국가는 개인이 가지는 불가침의 기본적 인권을 확인하고 이를 보장할 의무를 지는 것이며, 생명・신체의 보호와 같은 중요한 기본권적 법익 침해에 대하여 국가가 보호할 의무가 인정된다. 이는 국가가 아닌 제3자에 의해 유발된 침해의 경우에도 적용된다. 또한 헌법 제35조 제1항의 환경권에는 국가와 국민의 환경보전을 위해 노력할 의무도 규정하고 있다. 이를 고려할 때 환경권 침해에 대하여 국가가 적극적으로 기본권보호조치를 취할 의무가 있다고 인정할 수 있는 것이며, 이는 인위적으로 유발되는 기후변화에 의한 환경권 침해에 대하여서도 적용할 수 있다. 국가는 기후변화를 유발하거나 기후변화유발행위를 허가하는 등의 작용으로써 환경권을 침해하지 않고 존중・보호해야 하는 것이고, 나아가 기후변화로부터 기후환경을 적극적으로 보호 ... Climate change is distinct from natural disasters. It is caused by man-made carbon emissions, and at the same time it can be mitigated by man-made efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. Therefore, the damage caused by climate change should not be treated like a natural disaster. Governments and the international community are held accountable for the damage caused by climate change. Also, climate change is not just an environmental problem. Climate change affects essential aspects of individuals' lives. Individual rights can be immediately jeopardized by climate disasters and threatened in the long term by the cumulative effects of climate change. And these risks of climate change are more than temporary, they are increasing and ever-present risks. This is why the responsibility of the state to protect individuals from the dangers of climate change arises. To prevent the harms of climate change, we need to start the discussion from the perspective of ensuring climate rights. I would like to explain that states have an obligation to prevent climate change and to maintain a level of human rights. In order for climate rights to be guaranteed through domestic judicial procedures, the possibility of guaranteeing them through constitutional litigation should be examined. The content of climate rights is not directly stipulated in the Constitution. However, I argue that by interpreting the Korean Constitution, we can derive from the Constitution the obligations of the state to guarantee climate human rights, and then examine whether the state has properly fulfilled its obligations to guarantee climate rights. The climate human rights that are required to be protected from the risks of climate change can be specifically described as the fundamental rights under our Constitution: the right to life, the right to physical and mental health, the dignity and worth of the human person, the right to freedom of action in general, and the right to the environment. In addition, through the interpretation of the content of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution, the content and subject of the rights to be protected by the climate right should be expanded. Therefore, it is necessary to encompass the contents of climate human rights as a new human right requested to respond to the current climate crisis situation.

