Difference in Serum Iron, Cardiac, and Biochemical Indices between Alcoholic and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver

Cheol-Yu Kim(김철유),Seong-Min Moon(문성민),Kyung-Yae Hyun(현경예),Dae-Sik Kim(김대식),Seok-Cheol Choi(최석철) 한국생명과학회 2009 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.2

비록 음주가 간손상을 일으키는 지방간의 원인이 되긴 하나 다른 인자들 역시 지방간의 원인이 된다. 우리는 알코올성 지방간(알코올군) 및 비알코올성 지방간 남성(비알코올군)에 있어 철 표지자, 심장표지자, 그리고 생화학적 표지자의 변화와 차이를 연구하였다. 알코올군이 비알코올군 보다 신체지수, 수축기 및 확장기 혈압, 좌우안압이 유의하게 더 높았다. 또한 혈색소 농도, 적혈구 용적률, 평균 적혈구 혈색소량, 평균 적혈구혈색소 농도, 단구 수 역시 알코올군이 비알코올군 보다 유의하게 더 높았다. 생화학적 지수인 alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 저밀도콜레스테롤, 혈당, 크레아티닌, 요산 등도 알코올군이 비알코올군 보다 유의하게 높았고, 철 지수인 철, 총철결합능, 페리틴 농도 역시 알코올군이 의미있게 더 높았다. 이러한 결과들은 장기적인 알코올 기인성 지방간이 비음주 지방간에 비해 혈청 철농도, 심혈관 표지자, 그리고 생화학적 표지자들을 더 상승시키며, 이는 심혈관 질환 및 대사성 증후군과 같은 성인병에 노출될 가능성이 보다 높을 수 있음을 시사하고 있다. Although alcohol drinking may cause fatty liver to induce hepatocytic injury, other factors lead to it. We designed this study to investigate the differences in serum iron, cardiac, and biochemical indices in men with fatty liver and the difference between alcohol drinkers (Alcohol group) and non-drinkers (Non-alcohol group). The alcohol group had higher body indices than the non-alcohol group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and right and left intraocular pressure in the alcohol group were higher than those in the non-alcohol group. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and monocyte counts were higher in the alcohol group than in the non-alcohol group. Alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, creatinine, uric acid, iron, total iron binding capacity, and ferritin levels in the alcohol group were greater than those in the non-alcohol group. The present data reveals that alcohol-induced fatty liver has more elevated level of iron indices than in non-alcohol fatty liver as well as biochemical and cardiac indices, indicating that alcohol-induced fatty liver may cause possibility of adult diseases including cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.

《黃帝內經》과 《景岳全書》에서 보이는 酒의 양생적 의미에 대한 분석

정대성,이재흥,배재룡 대한의료기공학회 2020 醫療氣功 Vol.20 No.1

Objective : The purpose of this study is not only to examine the negative functions of alcohol, but also to examine the positive functions and look at it with a balanced perspective. Methods : We investigated the number of times the word “酒”(alcohol) appears in 《Hwangjenaegyeong》 and 《Gyeongakjeonseo》. The meaning of alcohol was divided into seven categories. The number of positive and negative functions of alcohol was counted and the ratio was calculated. Results : 1. In the 《Hwangjenaegyeong》, the word alcohol appears 23 times, of which 9 times has positive functions, 10 times has negative functions, and the remaining 4 times does not correspond anywhere. The ratio of positive functions is 39.13% and negative functions 43.48%. 2. In the 《Gyeongakjeonseo》, the word alcohol appears 1,487 times, of which 1,140 times (76.66%) has positive functions, and 327 times (21.99%) has negative functions. Conclusions : 1. In 《Hwangjenaegyeong》, the number of comments about positive and negative functions of alcohol is similar. 2. 《Gyeongakjeonseo》 has commented a lot about the positive functions of alcohol. However, it has more mentions to negative functions of alcohol except for those related to herbs and prescriptions (48 to 64 chapter). 3. It is somewhat unreasonable to judge the emphasis on the positive and negative function of alcohol according to the number of references to alcohol in oriental medicine classics. But in these books, we can find a balanced approach between the two sides, not a one-sided biased view. 4. From a curative point of view, it is desirable to know and to use the positive and negative functions of alcohol, and drink alcohol as appropriate control.

