알코올 사용장애 유병율 성차에 영향을 주는 사회문화적 요인에 관한 연구

김연옥,박지연 한국정신건강사회복지학회 2009 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate how differently the sociocultural factors affecting men, women Alcoholics, and What Sociocultural factors contributing to difference of prevalence rate in the alcohol use disorders. As a perspective associated with alcohol drinking, sociocultural point of view is social control theory, sub-cultural theory, the theory of social interaction. All three of these theories as a whole to be assembled to address sociocultural factors are effective. In three theory, sociocultural factors are extracted. Those are the social support, drinking culture, social network, and the social pressure. The research is based on the purposive sampling and surveyed on the men, women Alcoholics. They are belonging to the hospital, rehabilitation facilities of men, women Alcoholics in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon in Korea. It was hard to reach face to face. So social support scale, acceptance scale of drinking culture, the social network scale, a measure of social pressure are answered by their own report. The questionnaires were sent by mail to the social workers. Lastly 100 men, 58 women of collected data were used in analysis. The data have been analysed by the statistic program of SPSS for Window Release 12.0. Descriptive statistical method is used to examine the population characteristics, clinical characteristics of men, women Alcoholics and t-test is used to examine the comparison sex with sociocultural factors and simple correlation analysis is used to examine sociocultural factors and sex. Finally, discriminant analysis is used to examine how the sociocultural factors affect men, women Alcoholics and what sociocultural factors contribute to devide the sex group. Analysis result can be summarized as followings ; It's different to 'relationship size' 'a number of drinking person in network' as a social network of the sub-factors and 'social pressure' between Men and women Alcoholics. However, Two factors are divided into two group(men Alcoholics, women Alcoholics) ; 'a number of drinking person in network', 'social pressure'. Other factors are abandoned. The major findings of this study can be summarized as followings ; Ultimately, In sociocultural perspective, 'a number of drinking person in network' and 'social pressure' contribute to the prevalence rate of men, women Alcoholics difference.(Men Alcoholics are three times more than women Alcoholics) 본 연구의 목적은 알코올 사용장애 유병율의 성차에 기여하는 사회문화적 요인들이 어떻게 성에 따라 다르게 영향을 미치고 있는지 탐색하는 것이다. 문제음주와 관련된 사회문화적 관점으로는 사회통제이론, 하위문화이론, 사회적 상호작용이론이 대표적인 사회문화적 이론이 있다. 위의 세 가지 이론에서 도출한 사회문화적 요인은 사회적 지지, 음주문화, 사회관계망, 사회적 압력이다. 본 연구에서는 각각의 요인이 남성과 여성 알코올 사용장애 환자에게 어떻게 다르게 영향을 미치고 있는지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 서울, 경기, 인천지역의 병원이나 재활기관에 다니고 있는 알코올 사용장애 남성 100명, 여성 58명을 대상으로 사회적 지지척도, 음주문화 수용도 척도, 사회적 관계망 척도, 사회적 압력척도를 자기보고식으로 평정하였다. 분석은 사회문화적 요인의 성별 비교분석를 했고, 사회문화적 요인과 성별의 상관관계분석을 하였다. 마지막으로 성별 집단을 구분해주는 사회문화적 요인을 판별분석을 하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 남성과 여성 알코올 사용장애에서 차이가 있었던 것은 사회적 관계망의 하위요인인 ‘관계 크기’ 와 ‘관계망 내 음주자 수’ 였고, 마지막으로 사회적 압력이었다. 이 중 남성과 여성 알코올 사용장애에 유의미하게 영향을 주었고, 두 집단을 구분해주는 요인은 ‘관계망 내 음주자 수’ 와 사회적 압력이었다. 본 연구의 결과는 궁극적으로, 사회문화적 관점에서 남성 알코올 사용장애의 유병율이 여성 알코올 사용장애의 유병율보다 2~3배 더 크게 나타나는 것은 여성보다 남성에게 음주에 대한 “사회적 압력”이 더 강하고, “관계망 내 음주자 수”가 많기 때문인 것을 알 수 있다. 이에 근거하여 본 연구의 의의와 추후 연구 과제를 논의하였다.