기후변화에 대한 인권적 접근 -유엔인권메커니즘과 유엔기후변화협약체제를 중심으로-

박병도 건국대학교 법학연구소 2025 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.60

기후변화는 환경문제이면서 인권문제이다. 기후변화는 단순히 환경문제를 넘어서 인권과 밀접하게 연결되어 있다. 기후변화는 지구 곳곳에서 환경에 부정적 영향을 미치고 있는 환경문제이며, 동시에 다양한 인권의 완전한 향유에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 인권문제이다. 기후변화는 광범위한 권리의 완전한 향유를 방해한다. 기후변화로 인한 인권침해는 국제법(특히 국제인권법과 국제환경법)에 따른 인권 의무를 촉발한다. 국가(즉, 의무 부담자)는기후 피해를 예방하고 시정하기 위한 효과적인 조치를 취하고, 기후변화를 완화하고, 모든 인간(즉, 권리 보유자)이 기후위기에 적응하는 데 필요한 역량을 갖추도록 해야 할 적극적인 의무가 있다. 인권을 존중하고 보호하며 실현해야 할 의무에 따라 국가는 기후변화의 부정적 영향을 방지하기 위해 기후변화 완화 공약을 강화할 의무가 있다. 또한 국가는 인권의 향유를 방해하는 기후 피해로부터 인권을 보호하는 법적ㆍ제도적 장치를 마련해야 한다. 특히 취약한 상황에 처한 사람들이 인간 존엄성의 삶을 누리기 위한 쾌적하고 건강한 환경과 그 피해에대한 효과적인 구제 및 적응 수단에 접근할 수 있도록 보장할 인권의무가 있다. 국가는 인위적인 온실 가스 배출을 줄이기 위한 조치(완화 조치)와 기후변화로 인한 부정적 결과에 적응하기 위한 조치(적응 조치)를 취해야 할 의무가 있다. 따라서 기후변화 완화 및 적응을 위한 법또는 정책을 수립하고 시행할 때 국제인권법에 의해 확립된 원칙과 기준을 적용해야 한다. 이러한 측면에서 기후변화에 대한 인권적 접근(human rights approach to climate change)은 기후변화로 인한 인권문제를 해결하는 데 핵심적이다. 본 논문의 목적은 기후변화에 대한 인권적 접근이 어떻게 사람과 국제공동체 모두에게 더나은 결과로 이끌어낼 수 있는지에 대해 문제의식을 제기하고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 먼저 기후변화로 인한 피해는 특히 사회적ㆍ경제적으로 취약한 계층에게 더욱 큰 영향을 미치는 점을 기후정의 관점에서 살펴보고, 기후변화로 인한 인권 침해를 방지하기 위한 국가의 의무를 고찰하고자 한다. 그리고 기후변화에 대한 인권적 접근은 기후변화의 악영향으로부터인권을 보호하는 데 매우 중요하다는 인식을 바탕으로, 유엔인권메커니즘과 유엔기후변화협약체제에서 ‘인권과 기후변화’가 어떻게 연계되어 논의되고 발전되고 있는지 분석해보고자 한다. 본 논문은 궁극적으로 기후변화와 인권의 연관성을 탐구하고, 인권적 접근을 통한기후변화 대응 방안을 모색하고자 하는 논의에 필요한 법적 토대를 살펴보는 것이기도 하다. Climate change is both an environmental issues and a human rights issues. Climate change is not simply an environmental problems, but is closely linked to human rights. Climate change is an environmental issues that negatively impacts the environment in many parts of the world, and at the same time, it is a human rights issues that negatively affect the full enjoyment of various human rights. Climate change impedes the full enjoyment of a wide range of rights. Human rights violations caused by climate change trigger human rights obligations under international law (particularly international human rights law and international environmental law). States (i.e., duty-bearers) have a positive obligation to take effective measures to prevent and remedy climate damage, mitigate climate change, and ensure that all people (i.e., rights holders) have the capacity to adapt to the climate crisis. In accordance with the obligation to respect, protect, and realize human rights, States have an obligation to strengthen their climate change mitigation commitments to prevent the negative impacts of climate change. States must also establish legal and institutional mechanisms to protect human rights from climate damage that impedes the enjoyment of human rights. In particular, there is a human rights obligation to ensure that people in vulnerable situations have access to a pleasant and healthy environment for a life of human dignity and effective remedies and adaptation measures for such damage. States have an obligation to take measures to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation measures) and to adapt to the negative consequences of climate change (adaptation measures). Therefore, when establishing and implementing laws or policies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change, the principles and standards established by international human rights law must be applied. In this regard, the human rights approach to climate change is essential to resolving human rights issues caused by climate change. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of how a human rights approach to climate change can lead to better outcomes for both people and the international community. To this end, I will first examine the fact that the damage caused by climate change has a greater impact on socially and economically vulnerable groups from the perspective of climate justice, and consider the state’s obligations to prevent human rights violations caused by climate change. In addition, based on the recognition that a human rights approach to climate change is essential for protecting human rights from the adverse effects of climate change, I will analyze how ‘human rights and climate change’ are discussed and developed in connection in the UN human rights mechanisms and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ultimately, this paper aims to explore the legal foundations necessary for discussions on the relationship between climate change and human rights and to seek ways to respond to climate change through a human rights approach.