금주 구역 대상 장소에서의 간접음주폐해의 특성에 관한 신문기사 분석

백민아,함영은,강은정 알코올과 건강행동학회 2023 알코올과 건강행동연구 Vol.24 No.1

Objectives : Alcohol’s harm to others harms not only individual drinkers but also third parties and causes many socioeconomic costs. Although several previous studies have identified factors related to the occurrence of alcohol’s harm to others, the characteristics of alcohol‘s harm to others are largely unknown. For a more effective policy, it is important to understand the current status of alcohol’s harm to others. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the current status and types of alcohol’s harm to others by place of alcohol-regulated places using newspaper articles. Methods : Articles from August 16, 2021 to August 16, 2022 were searched through a news search analysis site called ‘Bigkinds’. Search keywords were ‘drinking’ or ‘drunken’ or ‘alcohol-regulated places’ in combination with the words related to alcohol-regulated places. The year, the place, and the type of even of alcohol’s harm to others were extracted from the articles. Frequency analyses and a chi-squared test were used. Results : From the initial search, 5,182 articles were found, of which 222 articles were included in the anlaysis excluding duplicate articles and articles containing political content. Forty eight percent of the events of alcohol’s harm to others occurred in the metropolitan area. The events of alcohol’s harm to others occurred more frequently in non-regulated places than in regulated places (68.5% vs 31.5%). Violence (36.9%), drunken driving (28.0%), and disturbance (13.7%) are the most frequent types of harm. The types of harm were statistically different between the regulated and non-regulated places. Conclusions : The study results have shown that alcohol’s harm to others occurs more frenquently in non-regulated places than in regulated places. We also found that felonies such as murder and robbery as well as misdemeanors inlcuding violence, disturbance occur in alcohol-regulated places. These results suggest that alcohol regulations need to be strengthened in alcohol-regulated places and alcohol-regulated places need to be expanded to some of the non-regulated places.