《黃帝內經》과 《景岳全書》에서 보이는 酒의 양생적 의미에 대한 분석

정대성,이재흥,배재룡 대한의료기공학회 2020 醫療氣功 Vol.20 No.1

Objective : The purpose of this study is not only to examine the negative functions of alcohol, but also to examine the positive functions and look at it with a balanced perspective. Methods : We investigated the number of times the word “酒”(alcohol) appears in 《Hwangjenaegyeong》 and 《Gyeongakjeonseo》. The meaning of alcohol was divided into seven categories. The number of positive and negative functions of alcohol was counted and the ratio was calculated. Results : 1. In the 《Hwangjenaegyeong》, the word alcohol appears 23 times, of which 9 times has positive functions, 10 times has negative functions, and the remaining 4 times does not correspond anywhere. The ratio of positive functions is 39.13% and negative functions 43.48%. 2. In the 《Gyeongakjeonseo》, the word alcohol appears 1,487 times, of which 1,140 times (76.66%) has positive functions, and 327 times (21.99%) has negative functions. Conclusions : 1. In 《Hwangjenaegyeong》, the number of comments about positive and negative functions of alcohol is similar. 2. 《Gyeongakjeonseo》 has commented a lot about the positive functions of alcohol. However, it has more mentions to negative functions of alcohol except for those related to herbs and prescriptions (48 to 64 chapter). 3. It is somewhat unreasonable to judge the emphasis on the positive and negative function of alcohol according to the number of references to alcohol in oriental medicine classics. But in these books, we can find a balanced approach between the two sides, not a one-sided biased view. 4. From a curative point of view, it is desirable to know and to use the positive and negative functions of alcohol, and drink alcohol as appropriate control.

Fluoxetine과 알코올 중독환자 치료 프로그램의 병합 치료가 음주 욕구에 미치는 영향

박정래(Jeong-Rae Park),이상익(Sang-Ick Lee),정인원(In-Won Chung) 한국중독정신의학회 1998 중독정신의학 Vol.2 No.1

longterm period abstinence. One of main relapsing factors is alcohol craving. This study is to investigate the efficacy of combination therapy with fluoxetine and psychosocial treatment(Alcoholics Treatment Program) on alcohol craving. The subjects were twenty male alcoholics recovered from acute alcohol intoxication and withdrawal symptoms. They were randomly assigned to combined treatment group or psychosocial treatment group. Each group consists of 10 patients, and received psychosocial treatment program for four weeks. The patients in combined treatment group were administered fluoxetine with fixed dose 60 mg/day and the patients in psychosocial treatment group were administered placebo for four weeks. Alcohol craving was measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scalem (VRS) and the amount of alcohol intake at the baseline, first week, second week and fourth week during the treatment. Mood status also measured by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) at the same time. In combined treatment group, the changes in alcohol craving measured by VAS and VRS was significantly reduced at the second and fourth week, however, depressed mood was different only at fourth week in comparison with psychosocial treatment group. No differences were noted in alcohol craving measured by amount of alcohol intake between two groups. These results show that adjunctive administration of fluoxetine to psychosocial treatment more rapidly reduced alcohol craving than psychosocial treatment only and the effects was not due to improvement of depression. Thus, the combination therapy may be an effective treatment strategy for prevention of relapse in alcoholics.