Elementary Teachers' Knowledge and Teaching of Climate Change

Nam, Youn-Kyeong,Kim, Soon-Shik,Lee, Young-Seob The Korean Society of Earth Science Education 2011 대한지구과학교육학회지 Vol.4 No.3

This study examines eighteen elementary teachers knowledge and teaching practrice of climate change using the KQEM survey, modified from the survey developed by Leiserowitz, A., Smith, N. & Marlon, J.R. (2010). The survey includes 11 questions from KQEM survey and 2 open ended questions about teachers' knowledge of climate change and their understandings of important climate change concept for elementary students. All of the participant teachers were purposefully selected for the study and were participated in the study volunteerly. The data for this study were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The result of this study indicates that the teachers have knowledge of climate change specifically about the topics of causes of climate change and consequences of climate change such as shifting biome and ecological impacts. While most of the teachers described climate change phenomena using scientific knowledge, some of the teachers (N=2) showed misconceptions about climate change phenomena. Most of the teachers thought the causes of climate change and potential solutions to reduce climate change are important concept that elementary students need to understand about climate change. Actually, most of the teachers are currently teaching the causes and consequences of climate change (N=13) potential solutions to global warming (N= 8). This study could inform teacher educators about what elementary teachers understand about climate change and what elementary teachers are currently teaching about climate change.

기후변화 관련 어휘 사용 및 기후위기 담론의 전개 양상

강희숙 한국언어문학회 2023 한국언어문학 Vol.125 No.-

If there is a problem that has emerged as a global disaster along with the COVID-19 pandemic, it is climate change. This is why the discourse of “climate crisis” has been actively conducted from various angles in recent years. Based on these facts, this study focused on analyzing the use of words related to climate change and how the ideological tendencies pursued by media companies correlate with climate issues, especially the "climate crisis" reports that have been increasingly used recently. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, based on data from BIGKinds, a news big data analysis service provided by the Korea Press Promotion Foundation, it was confirmed that relatively various language variations have been appearing in climate change-related terms over the past 30 years, such as "climate change," "weather variation," "abnormal climate," "climate crisis," "climate disaster," and "extreme climate.“ Second, in our society, the term "climate change" has been used more frequently since the 2000s instead of "weather change" over the climate issue, which is markedly different in nature from natural fluctuations in the past, and "climate change" has been the most frequently used to date. Third, "climate change" showed a sudden upward curve in contrast to other years by showing 15,455 times in 2009 and 26,945 times in 2021. It was confirmed that there is a close correlation between the climate change cause discourse of "global warming" in 2009 and the climate change response discourse of "greenhouse gas reduction" and "carbon neutrality" in 2021. Fourth, the second most frequent vocabulary after "climate change" is "climate crisis," which has shown a total frequency of 33,827 over the past 30 years, and this phenomenon has appeared as a distinct trend, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifth, media reports that focus on highlighting the "climate crisis" issue have been confirmed to have a clear correlation with the ideological tendencies of media companies, and in newspaper editorials as well as general articles, liberal media companies are more actively approaching the "climate crisis" issue than conservative media companies.

