Learning styles and strategies preferences of Iranian medical students in gross anatomy courses and their correlations with gender

Mohammad Ali Atlasi,Alireza Moravveji,Hossein Nikzad,Vahid Mehrabadi,Homayoun Naderian 대한해부학회 2017 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.50 No.4

The learning approaches can help anatomy teachers design a suitable curriculum in harmony with their students’ learning styles. The research objective is to evaluate gross anatomy learning styles and strategies preferences of Iranian medical students at Kashan University of Medical Sciences (KAUMS). This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out on 237 Iranian medical students. The students answered questions on approaches to learning anatomy and expressed opinions about learning anatomy in medical curriculum. The data were analyzed to disclose statistically significant differences between male and female students. Iranian male and female students were interested in learning anatomy using notes, plastic models, pictures and diagrams, clinical context, dissection and prosection of cadavers; however, they rarely used cross-sectional images and web-based resources. Both groups of medical students used region and system in learning anatomy. However, there existed some striking differences, particularly in having difficulty in studying anatomy using cadaveric specimens, using books alone, and learning it in small groups. Male students were less interested in learning with cadavers than female counterparts. However, female students were more interested in learning anatomy in small groups. This study suggests that instructors should design gross anatomy curriculum based on limitations of using dissection of cadaver in Iranian universities, emphasis on the applied anatomy, and learning of gross anatomy in small groups.

최초의 한글 해부학 교과서 『해부학』(1906)의 서지와 번역 특성 고찰

고은숙 연세대학교 의학사연구소 2018 연세의사학 Vol.21 No.2

This paper aims to examine the bibliographic and translational characteristics of Anatomy, the first Korean anatomy textbook published in 1906. Anatomy is the most important basic field in Western medicine, which distinguishes itself from the traditional medicines of Korea. The 1906 publishing of Anatomy, by the Jejungwon (the imperial hospital-cum-medical school), is significant because it presented Western medicine in Korean. This contributed to the naturalization of Western medicine in Korea. Previous studies emphasized that Kim Pil-sun, who translated with Dr. Oliver R. Avison (an American missionary doctor), tried to explain unfamiliar concepts in simple Korean while including personal experiences and explanations rather than translating Practical Anatomy, a Japanese anatomy book authored by Imada Tsukane, as is. During the translation of Practical Anatomy, however, it is unknown what explanations, which did not exist in the original text, were added or supplemented in the Korean translation. The objective of this paper is to thoroughly compare the two books to identify the characteristics of Anatomy (1906) in further detail. Besides the bibliographic information introduced by the recently discovered copy of Anatomy, possessed by the National Hangeul Museum, this edition also contains markings. These markings seem to have been made for revisions in comparison to the source text, Practical Anatomy. This is noteworthy from the perspective of translation.

일반인을 위한 해부학 만화

황성배(Sung Bae Hwang),정민석(Min Suk Chung),박진서(Jin Seo Park) 대한해부학회 2005 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.38 No.5