Global and regional impacts of alcohol use on public health: Emphasis on alcohol policies

Seung Ha Park,김동준 대한간학회 2020 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.26 No.4

Alcohol is a well-known risk factor for premature morbidity and mortality. The per capita alcohol consumption of the world’s population rose from 5.5 L in 2005 to 6.4 L in 2010 and was still at the level of 6.4 L in 2016. Alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) declined from 2000 to 2016 by 17.9% and 14.5%, respectively. However, these gains observed in the alcohol-attributable burden have proportionally not kept pace with the total health gains during the same period. In 2016, 3.0 million deaths worldwide and 132 million DALYs were attributable to alcohol, responsible for 5.3% of all deaths and 5.0% of all DALYs. These burdens are the highest in the regions of Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. The alcohol-attributable burden is particularly heavy among young adults, accounting for 7.2% of all premature mortalities. Among the disease categories to which alcohol is related, injuries, digestive diseases, and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of the alcohol-attributable burden. To reduce the harmful use of alcohol in a country, the ‘whole of government’ and ‘whole of society’ approaches are required with the implementation of evidence-based alcohol control policies, the pursuit of public health priorities, and the adoption of appropriate policies over a long period of time. In this review, we summarize previous efforts to investigate the alcohol-attributable disease burden and the best ways to protect against harmful use of alcohol and promote health.

한국판 TCI를 사용한 알코올 의존 환자의 인격 특성 연구

이정식(Jung-Sik Lee),김홍관(Hong-Kwan Kim) 한국중독정신의학회 2002 중독정신의학 Vol.6 No.1

Alcoholism is a complex disease which has underlying biopsychosocial factors. So, we can make prevention and treatment plan with understanding of alcoholic’s biopsychosocial background. Personality factor is one of the important factors for occurrence, prevention and treatment of alcoholism. Recently, It is increasing the research of personality traits using of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), one of the dimensional personality models, which is based on biopsychosocial model. We compared personality traits of alcoholic patients and normal controls with TCI. We divided alcoholic patients into subgroups according to age at onset of problem drinking and family history of alcoholism and compared the personality traits of the subgroups with TCI. We chose 50 male alcoholic patients admitted to Yong-In mental hospital as case and 93 male people who visited Han gang Sacred Heart hospital to exam their health or who work in the hospital as normal controls. We took demographic data and TCI scores from patients and normal controls and got clinical characteristics such as drinking frequency, acute psychological and physiological response after alcohol ingestion, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) from alcoholics. Alcoholic patients show higher novelty seeking, higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness than normal controls. In alcoholics, early onset (onset before 25 year old) patients show higher novelty seeking and have more drinking problems and show more spontaneous aggression. Patients with family history show higher novelty seeking and more drinking problems. There are significant differences in personality traits according to age at onset, family history of alcoholism. This study suggested the necessity to build different treatment and prevention plan of alcoholics according to TCI personality traits.

알코올 사용 장애자의 알코올 단서에 의해 유발된 갈망 특성

박미숙 ( Mi Sook Park ),손선주 ( Sun Ju Sohn ),박지은 ( Ji Eun Park ),김숙희 ( Suk Hee Kim ),유인규 ( In Kyu Yu ),손진훈 ( Jin Hun Sohn ) 한국감성과학회 2007 감성과학 Vol.10 No.4

Initially, this study was to develop reliable and effective alcohol-associated visual cues. Alcoholic picture cues were chosen from the Normative Appetitive Picture System (NAPS). Additional images consisted of Korean beer and mild liquor was pre-tested to select the pictures that would induce craving most intensely. The images that recorded the highest scores on a scale were chosen through the pre-test. And then, the reliability and validity were examined for the selected alcohol cues from NAPS and pre-test via another psychometric test. Secondly, the study was to investigate differences in craving between subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and non-alcoholic control subjects when exposed to the alcohol visual cues. Alcohol abusers with AUD (n=9) and demographically similar non-abusers (n=9) participated in this study. After given 5cc of alcohol, subjects were exposed to different types of stimuli (i.e., alcohol, nonalcoholic beverage, and visual control pictures and one rest (cross-hair)). Craving levels were rated through self-report on a Likert scale immediately after the presentation of visual cues. Results showed statistically significant differences between the AUD group and the control group in the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) scores, pre-sip and post-sip alcohol craving. Also, the AUD group showed significantly a higher level of craving during alcohol cues compared to the control group. In conclusion, alcohol craving induced by alcohol cues among subjects with AUD was found to be different from that of non-abusers.