18~19세기 흉주(酗酒) 율령과 그 실태

차인배 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2023 한국학연구 Vol.- No.69

This thesis has contemplated the shift in the policies to prohibit alcohol consumption with the focus on odd behavior from alcohol consumption as one of the ill-effects of alcohol consumption in the 18~19th centuries under the perspective view of history of legal system. Furthermore, by analyzing the statistics on cases of alcohol related issues arising within the palace during the late Joseon Era to analyze the identity, occupation, type of odd behavior after drinking, crime, punishment and so forth of the alcohol consumer to analyze its status. The policy on alcohol ban in early Joseon Era was rather passively controlling with the focus more on rendering relief in response to disaster. However, in the late Joseon Era, the drinking culture dissipated the country to impact on individuals deviating from their normal behavior as well as causing adverse influence in the society. Therefore, the policy on alcohol ban was shifted from the scheme of banning to manufacture alcohol toward the ban of consuming alcohol at all, and furthermore, it made the turn to aggressively controlling those intoxicated persons who drink alcohol and act with odd behavior from drinking or otherwise commit crime. In 1729 (5th year of King Youngjo), the issue of alcohol consumption was first brought up during the process of preparing the regulatory measure by King Youngjo and officers regarding the drinking practice of noble class and various citizens as part of the policy on alcohol ban. Afterwards, in 1755 (31st year of King Youngjo), the unprecedented powerful decree for alcohol ban was declared and the patrolling and punishment against alcohol consumption was strengthened. However, those intoxicated persons did not readily gone away, and rather, it provoked various social issues with the increased crime and litigations. Therefore, King Youngjo and officials perceived the alcohol as the origin of insanity and crime to draft practical control measures. In 1762 (38th year of King Youngjo), King Youngjo drafted the provision to the residents who made odd behavior from alcohol consumption in the street with the serious blow of flogging. Thereafter in in 1767 (43rd year of King Youngjo), King Youngjo newly established the provisions for aggravated penal code for the repeated offender when it amended the penal code regarding the ban on alcohol consumption. Consequently, the patrolling on intoxicated persons that had gradually been strengthened during the King Youngjo’s reign was promulgated under the penal code for 100 floggings for those who committed the crime of odd conduct as promulgated under 『Daejeontong-pyeon』in 1789 (9th year of King Jeoungjo). In the meantime, as a result of analyzing 167 alcohol-related cases occurred within the capital city annually under the reigns of King Injo ∼ King Gojong, 73.6% of entire culprits of alcohol rime occurred during the reigns of King Youngjo∼King Sunjo. This period was consistent to the period of strengthening the penal provisions against the culprits of alcohol rime, which demonstrated the relativity of legal response toward the occurrence of crimes. In particular, the main culprits of alcohol crime depicted from the historic data were not the ordinary people but they were shown as Aeglye with its background of king and the authority of royal palace as well as Harye that belonged to the governing bodies, such as, Seungjeong-won (Royal Secretariat), Hyeongjo (Ministry of Justice), military command and others. They mainly drank alcohol at night, and depended on the power of the government branch that he worked for to commit various alcohol related crimes against the patrolling agents and general citizens who attempted to stop them, and even after the punishment, there was a trend that such odd conduct from alcohol did not improve and such practice was repeated. 본 논문은 18~19세기 음주의 폐단 중 하나인 술주정(使酒·酗酒)을 중심으로 酒禁政策의 변화를 법제사적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 나아가 조선후기 도성에서 발생한 酗酒 사례를 통계화하여 음주자의 신분, 직업, 술주정 형태, 범죄, 처벌 등을 분석하여 그 실태를 분석했다. 조선전기 주금정책은 주로 재해에 대응한 救恤을 위한 소극적 단속에 그쳤다. 그러나 조선후기에 음주문화가 확산하면서 술이 개인의 일탈은 물론 사회 전반에 악영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 주금정책이 술을 제조하는 釀酒를 금지하던 방향에서 술을 마시는 飮酒를 금지하는 쪽으로 바뀌었고, 나아가 술을 마시고 주정하거나 범죄를 일으키는 흉주자를 처벌하는 적극적 통제로 전환되었다. 1729년(영조 5) 영조와 신료들이 주금정책의 일환으로 多釀者와 士大夫 음주에 관한 규제대책을 마련하는 과정에서 흉주 문제를 처음 제기했다. 이후 1755년(영조 31) 전례 없는 강력한 주금령이 공포되면서 흉주에 대한 단속과 처벌도 강화되었다. 그러나 흉주자는 쉽게 근절되지 않고 오히려 이로 인한 범죄와 소송이 증가하여 각종 사회 문제를 불러왔다. 따라서 영조와 대신들은 술을 광기와 범죄의 원상으로 인식하여 실질적인 통제책을 마련했다. 1762년(영조 38) 영조는 거리에서 술주정하는 자를 重棍으로 다스리는 규정을 마련했다. 이후 1767년(영조 43) 영조는 주금에 관한 형률을 개정하면서 재범자에 관한 가중처벌 규정을 신설했다. 결국 영조대 점차 강화되었던 흉주자 단속은 1789년(정조 9) 반포된 『대전통편』에 술주정한 자는 杖100이라는 처벌 규정으로 명문화되었다. 한편 인조∼고종 연간 도성 내 발생한 흉주 사건 167건을 분석한 결과 전체 흉주범의 73.6%가 영조∼순조년간 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 이 시기는 흉주범에 대한 법률 규정이 강화되는 시기와 일치한 점으로 범죄의 발생에 대한 법률적 대응이라는 상관성을 잘 보여준다. 특히 사료상 드러난 흉주 주범은 일반인 보다 주로 국왕과 궁궐의 권위를 뒷배로 하는 掖隷와 承政院, 刑曹, 軍營 등 권력기구에 소속된 下隷 등으로 밝혀졌다. 이들을 주로 야간에 술을 마시고 자신이 소속된 기관의 권위에 의지해 그들을 저지하는 단속 관원과 일반인을 상대로 각종 음주 범죄를 자행했으며, 처벌 후에도 술주정이 개선되지 않고 반복하는 양상을 보였다.