Anatomy must be known not only by medical students but also by health science students. Furthermore, common people had better know anatomy because anatomy helps them keep their own health and dig up their own curiosity of body. It is desirable that common people learn morphology and function of the human body using easy, familiar, and interesting anatomy cartoon. But we could not find such a Korean anatomy cartoon, so that we tried to make anatomy cartoon for common people as follows. For anatomy cartoon, anatomist decided anatomy contents to write sentences. Based on the sententces, raw illustrations of anatomy cartoon were drawn on the paper with a pencil. Final illustrations of anatomy cartoon (931 cuts) were drawn on Adobe Illustrator of the personal computer. In addition, anatomy comic cartoon composed of four cuts (100 episodes) were drawn. Anatomy term explanations, anatomy photographs, and anatomy movies were created and hyperlinked with the anatomy cartoon, all of which were distributed through homepage (anatomy.co.kr), CD title, and book. The anatomy cartoon will be helpful not only to anatomy study of the common people and health science students but also to preliminary anatomy study of the medical students. 해부학은 의과대학의 학생뿐 아니라 다른 보건의료계통의 학생도 알아야 한다. 또한 일반인도 해부학을 알면 좋은데, 이것은 자기 몸의 호기심을 풀고, 자기 몸의 건강을 지키는 데 도움이 되기 때문이다. 일반인은 만화를 보면서 해부학을 익히는 것이 바람직한데, 이것은 일반인이 쉽고, 친근하고, 재미있는 글과 그림으로 이루어진 만화를 보면서 사람 몸의 생김새와 쓰임새를 익힐 수 있기 때문이다. 그런데 이제까지 해부학자가 제대로 그린 해부학 만화를 찾아 볼 수 없었다. 따라서 일반인이 해부학을 쉽게 익힐 수 있는 해부학 만화를 다음처럼 만들었다. 해부학자가 해부학 만화에 담을 내용을 결정한 다음에 만화에 들어갈 글을 썼다. 이 글을 바탕으로 해부학 만화의 밑그림을 종이에 연필로 그렸다. 이 밑그림을 바탕으로 해부학 만화의 덧그림(931칸)을 컴퓨터에서 그렸다. 더불어 네 칸으로 이루어진 해부학 명랑만화 100편을 그렸다. 관계 있는 해부학 용어 풀이, 사진, 동영상을 만들어서 해부학 만화에 덧붙인 다음에 해부학 만화를 홈페이지(anatomy.co.kr), 씨디 타이틀, 책으로 퍼뜨렸다. 이 해부학 만화는 일반인과 보건의료계통 학생이 해부학을 익히는 데 도움이 되고, 의과대학 학생이 해부학을 예습하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

The rich heritage of anatomical texts during Renaissance and thereafter: a lead up to Henry Gray’s masterpiece

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh,Ashutosh Kumar 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.4

The practice of modern human anatomy was started by Vesalius in sixteenth century Europe during the Renaissance. His exploits are documented in his legendary anatomical text De humani corporis fabrica. Remarkable success of De humani encouraged noted anatomists to publish their own texts over the years. Such a cascading effect started an ongoing process of refining the text based presentation of anatomical details that eventually led to the emanation of Gray’s Anatomy, the masterpiece from Henry Gray. In this review article we have tried to revisit the journey from De humani to Gray’s Anatomy and have also highlighted on other anatomical texts that form important landmarks in this journey. The article attempts to focus on the rectification of Galenic errors, description of new discoveries in human anatomy, introduction of the concept of clinical anatomy, emergence of surgical anatomy and the advent of sectional anatomy. The article also put emphasis on the efforts to make anatomical illustrations used in texts more scientific and in tune with the printed matter. We noted with interest that luminary anatomists over the years have contributed in their own individual manner towards the development of text based anatomy and from cumulative perspective their visionary efforts have shaped the outlook of anatomical texts in present times.

A Brief Review of Anatomy Education in Korea, Encompassing Its Past, Present, and Future Direction

Kim In-Beom,Joo Kyeung Min,Song Chang Ho,Rhyu Im Joo 대한의학회 2024 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.39 No.20

Anatomy is a foundational subject in medicine and serves as its language. Hippocrates highlighted its importance, while Herophilus pioneered human dissection, earning him the title of the founder of anatomy. Vesalius later established modern anatomy, which has since evolved historically. In Korea, formal anatomy education for medical training began with the introduction of Western medicine during the late Joseon Dynasty. Before and after the Japanese occupation, anatomy education was conducted in the German style, and after liberation, it was maintained and developed by a small number of domestic anatomists. Medicine in Korea has grown alongside the country’s rapid economic and social development. Today, 40 medical colleges produce world-class doctors to provide the best medical care service in the country. However, the societal demand for more doctors is growing in order to proactively address to challenges such as public healthcare issues, essential healthcare provision, regional medical service disparities, and an aging population. This study examines the history, current state, and challenges of anatomy education in Korea, emphasizing the availability of medical educators, support staff, and cadavers for gross anatomy instruction. While variations exist between Seoul and provincial medical colleges, each manages to deliver adequate education under challenging conditions. However, the rapid increase in medical student enrollment threatens to strain existing anatomy education resources, potentially compromising educational quality. To address these concerns, we propose strategies for training qualified gross anatomy educators, ensuring a sustainable cadaver supply, and enhancing infrastructure.