블렌디드 러닝(Blended Learning)을 활용한 기후변화교육에 대한 인식조사와 학습만족도에 대한 연구

이빛나라(Bitnara Lee),이은희(Eun-Heui Lee) 한국환경교육학회 2016 環境 敎育 Vol.29 No.4

기후변화가 세계적인 관심으로 부각됨에 따라 국·내외에서 이를 해결하기 위해 각종 정책을 마련하고 있다. 기후변화에 대한 인식 함양을 위해서 기후변화 교육이 중요한 역할을 한다. 특히 환경에 미치는 영향이 큰 대학교는 대학생이 수강할 수 있는 기후변화교육 프로그램을 개발하여 활성화시켜야 할 의무가 있다. 이를 위해 사회변화에 따른 새로운 유형의 프로그램 개발이 필요하며, 온라인과 오프라인을 적절하게 활용하는 블렌디드 러닝 프로그램이 새로운 기후변화교육 프로그램으로 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 블렌디드 러닝 기후변화교육 프로그램을 진행하는 S여자대학교 수강생들을 대상으로 기후변화에 관한 인식과 이러닝에 대한 학습만족도를 조사하여 블렌디드 러닝 기후변화교육 프로그램 구축을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. t-검정 결과, 블렌디드 러닝 기후변화교육을 받은 수강생들의 기후변화 인식과 만족도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 향후 지속가능한 기후변화교육의 하나로 블렌디드 러닝의 활용이 가능할 것이며, 이러닝을 적절하게 활용하여 프로그램을 구성한다면 교육적 효과가 높을 것으로 기대된다. Climate change is a global topic. Therefore, domestic and foreign countries have set up policies to solve climate change. Education on climate change plays an important role especially in improving the awareness of climate change. In particular, the university has a high impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop climate change programs that target university students. Developing a new climate change education program is necessary due to social changes. A blended learning program that utilizes online and offline appropriately in a suitable climate change education is utilized. This study aimed at students of S womens university class with a blended learning climate change education program and promoted a learning satisfaction survey. This study was conducted with the aim of providing basic data for building educational programs of blended learning climate change. As a result of t-test survey, it was discovered that cognitive changes in students climate change and satisfaction were high through the blended learning climate change program. Blended learning can be used as an alternative for future sustainable climate change education. Therefore blended learning can be used as an alternative to future sustainable climate change education.

국가 기후변화 적응 전략 수립 방안에 관한 연구

권원태(Won-Tae Kwon),백희정(Hee-Jeong Baek),최경철(Kyung-Cheol Choi),정효상(Hyo-Sang Chung) 한국기상학회 2005 대기 Vol.15 No.4

The global mean surface temperature has already increased by 0.6±0.2oC over the last century, and warming in Korea is approximately twice as large as the global average. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that the majority of warming over the past 50 years could be attributed to human activities (IPCC, 2001a). In addition, the global surface temperature is expected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8oC depending on the greenhouse gas emission scenarios during the 21st century.Climate change resulting from increased greenhouse gas concentrations has the potential to harm societies and ecosystems. Reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases and their concentration in the atmosphere will reduce the degree and likelihood of significant adverse conditions due to the anticipated climate change. Mitigation policy has generally been the primary focus of public attention and policy efforts on climate change. However, some degree of climate change is inevitable due to the combination of continued increases in emissions and the inertia of the global climate system. Adaptation actions and strategies are needed for a complementary approach to mitigation. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) currently addresses vulnerability and adaptation in the context of climate change negotiations and in future adaptation may be an important element of work under the Kyoto Protocol. There are several on-going programs to develop effective adaptation strategies and their implementation. But in general, many other countries are still on an initiating stage. The climate change science programs of the United States, Japan, England, and Germany are initiated to understand the current status of climate change science and adaptation researches in the developed countries. In this study, we propose the improvement on systems in policy and research aspects to effectively perform the necessary functions for development of nation-wide adaptation measures and their implementation. In policy aspect, the Korean Panel on Climate Change (KPCC) is introduced as a coordinating mechanism between government organizations related with climate change science, impact assessment and adaptation. Also in research aspect, there is a strong consensus on the need for construction of a national network on climate change research as trans-disciplinary research network.

청소년의 기후변화 인식이 기후변화 문제해결 행동에 미치는 영향 : 미디어와 기후변화 관여도의 영향을 중심으로

김민정,송연주,이은주 한국국회학회 2024 한국과 세계 Vol.6 No.3

본 연구는 청소년의 기후변화 인식이 기후변화 관여도와 기후변화에 따른 문제해결을 위한 행동에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 특히 기후변화에 대한 청소년의 관여는 그들이 주로 노출되는 미디어에 따라 달라질 것으로 예측하였으며, 미디어로 SNS와 매스미디어뿐만 아니라 교과서를 포함하였다. 한국청소년정책연구원이 수행한 청소년의 기후변화에 대한 인식조사 원본 데이터를 활용하여 영향관계를 분석한 결과, SNS와 매스미디어, 교과서와 같은 미디어는 기후변화 관여도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 기후변화 관여도를 통해 기후변화 문제해결 행동에 간접적으로 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 미디어들의 적극적인 활용이 궁극적으로 청소년들의 기후변화에 대한 중요성 인식뿐만 아니라 행동 실천을 유발도하기 위해 필요함을 의미한다. This study sought to determine the impact of youth's awareness of climate change on their involvement in climate change and their actions to solve problems caused by climate change. In particular, it was predicted that youth's involvement in climate change would vary depending on the media they were primarily exposed to. At this time, we attempted to include not only SNS and mass media as information collection media, but also all experiences inside and outside of school, including textbooks encountered in school education. This study analyzed the relationship using original data from a survey of youth perceptions of climate change conducted by the Korea Youth Policy Institute. As a result, it was confirmed that media such as SNS, mass media, and textbooks had a positive influence on climate change involvement, and indirectly influenced climate change problem-solving behavior through climate change involvement.