Perceptions About Alcohol Harm and Alcohol-control Strategies Among People With High Risk of Alcohol Consumption in Alberta, Canada and Queensland, Australia

Diana C. Sanchez-Ramirez,Richard C. Franklin,Donald Voaklander 대한예방의학회 2018 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.51 No.1

Objectives: To explore alcohol perceptions and their association hazardous alcohol use in the populations of Alberta, Canada and Queensland, Australia. Methods: Data from 2500 participants of the 2013 Alberta Survey and the 2013 Queensland Social Survey was analyzed. Regression analyses were used to explore the association between alcohol perceptions and its association with hazardous alcohol use. Results: Greater hazardous alcohol use was found in Queenslanders than Albertans (p<0.001). Overall, people with hazardous alcohol were less likely to believe that alcohol use contributes to health problems (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27 to 0.78; p<0.01) and to a higher risk of injuries (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.90; p<0.05). Albertans with hazardous alcohol use were less likely to believe that alcohol contributes to health problems (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.92; p<0.05) and were also less likely to choose a highly effective strategy as the best way for the government to reduce alcohol problems (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.91; p=0.01). Queenslanders with hazardous alcohol use were less likely to believe that alcohol was a major contributor to injury (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.77; p<0.01). Conclusions: Our results suggest that people with hazardous alcohol use tend to underestimate the negative effect of alcohol consumption on health and its contribution to injuries. In addition, Albertans with hazardous alcohol use were less in favor of strategies considered highly effective to reduce alcohol harm, probably because they perceive them as a potential threat to their own alcohol consumption. These findings represent valuable sources of information for local health authorities and policymakers when designing suitable strategies to target alcohol-related problems.