The impacts of three-dimensional anatomical atlas on learning anatomy

Sohyun Park,Yumin Kim,Sohyeon Park,신정아 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.1

Gross anatomy has traditionally been the foundation of medical education. Medical students have learned the structure of the human body through dissection, lecture, and textbooks. As tablets and three-dimensional (3D) applications are developed, 3D atlas applications are utilized in learning anatomy by medical students. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impacts of 3D atlas applications on students’ understanding of gross anatomy. This research was targeted at medical students taking the Anatomy and Embryology class in 2017 and 2018, at Ewha Womans University. The correlation between use of 3D atlas and student's results on the Anatomy and Embryology test was analyzed. An open-book anatomy quiz was also carried out to analyze the correlation between the type of atlas each student refers to and the results of the quiz. Independent t test between groups did not show statistically significant difference in the results of the Anatomy and Embryology test. However, the group referring to 3D atlas showed significantly higher results on the simple questions of the open-book anatomy quiz (P<0.05). In conclusion, 3D atlas is not very helpful in acquiring deep anatomical knowledge or memorizing the location of anatomical structures, but it can simply aid in the rapid identification of anatomical structures. Additionally, the 3D atlas will show good synergy with the two-dimensional atlas if used properly in anatomy education, because most students think it is useful to use the 3D atlas.

Homepage to distribute the anatomy learning contents including Visible Korean products, comics, and books

Beom Sun Chung,Min Suk Chung 대한해부학회 2018 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.51 No.1

The authors have operated the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr) to provide the learning contents of anatomy. From the homepage, sectioned images, volume models, and surface models—all Visible Korean products—can be downloaded. The realistic images can be interactively manipulated, which will give rise to the interest in anatomy. The various anatomy comics (learning comics, comic strips, plastination comics, etc.) are approachable. Visitors can obtain the regional anatomy book with concise contents, mnemonics, and schematics as well as the simplified dissection manual and the pleasant anatomy essay. Medical students, health allied professional students, and even laypeople are expected to utilize the easy and comforting anatomy contents. It is hoped that other anatomists successively produce and distribute their own informative contents.

Anatomy comics for medical students and laypeople Creation and pedagogic applications of the benefiting comics

정범선,정민석 글로벌문화콘텐츠학회 2016 글로벌문화콘텐츠학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.2

The objective of this report is to promote the applications of anatomy comics for the medical students and interested laypeople. In our anatomy class in medical school, board lecture has been performed for decades, which motivated us to draw comics. In order to enhance fundamental understanding of anatomy of laypeople and students, the anatomy learning comics were drawn in a simple style.. The humorous anatomy comic strips were created (hundreds of episodes). Medical students who have learned anatomy may comprehend the jokes that pertain to anatomy facts. The comic strips would be useful as they contain tips for memorizing anatomy. Additional science comic strips are also available for all who are interested in natural science. On the homepage (anatomy.co.kr), all comics, downloadable and printable, can be viewed without charge or registration. Creation and pedagogic applications of the benefiting comics are in progress. These efforts have been and will be presented in scientific papers.

중국 고대인의 신체관과 해부 인식

신규환 ( Kyu Hwan Sihn ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 2012 연세의사학 Vol.15 No.2

The concept of anatomy in East Asia originated from the Huangdi Neijing Lingshu(Yellow Thearch`s Inner Classic: Numinous Pivot). According to the Huangdi Neijing, anatomical procedures and the measurement of internal organs were performed, but these practices were not settled in the anatomical tradition of ancient China. The ancient myth depicted deformed people as half-man/half-animal. The ancient Chinese believed in transforming the human body through communication with the world, which would bring unity with nature. To communicate with nature and the universe, the ancient Chinese thought that Taoist medicine and the training of Qi were needed. Miscommunication with the body and nature could make people ill during this myth period. Spells and elixirs were typical tools and means of communication during these times. Fangshi Yixue(a popular Daoist) searched for rational and objective medicine ever since the Warring Country period, and Wuyi(a witch doctor) was criticized for mysticism and deformation of the human body. The Huangdi Neijing combined various schools of anatomy including the branch that performed dissection and measurement of the human body. However, the penal code of the ancient nation prohibited doing the anatomy of the body. Doing anatomy meant punishment for criminals. The main stream of traditional medicine in ancient China did not place any emphasis on the anatomy of the human body. The oldest Zangfutu(traditional anatomical drawing) was the Drawing of Ou Xi-fan`s Five Viscera in the 11th century. Ou Xi-fan was a notorious thief from the Song Dynasty. He was sentenced to death so that his dead body could be dissected. The Drawing of Ou Xi-fan`s Five Viscera was transmitted to the next generation, and there it was able to meet the needs of anatomy. After the Ming Dynasty, Song-Ming Lixue(learning of the neo-Confucian principles during the Song and Ming Dynasties) and a summation of medicine made Zangfutu sophisticated and animated. The human body was combined with a head and thought to be circulated by Qi. Before the advent of Wang Qing-ren`s Yilingaicuo(Correcting the Errors of Medicine) and Benjamin Hobson`s Quantixinlun(Outline of Anatomy and Physiology), the ancient Chinese recognized the human body not only as a mechanical being, but also as a holistic being. Based on practical dissections, Confucian theories, and the competition of schools, the ancient Chinese developed Chinese anatomy.