기후변화시대의 불법행위법 - 기후변화대응 정책수단으로서 불법행위소송의 장·단점 및 발전방향에 관한 소고 -

허성욱 사법발전재단 2012 사법 Vol.1 No.21

There is overwhelming scientific consensus that climate change is in progress and that increased carbon dioxide concentrations is one of its major factors. This climate change causes damages such as ① rises in sea-level, ② melting permafrost, ③ heat waves, and ④ hurricanes; and these damages not only cause property damages, but also communal harm or cultural damages. Current responses to climate change consist of two major trends. First one is the policy response, which includes agreements between nations and domestic policy. Second one is the legal response, which includes both public law response such as emissions trading act, and also private law response such as tort litigation. It seems that tort litigation is the most effective way to recover private litigants' losses caused by climate change. It is clear that within traditional tort law, it is difficult to: determine the identity of the tortfeasor who caused the plaintiff's loss, prove the causation between the defendant's actions and the plaintiff's loss, and evaluate the damage itself. This is because, unlike traditional tort law principle, climate change has new characteristics as a risk problem such as its complexity, uncertainty, extensiveness, and policy-relatedness. Tort litigation as a response to climate change has its own unique significance. First, tort litigation enhances regulatory policy making. That is, tort litigation may inform the seriousness of the matter caused by the climate change to the public, and it also allows the policy-making institution to place this matter as its major priority. Second, tort litigation carries out many social functions, such as allowing courts to provide corrective justice by compensation, creating incentives to avoid future harmful activities and risks. However, it is essential that tort law should be under a paradigm changing reformation in the era of climate change. First of all, each individual and company should recognize that not attempting to reduce CO₂ emissions is an immoral and illegal act in itself, and not just a mandatory public interest cooperation. When determining whether defendants should be held liable for plaintiff's damages or not, judges should make an effort