유색미 색소의 종류와 기능

崔海椿,吳世寬 韓國作物學會 1996 Korean journal of crop science Vol.41 No.S

The edible natural pigments extracted from plant organs become steadly popular to consumer because of those physiological functions desirable for food preservation and human health in recent years. There are a number of colored rice genotypes from light brown to blackish purple via reddish brown and purple. Some researchers reported their results on extraction recipes and identification of chemical structure of the pigments from the colored rice. The pigments extracted from colored rices can be largely divided into two types of anthocyanin and tannin pigments. Anthocyanin pigments are mainly contained in purple or blackish purple rice while tannin pigments are mainly contained in brown or reddish brown rice. Some brownish purple rices showed two peaks of tannin and anthocyanin pigments simultaneously. Purple rices showed better extraction of pigments in 0.1~% HCl-contained 80~% methanol or 0.5~% malic-acid-contained 80~% ethanol, while red rices revealed better extraction of pigments in 0.01~% citric-acid-contained 80~% ethanol. The anthocyanin pigments are generally unstable to heat, light and acidity of solution. The pigments extracted from colored rice can be preserved stably under the dark and cool(<5~circC ) condition and at pH 2.0~~4.0 . The anthocyanin pigments of purple rice are mainly composed by cyanidin-3-glucoside (chrysanthemin). The other pigment fractions in purple rice were identified to peonidin-3-gluco-side, malvidin-3-galactoside(uliginosin) and cyanidin-3-ramnoglucoside(keracyanin). The pericarp coloration of purple rices is controlled by three complimentary genes C (anthocyanin), A(activator) and Plw (purple leaf) genes, while the red rices are expressed by complimentary interaction between Rc(basic substance of pigment) and Rd(distribution of pigment) genes or C and Plw genes. Recently, the antioxidation and antimutagenic activity in main component of anthocyanin pigments extracted from colored rice were identified. The natural pigments from colored rice can be useful for beverages, cakes, ice scream, cosmetic and so on.

Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Growths and Pigment Contents in Arabidopsis thaliana

백승아,한태준,안순길,강하라,조명래,이석찬,임경환 한국식물병리학회 2012 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.28 No.4

The effect of heavy metals on seedling growth and pigment levels was studied in Arabidopsis using essential (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and non-essential metals (Pb and Hg). Generally increasing the concentrations of the metals resulted in a gradual decrease in root and shoot lengths,a decrease in chlorophylls, an increase in anthocyanins and a fluctuation in carotenoid content depending on the metal types. The toxicity of the metals decreased in the following order: Cu > Hg > Pb > Zn > Mn. Among the five metals, Cu was exceptionally toxic and the most potent inducer of anthocyanins. Pb induced the smallest quantity of anthocyanins but it was the strongest inducer of carotenoids. It suggests that the Cu-stressed Arabidopsis may use anthocyanins as its main antioxidants while the Pb-stressed Arabidopsis use carotenoids as its main protectants. All of the five metals induced an accumulation of anthocyanins. The consistent increase in anthocyanin content in the metal-stressed Arabidpsis indicates that anthocyanins play a major role in the protection against metal stresses.

Anthocyanin Profiling and Radical Scavenging Activity of Selected Pigmented Rice Varieties

( Hiba A. Ali ),( Il Kyu Cho ),( Sun Ju Kim ),( Se Na Kim ),( Young Kim ),( Young Sook Cho ),( Hyung Jin Baek ),( Jung Bong Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2011 한국환경농학회지 Vol.30 No.2

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins have been recognized as health-enhancing substances due to their antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hypoglycemic effects. The objective was to identify anthocyanins-rich rice grains for the development of functional foods and/or functional food colorants. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rice grains of one black and three red-hulled rice varieties were extracted with acidified 80% aqueous methanol. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts was screened on TLC plates and in an in vitro assay using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) as a free radical source. Red-hulled rice varieties exhibited higher antioxidant activity (88%, 1 mg/mL) than black rice (67%, 1 mg/mL). Among the red-hulled varieties tested, rice variety SSALBYEO54 (901452) was the most active (72%, 0.5 mg/mL). Rice extracted anthocyanin compounds were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-FLD and LC-MS/MS. Red-hulled varieties comprised cyanidin-3-glucoside in addition to ferulic acid esters, apigenin and kaempferol glycosides. CONCLUSION(s): Anthocyanins identified in the black rice variety were cyanidin-7-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3`-O-glucoside, cyanidin-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3, 7-O-diglucoside, cyanidin-3, 5-O-diglucoside and peonidin-4`-O-glucoside. The results of this study show that the black rice (IT212512) and red-hulled rice variety SSALBYEO54 (901452) contain notable antioxidant activity for potential use in nutraceutical or functional food formulations.

Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Growths and Pigment Contents in Arabidopsis thaliana

Baek, Seung-A,Han, Taejun,Ahn, Soon-Kil,Kang, Hara,Cho, Myung Rae,Lee, Suk-Chan,Im, Kyung-Hoan The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2012 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.28 No.4

The effect of heavy metals on seedling growth and pigment levels was studied in Arabidopsis using essential (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and non-essential metals (Pb and Hg). Generally increasing the concentrations of the metals resulted in a gradual decrease in root and shoot lengths, a decrease in chlorophylls, an increase in anthocyanins and a fluctuation in carotenoid content depending on the metal types. The toxicity of the metals decreased in the following order: Cu > Hg > Pb > Zn > Mn. Among the five metals, Cu was exceptionally toxic and the most potent inducer of anthocyanins. Pb induced the smallest quantity of anthocyanins but it was the strongest inducer of carotenoids. It suggests that the Cu-stressed Arabidopsis may use anthocyanins as its main antioxidants while the Pb-stressed Arabidopsis use carotenoids as its main protectants. All of the five metals induced an accumulation of anthocyanins. The consistent increase in anthocyanin content in the metal-stressed Arabidpsis indicates that anthocyanins play a major role in the protection against metal stresses.

양하 추출액의 색소 안정성 연구

김명현,한영실,Kim, Myung-Hyun,Han, Young-Sil 한국식품조리과학회 2016 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of anthocyanin pigment extract from Yangha (Zingiber mioga ROSC). Methods: Yangha extract was investigated for the effects of metal ion, temperature, light, heating time, sugars, and organic acids on the stability of anthocyanin pigments. Results: Yangha pigment was more stable than other anthocyanin pigments at unstable temperatures. The stability of anthocyanin pigment significantly decreased one day after exposure to light. All tested sugars decreased the abundance of Yangha pigments, with highest levels in the presence of sucrose, and progressive decrease in the presence of maltose, fructose, glucose and galactose, in order. Among the organic acids tested, citric acid and malic acid were the most effective in stabilizing the Yangha pigment, followed by acetic acid and formic acid. Most metal ions except $Fe^{2+}$ were effective in stabilizing the pigment. Conclusion: These results provide useful reference data for the use of pigments from Yangha in processed foods.

Genetic Analysis of Seed-specific Gene Expression for Pigmentation in Colored Rice

김창국,Shoshi Kikuchi,Kouji Satoh,김진아,김동헌,김용환,박성한,윤웅한,이점호 한국바이오칩학회 2009 BioChip Journal Vol.3 No.2

Anthocyanin is a major class of flavonoids that tissues produce in response to environmental signals. The pigmentation of colored rice was analyzed by oligo microarray based on two factors, cultivar and developmental stage. As many as 250 and 350 genes were identified to be significantly up- and down-regulated. Using hypergeometric analysis for transcription factor function, the Myb and GT families, PBP, PBF, RAV, and STF factors were identified have potential anthocyanin-specific functions. We also obtained seventeen unknown genes which display novel functions. Among the genes within the GT-1 and Myb1 groups, three unknown genes were found to be upregulated significantly in both combinations of cultivar and developmental stage. These results showed functional diversity of TF families and that the biological functions of the particular TFs may be activated in a pigmentation pathway in rice.

거봉(Black Olympia) 포도과피로부터 분리된 Anthocyanin색소의 저장안정성

홍주헌 ( Joo Heon Hong ),정헌식 ( Hun Sik Chung ),우홍 ( Hong U ),윤광섭 ( Kwang Sup Youn ) 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2002 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.9 No.3

Effects of Shading on the Growth, Development, and Anthocyanin Content of Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus

Raisa Aone M. Cabahug,소손일,남상용 한국화훼학회 2017 화훼연구 Vol.25 No.4

Shading is a key element in the control of light intensity and is usually used during the summer when sunlight is at its most intense. Succulents are ornamental crops that have beextremely popular because of their leaf structure and other characteristics. A study was conducted to determine the effects of shading on the growth and development as well as the anthocyanin content of two Echeveria species: Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus. Three levels of shading were used, namely no shading/full light treatment, partially shaded conditions, and well-shaded conditions, which were achieved by placement inside controlled growing chambers for 4 weeks. The results revealed the bolting of growth in both height and diameter for both species when grown under shaded and partially shaded conditions, which were abnormal compared withthe typical development. CIELAB color results also showed thata* was significantly affected by shading levels, exhibiting a higher positive value for succulents under full light or no shading. These results were consistent with the anthocyanin analysis, where the highest contents were identifiedinthe species grown under full light. The image analysis also confirmed a higher percentage area based on the smart segmentation for red pigments compared withthat for green pigments.

유색미 색도 및 영양특성의 품종간 변이

고희종,원용재,차건완,허문회 韓國作物學會 1996 한국작물학회지 Vol.41 No.5

벼 에서 유색미의 이용성을 검토하고자 갈색, 적색, 자색, 흑색 등의 현미색을 가진 품종들에서 몇가지 색소관련 특성 및 영양특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 유색미의 색소는 종피~과피에 침적되어 있었으며, bulk로 정백시에는 백미에도 그 일부가 잔존하였다. 2. 유색미의 현미 1 g당anthocyanin함량은 갈색 및 적갈색미 1.63~17.62 ug, 적색미 3.56~11.10 ug, 자색미 28.11~401.22 ug, 흑색미 665.98 ug 이 었다. 3. 분석된 유색미 중 DZ 78에서 단백질함량이 가장 높았다. 아미노산 조성에서는 보통미와 유색미간, 배아를 제거한 현미와 백미간에 특별한 경향이 없이 대체로 비슷하였다. 4. 유색미의 vitamin 함량을 화청벼와 비교하여 볼 때 B1 는 L K1 B-4-12-1-1과 DK 1에서 다소 증가했다. B2 는 L K1 B-2-1-1과 L K1 B-4-12-1-1의 배아를 제거한 현미에서 월등히 증가하였다. 5. 조사된 양이온 K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F e2+의 함량은 대부분 유색미에서 유의하게 증가하여 색소침적과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. Colored rices have been used for specific purposes by rice consumers due to the color and nutritive values empirically recognized. In this study, varietal variations of pigmentation and nutritive values were investigated in brown, red, purple and black rices. Pigments were localized in seed coat to pericarp region in all varieties tested. Pigments were slightly residued on the surface of milled rice. Anthocyanin content per g brown rice was 1.63~17.62 ~mu~textrmg in brown and reddish-brown rices, 3.56~11.10 ~mu~textrmg in red rices, 28.11~401.22 ~mu~textrmg in purple rices, and 3, 665.98 ~mu~textrmg in a black rice. A vatiety DZ 78 showed the highest protein content out of colored rices analyzed for protein. Normal and colored rices were found to have the similiar composition of amino acids, and so was in between brown rice without embryo and milled rice. Colored rices, L K1 B-4-12-1-1 and DK 1, showed higher content of vitamin B1 compared with Hwacheongbyeo, a check variety of no specific color, and L K1 B-2-1-1 and L K1 B-4-12-1-1 showed much higher content of vitamin B2 in brown rice without embryo. Cation contents such as K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ and F e2+ were significantly increased in most of the colored rices tested implying that the increase might be associated with color pigmentation.ation.

Lipid Lowering Effect of Anthocyanin-Pigmented Rice Bran in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats

Han, Hae-Kyoung,Choi, Sung-Sook,Shin, Jin-Chul,Chung, Ha-Sook The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2008 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.13 No.4

Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo, an anthocyanin-pigmented rice variety, is well known to contain high levels of bioactive phytochemicals, anthocyanin, quinolone alkaloids and phenolic acids. Here, we studied the inhibitory effect of Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo bran on the absorption of dietary fat in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley male rats. For these experiments, experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal, diabetic-control and two experimental groups that were fed 1.0 g or 2.0 g/kg body weight/day of Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinjubyeo bran supplement for 14 days. As a result, liver glycogen levels increased significantly by 65% and 32% in groups receiving 1.0 g and 2.0 g/kg body weight/day, respectively, compared to diabetic-control. Liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower by 8.3% and 14.5% in the groups fed 1.0 g and 2.0 g of anthocyanin- pigmented rice extracts, respectively.