18~19세기 흉주(酗酒) 율령과 그 실태

차인배 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2023 한국학연구 Vol.- No.69

This thesis has contemplated the shift in the policies to prohibit alcohol consumption with the focus on odd behavior from alcohol consumption as one of the ill-effects of alcohol consumption in the 18~19th centuries under the perspective view of history of legal system. Furthermore, by analyzing the statistics on cases of alcohol related issues arising within the palace during the late Joseon Era to analyze the identity, occupation, type of odd behavior after drinking, crime, punishment and so forth of the alcohol consumer to analyze its status. The policy on alcohol ban in early Joseon Era was rather passively controlling with the focus more on rendering relief in response to disaster. However, in the late Joseon Era, the drinking culture dissipated the country to impact on individuals deviating from their normal behavior as well as causing adverse influence in the society. Therefore, the policy on alcohol ban was shifted from the scheme of banning to manufacture alcohol toward the ban of consuming alcohol at all, and furthermore, it made the turn to aggressively controlling those intoxicated persons who drink alcohol and act with odd behavior from drinking or otherwise commit crime. In 1729 (5th year of King Youngjo), the issue of alcohol consumption was first brought up during the process of preparing the regulatory measure by King Youngjo and officers regarding the drinking practice of noble class and various citizens as part of the policy on alcohol ban. Afterwards, in 1755 (31st year of King Youngjo), the unprecedented powerful decree for alcohol ban was declared and the patrolling and punishment against alcohol consumption was strengthened. However, those intoxicated persons did not readily gone away, and rather, it provoked various social issues with the increased crime and litigations. Therefore, King Youngjo and officials perceived the alcohol as the origin of insanity and crime to draft practical control measures. In 1762 (38th year of King Youngjo), King Youngjo drafted the provision to the residents who made odd behavior from alcohol consumption in the street with the serious blow of flogging. Thereafter in in 1767 (43rd year of King Youngjo), King Youngjo newly established the provisions for aggravated penal code for the repeated offender when it amended the penal code regarding the ban on alcohol consumption. Consequently, the patrolling on intoxicated persons that had gradually been strengthened during the King Youngjo’s reign was promulgated under the penal code for 100 floggings for those who committed the crime of odd conduct as promulgated under 『Daejeontong-pyeon』in 1789 (9th year of King Jeoungjo). In the meantime, as a result of analyzing 167 alcohol-related cases occurred within the capital city annually under the reigns of King Injo ∼ King Gojong, 73.6% of entire culprits of alcohol rime occurred during the reigns of King Youngjo∼King Sunjo. This period was consistent to the period of strengthening the penal provisions against the culprits of alcohol rime, which demonstrated the relativity of legal response toward the occurrence of crimes. In particular, the main culprits of alcohol crime depicted from the historic data were not the ordinary people but they were shown as Aeglye with its background of king and the authority of royal palace as well as Harye that belonged to the governing bodies, such as, Seungjeong-won (Royal Secretariat), Hyeongjo (Ministry of Justice), military command and others. They mainly drank alcohol at night, and depended on the power of the government branch that he worked for to commit various alcohol related crimes against the patrolling agents and general citizens who attempted to stop them, and even after the punishment, there was a trend that such odd conduct from alcohol did not improve and such practice was repeated. 본 논문은 18~19세기 음주의 폐단 중 하나인 술주정(使酒·酗酒)을 중심으로 酒禁政策의 변화를 법제사적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 나아가 조선후기 도성에서 발생한 酗酒 사례를 통계화하여 음주자의 신분, 직업, 술주정 형태, 범죄, 처벌 등을 분석하여 그 실태를 분석했다. 조선전기 주금정책은 주로 재해에 대응한 救恤을 위한 소극적 단속에 그쳤다. 그러나 조선후기에 음주문화가 확산하면서 술이 개인의 일탈은 물론 사회 전반에 악영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 주금정책이 술을 제조하는 釀酒를 금지하던 방향에서 술을 마시는 飮酒를 금지하는 쪽으로 바뀌었고, 나아가 술을 마시고 주정하거나 범죄를 일으키는 흉주자를 처벌하는 적극적 통제로 전환되었다. 1729년(영조 5) 영조와 신료들이 주금정책의 일환으로 多釀者와 士大夫 음주에 관한 규제대책을 마련하는 과정에서 흉주 문제를 처음 제기했다. 이후 1755년(영조 31) 전례 없는 강력한 주금령이 공포되면서 흉주에 대한 단속과 처벌도 강화되었다. 그러나 흉주자는 쉽게 근절되지 않고 오히려 이로 인한 범죄와 소송이 증가하여 각종 사회 문제를 불러왔다. 따라서 영조와 대신들은 술을 광기와 범죄의 원상으로 인식하여 실질적인 통제책을 마련했다. 1762년(영조 38) 영조는 거리에서 술주정하는 자를 重棍으로 다스리는 규정을 마련했다. 이후 1767년(영조 43) 영조는 주금에 관한 형률을 개정하면서 재범자에 관한 가중처벌 규정을 신설했다. 결국 영조대 점차 강화되었던 흉주자 단속은 1789년(정조 9) 반포된 『대전통편』에 술주정한 자는 杖100이라는 처벌 규정으로 명문화되었다. 한편 인조∼고종 연간 도성 내 발생한 흉주 사건 167건을 분석한 결과 전체 흉주범의 73.6%가 영조∼순조년간 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 이 시기는 흉주범에 대한 법률 규정이 강화되는 시기와 일치한 점으로 범죄의 발생에 대한 법률적 대응이라는 상관성을 잘 보여준다. 특히 사료상 드러난 흉주 주범은 일반인 보다 주로 국왕과 궁궐의 권위를 뒷배로 하는 掖隷와 承政院, 刑曹, 軍營 등 권력기구에 소속된 下隷 등으로 밝혀졌다. 이들을 주로 야간에 술을 마시고 자신이 소속된 기관의 권위에 의지해 그들을 저지하는 단속 관원과 일반인을 상대로 각종 음주 범죄를 자행했으며, 처벌 후에도 술주정이 개선되지 않고 반복하는 양상을 보였다.