to examine the seriousness of the climate change and its systematic relations. And in the case of climate change litigation, there is a greater chance for the court to apply strict liability rather than negligence liability. Also, from the causation perspective, courts need to modify existing theories of causation to solve the risk problems such as climate change, while judges should make substantive decisions on evidences with a sufficient capability to understand the meaning of scientific evidences beyond the adversarial system. Finally, besides the existing calculable economic damages, it is necessary to consider the compensation for ‘communal harm’ or ‘cultural damages’. 기후변화가 진행되고 있다는 사실 및 그 주된 원인이 인간의 활동으로 인해 배출되는 이산화탄소의 대기집적이라는 것은 충분한 과학적 근거가 있는 사실이다. 이러한 기후변화로 인하여 ① 해수면 상승으로 인한 손해, ② 영구 동토층 해빙으로 인한 손해, ③ 열파로 인한 손해, ④ 허리케인으로 인한 손해 등이 발생하고 있으며, 이로 인한 피해범위는 재산적 손해뿐만 아니라 공동체의 손해(communal harm) 또는 문화적 손해(cultural damages)에까지 이르고 있다. 이러한 기후변화에 대응은 두 가지 형태로 나뉘어진다. 첫째는 국가 간의 협약, 국내의 기후변화대응정책 등과 같은 국내외의 정책적 대응의 형태, 둘째는 기후변화대응입법 등과 같은 법적 대응의 형태이다. 그리고 후자는 다시 온실가스배출권거래법과 같은 각종 규제정책으로 대표되는 공법적인 대응과 불법행위소송으로 대변되는 사법적 대응으로 구성되어 있다. 이 중에서 기후변화로 인하여 피해를 입은 사람들의 정신적·물질적 손해를 전보할 수 있는 가장 효과적인 대응책은 사법적 대응 - 즉, 불법행위소송으로 보인다. 물론, 전통적인 불법행위 소송의 법리로는 기후변화소송에서 주된 쟁점이 될 수 있는 가해자 특정, 인과관계의 입증 및 손해액의 산정 등의 문제를 해결하기 어렵다. 기후변화현상은 전통적인 불법행위의 모습과 달리 리스크 문제로서 불확정성, 광범위성, 정책관련성 등의 새로운 특징을 갖고 있기 때문이다. 그러나 기후변화에 대응하기 위한 수단으로서 불법행위 소송은 다음과 같은 의의가 있다. 첫째, 규제행정목적을 실현할 수 있게 된다. 즉, 기후변화소송을 통해 기후변화문제의 심각성을 대중에게 알릴 수 있으며, 기후변화담당 규제행정청은 기후변화문제를 우선과제로 삼게 된다. 둘째, 불법행위소송은 손해전보를 통해 교정적 정의를 실현하고, 사회적으로 유해한 행위를 예방하며, 위험을 분산시키는 등의 사회적 기능을 수행할 수 있다. 다만 기후변화시대에 있어 불법행위소송제도는 새롭게 변화할 필요성이 있다. 우선, 위법성 측면에서, 각 개인과 기업들에게 CO₂ 배출 저감노력을 하지 않는 것이 도덕적·법적 의무위반이라는 규범적 인식이 선행되어야 할 것이며, 법관들은 행위자들의 의무위반 여부를 판단함에 있어 기후변화문제의 심각성과 시스템 관련성을 이해하는 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 그리고 이때 기후변화소송에 있어서는 과실책임주의보다 무과실책임주의가 적용되는 영역이 상대적으로 커질 가능성이 있다. 또한 인과관계 측면에서, 기후변화와 같은 리스크 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 기존의 인과관계법리가 수정될 필요성이 있으며, 법관들은 대립당사자주의의 원칙을 넘어서 과학적 증거의 의미를 이해할 수 있는 정도의 역량을 갖추어 실질적인 증거판단을 하여야 할 것이다.마지막으로 손해의 측면에서도, 기존의 금전으로 환산 가능한 경제적 손해를 넘어서 공동체의 손해 또는 문화적 손해에 대한 보상 문제에 대해서도 법학자와 법률가들이 전향적으로 기존의 법리를 재검토함으로써 기후변화로인한 손해의 실질적 배상이 이루어지도록 할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다.