최한기(崔漢綺)의 신기(神氣) 논의와 중서의학 비판: 화담학(花潭學)과의 관련성을 중심으로

조성산 대한의사학회 2019 醫史學 Vol.28 No.2

이 논문은 최한기(崔漢綺, 1803-1879)가 어떻게 전통적인 중국의학과 근대 서양 해부학을 통합하면서 자신의 의학 논의를 발전시켜갔는지를 조선 성리학의 대표적인 학자 가운데 한 사람인 서경덕(徐敬德, 1489-1546) 사상의 관점으로부터 살펴보고자 한다. 서경덕은 우주와 세계를 이해하는 방식에 있어서 리가 아닌 기를 강조하였다. 최한기의 초기 학문 분야는 성리학이었기 때문에, 성리학의 맥락에서 최한기 사상을 고찰하는 것이 합리적일 것이다. 서경덕과 같이 최한기는 이 세상의 가장 중요한 구성요소로서 내밀하고 신비로운 기를 가정했다. 서경덕이 이 기를 담일청허지기(湛一淸虛之氣)라고 명명했다면, 최한기는 이 기를 신기(神氣)로 표현하였다. 최한기는 이 신기의 작용을 통해서 지구, 달, 별들이 작동하며 모든 존재들은 이 신기에 의지하여 존재할 수 있다고 생각하였다. 신기는 최한기의 의학 논의에서 가장 중요한 전제였다. 이것은 비록 그가 전통적인 중국의학에 대해서 매우 비판적이었을지라도, 그의 의학 논의는 본질적으로 전통적인 중국의학의 범주에 있었다는 것을 보여준다. 그는 신기가 우리 몸을 통합하고 조작하며, 외부 대상을 지각한다고 생각하였다. 그는 또한 형질의 역할을 강조하였다. 최한기는 신기는 형질 없이 현실에서 자신을 드러낼 수 없으며 형질은 신기가 없다면 단지 죽은 사물일 뿐이라고 생각하였다. 형질의 역할에 대한 최한기의 인식은 근대 서양 해부학에 대한 관심으로 나타났다. 최한기의 서양 해부학에 대한 관심은 신기에 중점을 둔 그의 의학 논의를 보완하였다. 최한기는 신기와 형질의 관계성에 대한 사유를 통하여 근대 서양의 해부학과 전통적인 중국의학을 동시에 비판하였다. 그는 근대 서양의 해부학은 신기에 대한 인식을 결여하였고 전통적인 중국의학은 인체의 구조를 정확히 알지 못한다고 생각하였다. 최한기는 그 어느 의학에도 기울지 않고 서양의학과 전통적인 중국의학 사이에서 균형을 유지하였다. 이러한 이유 때문에 그는 일본에서 이루어진 방식의 서양 해부학 수용으로 나아가지 않았다. 일본에서의 해부학 발전은 음양오행론과 같은 체계적 상관론을 부정하고 형질 자체의 실제적인 행위를 강조하고자 하는 경향을 갖는 고학(古學)의 사고와 깊은 관련성을 가졌다. 고학을 매개하지 않는 근대 서양 해부학 수용이라는 점에서 최한기의 관점은 동아시아 해부학의 역사에서 독특한 위상을 가졌다. 의학사적 관점에서 최한기의 의학 논의는 어떻게 다른 의학 논의들과 구별되며, 그 특징은 무엇인가? 이론적인 설명 이외에 의학이 담고 있었던 정치적 상상력을 통하여 최한기와 다른 의학들 사이의 차이점을 드러낼 수 있다. 인간의 몸과 의학 논의는 정치사상의 이해와 긴밀한 관련성을 가졌다. 몸과 의학 논의에는 그 사회의 정치적 상상력이 재현되어 있었다. 서양과 일본의 해부학의 발전에는 수직적이고 위계적인 정치질서가 내재되어 있었다. 이것은 뇌가 인체의 중심이라는 논의로 표면화되어 나타났다. 하지만 최한기는 뇌와 심장과 같은 특정 신체기관이 인체를 주관한다는 이론에 부정적이었다. 그가 인체를 주관한다고 믿었던 신기는 특정 신체기관이 아니었으며, 모든 사람들에게 균등하게 내재되어 있는 것이었다. 그의 정치사상 또한 수평적인 질서를 중시하는 정치사상을 강조하였다. 최한기의 신기 논의는 의학과 사회 ... This study examines how Choe Han-gi (崔漢綺, 1803-1879) developed his medical discourse which integrated the concepts of traditional Chinese medicine with modern Western anatomy, based on the philosophy of Seo Gyeong-deok (徐敬德, 1489-1546), a scholar of the Neo-Confucianism of Joseon (1392-1910). Seo emphasized gi (氣, C. qi, vital, material force) rather than yi (理, C. li, the principle of things) as a way of understanding the world. Since Choe’s early academic interests pertained to Neo-Confucianism, it is reasonable to examine his philosophy in this context. In a similar way to Seo, Choe assumed that the most essential component of the world was the intrinsic and mysterious gi. Although Seo spoke of gi as a damil cheongheo ji gi (湛一淸虛之氣, the gi which is profound, uniform, clear, invisible, and empty), Choe preferrred to use the word singi (神氣, C. shenqi, the intrinsic, invisible, and mysterious gi). He believed that the earth, moon, and stars operated through the action of singi and that all creatures could only exist by relying on it. Singi was the most important premise in his medical discourse, a fact