한국인의 만성 알코올 중독 진단을 위한 모발에서 Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) 분석법 연구

공보경,조영훈,주소영,민지숙,권미아 한국분석과학회 2020 분석과학 Vol.33 No.3

Alcohol, which can easily be obtained in the same way as ordinary beverages, is harmful enough to cause death due to excessive drinking and chronic alcohol intake, so it is important to maintain a proper amount of drinking and healthy drinking habits. In addition, the incidence of behavioral disturbances and impaired judgments that can be caused by chronic alcohol drinking of more than adequate amounts of alcohol is also significant. Accordingly it is very useful for forensic science to check whether the person involved is drunken or is alcoholism state in various accidents. Currently, in Korea, alcohol consumption is determined by detecting the level of alcohol or alcohol metabolism ‘ethyl glucuronide (EtG)’ in blood or urine samples. However, analysis of alcohol or EtG in blood or urine can only provide information about the current state of alcohol consumption because of a narrow window of detection time. Therefore, it is important to analyze the EtG as a long-term direct alcohol metabolite bio-marker in human hair and to investigate relationship between alcohol consumption and EtG concentration for the evaluation of chronic ethanol consumption. In this study, we established an analytical method for the detection of EtG in Korean hair efficiently and validated selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect, recovery, process efficiency, accuracy and precision using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, the assay performance was evaluated in Korean social drinker’s hair and the postmortem hair of a chronic alcoholism. The results of this study can be useful in monitoring the alcohol abuse of Korean in clinical cases and legal procedures related to custody and provide a useful tool to evaluate postmortem diagnosis of alcoholic ketoacidosis in forensics.

금주 구역 대상 장소에서의 간접음주폐해의 특성에 관한 신문기사 분석

백민아,함영은,강은정 알코올과 건강행동학회 2023 알코올과 건강행동연구 Vol.24 No.1

Objectives : Alcohol’s harm to others harms not only individual drinkers but also third parties and causes many socioeconomic costs. Although several previous studies have identified factors related to the occurrence of alcohol’s harm to others, the characteristics of alcohol‘s harm to others are largely unknown. For a more effective policy, it is important to understand the current status of alcohol’s harm to others. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the current status and types of alcohol’s harm to others by place of alcohol-regulated places using newspaper articles. Methods : Articles from August 16, 2021 to August 16, 2022 were searched through a news search analysis site called ‘Bigkinds’. Search keywords were ‘drinking’ or ‘drunken’ or ‘alcohol-regulated places’ in combination with the words related to alcohol-regulated places. The year, the place, and the type of even of alcohol’s harm to others were extracted from the articles. Frequency analyses and a chi-squared test were used. Results : From the initial search, 5,182 articles were found, of which 222 articles were included in the anlaysis excluding duplicate articles and articles containing political content. Forty eight percent of the events of alcohol’s harm to others occurred in the metropolitan area. The events of alcohol’s harm to others occurred more frequently in non-regulated places than in regulated places (68.5% vs 31.5%). Violence (36.9%), drunken driving (28.0%), and disturbance (13.7%) are the most frequent types of harm. The types of harm were statistically different between the regulated and non-regulated places. Conclusions : The study results have shown that alcohol’s harm to others occurs more frenquently in non-regulated places than in regulated places. We also found that felonies such as murder and robbery as well as misdemeanors inlcuding violence, disturbance occur in alcohol-regulated places. These results suggest that alcohol regulations need to be strengthened in alcohol-regulated places and alcohol-regulated places need to be expanded to some of the non-regulated places.