기후변화에 따른 화학물질 위해성 관리방안 1

박정규,신용승 한국환경연구원 2011 기본연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.-

Climate change has been bring more severe and frequent extreme weather phenomena which make global effects on the entire area of the earth. Toxicity and exposures of chemicals are affected by climate change, resulting in alteration of risk which has played a center role in policies of chemical risk management. While current studies of climate change and chemical management or chemical risk are in the very early stage, they suggest that climate change would make impacts on chemical risk and to respond to them, generation of scientific data and improvement of risk management policies would be in need. The main goals of this research were to scrutinize the relationships between chemicals and climate change based on studies of climate change and to propose important policy aspects of chemical risk studies in the future. To accomplish these goals, first, we derived implications from reviewing literature of effects of climate change on chemical risk. The implications were as follows: (1) Changes in natural environment and life patterns due to climate change may alter the applications of exiting chemicals and also possibly stimulates development of new chemicals. (2) Extreme weather phenomena due to climate change could disturb weather factors like air pressure and humidity along with variation of physicochemical properties of environmental media such as temperature, salinity and pH, leading to changes in environmental fate of pollutants. (3) In soils and watersheds, trace amounts of pollutants which are not regarded as risk factors may raise risk if ecosystem is influenced by climate change. (4) Environmental changes because of climate change are supposed to alter toxicity, exposure and fate of chemicals, and subsequently impact on the chemical risks. Second, a chemical fate model was applied to inspect influences of climate change on environmental factors which are commonly used for risk assessments and identify sensitive factors to climate change if necessary. The impacts of climate change on the chemical fate estimated from the multimedia fate model show that in the specific regions, the levels of the pollution due to climate change vary with the weather, environmental conditions, and release conditions of pollutants in a variety of shapes. The impacts of the characteristics of the pollutants were not more imminent than the impacts of the difference of the regional conditions. Except for the Gangwon province, the impacts of climate change on the annual average concentration of atmospheric PAH were presented with the variations of less than 10% and independent of the region and PAH type. An annual average concentration of PAH in soil was predicted to be slightly decreased by climate change. In contrast, the variation of the annual average concentration of the water body kept increasing compared to no climate change (NCC) for the long term regardless of the substance or the region. The range of the variation for the water body was also wider than the variation range for the air or soil. Additionally, for the Gangwon province, the variation of the annual average concentration was remarkably different from variation of the other areas in light of the direction and magnitude of the variation. It suggests that regional differences could be influential on the climate change effects, and therefore it is certain that analysis of the causes and expansion of the target area is requested. Meanwhile, it was expected that in the air and water, the monthly average concentration can increase by one or two orders of magnitude compared to NCC indicating the potential adverse effects of climate change on human health and aquatic ecosystems. Thus, it is necessary to establish systems to identify conditions favorable for increase in contamination due to climate change and predict the impacts of climate change on the contamination and also prepare the prevention and countermeasures for these impacts. Third, it was suggested that chemical management should be contemplated in preparation of paradigm shift in risk and climate change adaptation policies by examining possible changes in chemical risks according to accommodation of human life and uses of chemical substances. To cut down chemical risks, methods of choosing less toxic alternatives or managing exposure pathways and levels of exposures have been used. It, however, has recently gotten attention that the reduction methods can be interrupted by factors like climate change which has not been cogitated influential on the reduction. Previous environmental fate and exposure assessment models did not take into climate change. The impacts of climate change are very long-term and uncertain estimates and also appear differently counting on the regional, geographical, and seasonal attributes as presented in the multimedia fate model study of PAHs in the chapter 4 of this report. Keeping in mind that the impacts of climate change are not only global, but local and specific in many cases, appropriate responses to the impacts of climate change on chemical management should be prepared with the investigation of potential weaknesses of the current chemical management policies due to climate change. In particular, risk assessment which has been utilized as a means of chemical management policies could be more complex and difficult to conduct because it should deal with a wider range of environmental conditions in the future. It should be noticed that without prerequisite information such as chemical risk data, the reliability of the risk assessment could be impaired and consequentially, the efficiency of the environmental management policies found on the results of the risk assessment is very likely to be problematic. As seen earlier, it is anticipated that significant efforts for a long time should be made to change the current paradigm of risks and risk policies through the steps as follows: 1. The environmental factors which have been applied to the entire process of risk assessment should be replaced by new forms of the environmental factors reflecting the characteristics of the climate change in South Korea. 2. In order for the first step to be successful, it is indispensible to not only acquire environmental factors considering climate change, but also secure methods for confirming the changes in the risks due to the new forms of the environmental factors and the scientific evidences of the effects of these changes. 3. It is crucial that the existing paradigm of chemical risks is transformed to a paradigm which is competent for climate change. 4. It is compelling to put a fresh spotlight on the chemical groups which have been regulated and regulatory policies using the new chemical risk paradigm and also reevaluate management levels of these regulated chemicals. 5. It should be ascertained to find parts of current climate change and adaptation measures related to chemicals and include means for abating chemical risks in these parts. Built on the first year results of this research, the three main aims for the second year were developed as follows: 1. Suggesting a logic for regulatory prioritization of chemicals which are vulnerable to climate change, and among various environmental factors which impinge fate of chemicals, identify sensitive environmental factors to climate change, which should be ruminated first for managing chemical risks posed by climate change. 2. Investigating policies of major countries and international organizations for reducing or mitigating chemical risks due to climate change and analyze domestic and international regulatory measures for individual chemical among climate change-sensitive chemicals and chemical groups determined by this research. 3. Proposing regulatory levels of sensitive chemicals to climate change and also providing direction of domestic policies for managing chemical risks with consideration of climate change.