demonstrating that although he could be very critical of traditional Chinese medicine, the perspective of Choe was part of that tradition. He believed that singi integrated and operated the entire human body and that it perceived external objects. He also emphasized the role of hyeongjil (形質, C. xingzhi, a visible object with a form and quality; here it means all human bodies). This was the medium in which singi could appear in reality. Choe thought that singi could not reveal itself in reality without hyengjil, and that hyengjil became a dead thing without singi. His perception of the role of hyeongjil was expressed in his interest in modern Western anatomy, an interest that complemented his focus on singi. In light of his understanding of the singi-hyeongjil relationship, Choe criticized both modern Western anatomy and traditional Chinese medicine. He thought that modern Western anatomy lacked awareness of singi and that traditional Chinese medicine lacked accurate knowledge of human anatomy. Although he was not completely sympathetic toward any forms of medicine, he was open to ideas from both Western and Chinese medicine. Choe could not accept Western anatomy as fully as Japanese intellectuals did. The study of anatomy in Japan had developed in relation to the idea of Ancient Learning (古學, C. guxue), which denied such theories of systematic correspondence as Yin and Yang and the Five Elements (陰陽五行, C. yinyang wuxing) and tended to focus on the action of hyeongjil itself. Because Choe accepted modern Western anatomy without accepting Ancient Learning, his perspective was unique in the history of East Asian anatomy. From a medical history perspective, how does Choi Han-gi’s medical discourse distinguish itself from other medical discourses, and what are its characteristics? In addition to other explanations, focusing on the political imagination associated with medicine can help illuminate the differences between the medical discourse of Choe and that of others. Discussion of medicine and the human body was tied to political thought, manifesting the political imagination of the society in which that discussion took place. The development of Western and Japanese anatomy reflected a vertical and hierarchical political order, exemplified by the belief that the brain was the center of the body. However Choe doubted that organs like the brain or heart dominated the body. In his view, the singi ruled the body; it was not a specific organ, and it was equally inherent in all people. His political thought also emphasized the horizontal and equal order among people. His view of singi simultaneously influenced both his perspective on medicine and his perspective on society. Choe Han-gi’s belief in this horizontal and equal political order was inherent in his singi-centered medica...