Alcohol beverage marketing through facebook : Prevalence and types of violence against alcohol advertising regulations

Yu Seon Yang,Sunmi Song,Dong Young Kim,Jong Bok Lee,Eun A Park 알코올과 건강행동학회 2017 한국알코올과학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.04

[Background] Alcohol is the 9th largest factor for the global burden of disease, and national policies to reduce negative consequences of alcohol use are executed in many nations. Exposure to alcohol beverage advertisement and marketing is known to put adolescents and young adults at the great risk for onset and increased consumption of alcohol. [Purpose] According to WHO, regulations for alcohol marketing is one of the most effective policies to reduce negative consequences of alcohol use along with price and accessibility regulations of alcohol. However, the current alcohol marketing regulations in South Korea mainly focus on alcohol marketing through traditional media such as TV, radio, and newspapers, and do not sufficiently cover digital marketing using various new communication media. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the prevalence and types of violence against alcohol advertising regulations through Facebook. [Method] We analyzed the postings of Facebook accounts of 78 alcohol beverage manufacturing companies from March 24th to 31st in 2017. [Results] Overall, 92 postings were newly uploaded by 27 alcohol beverage manufacturing companies’ Facebook account. When comparing advertisements of different kinds of alcoholic beverages, 87 postings (43.7%) were related for Soju, which was followed by 41 postings (20.6%) for whiskey, 18 (9.0%) for beer. In terms of different marketing approaches, most postings tend to deliver information to promote alcohol consumptions such as showing alcohol drinking games, season related messages, food and settings that may go well with alcohol beverages, and other alcohol related information such as how alcohol beverages are produced. There was no posting on broad image marketing by any alcohol manufacturing company. In addition, 85.9% (79 postings) appeared to have violated the chapter 10 of the National Health Promotion Act on alcohol advertisement regulations. The most frequently violated regulation was that 82.6% (76 postings) did not present the warning label (76 postings). Also, 33.7% (31 postings) advertised alcoholic beverages that contained over 17% of alcohol, and 5.4% (5 postings) offered gifts; 33.7% (31 postings) violated 2 or more regulations at the same time. The results suggest the needs to strengthen the alcohol marketing through online communication media because such media have extended their influence on health behaviors through social network and smartphone interface.

알코올 의존 환자에서의 역기능적인 핵심믿음에 대한 연구

이덕기(Duk-Ki Lee),조현기(Hyun-Ki Cho):조웅제(Woong-Je Cho):변원탄(Won-Tan Byun) 한국중독정신의학회 2002 중독정신의학 Vol.6 No.2

Objectives:This study was performed to investigate the dysfunctional core schema in alcohol dependent patients in Korea. Methods:The authors compared the scores of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) among alcoholic group, schizophrenic group and normal group. Also we evaluated the relationship of the scores of YSQ, alcohol-related variables, and psychopathology-related variables in 81 alcoholic patients. Results:The results of this study were as follows:1) In the Post-hoc KruskalWallis test and Mann-Whitney test, there were significant differences in all of the 16 scales of YSQ among alcoholic group, schizophrenic group and normal group. Scores of ‘Insufficient Self-Control’ in alcoholic group was significantly higher than schizophrenic group and Scores of ‘Social Isolation’ and ‘Undesirability’ in alcoholic group was significantly lower than schizophrenic group. 2) In the correlation analysis between the dysfunctional core schemas and alcohol-related variables in alcoholic patients, there were many significant correlations between YSQ scales and Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI) scales. In the alcohol-related variables, the hangover showed the highest correlation with dysfunctional core schema scales. 3) In the correlation analysis between the dysfunctional core schemas and personality-related variables in alcoholic patients, there were many significant correlations between YSQ scales and Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) scales. In the personality-related variables, the depressive and passive-aggressive scales showed the highest correlation with dysfunctional core schema scales. 4) In the correlation analysis between the dysfuctional core schemas and psychopathology-relaetd variables in alcoholic patients, there were many significant correlations between YSQ scales and SCL-90-R scales. In the psychopathology-related variables, the phobic anxiety showed the highest correlation with dysfunctional core schema scales. Conclusion: These results suggest that UNLX have a different effect on the early stage of vestibular compensatory process and the uvulonodulus servex through nhibitory Purkinje system.

Two Alcoholisms: Abuse And Dependence: Nosology issues from the Epidemiological studies of Alcoholism in Korea

YoungChul Jung,Kee Namkoong 대한신경정신의학회 2005 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.2 No.1

This article, (1) reviews nosological issues of the distinction between alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence; (2) discusses the Korean epidemiological trends of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Psychiatric epidemiological studies of Korean population that provided clues to the validity and cross-cultural applicability of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence were reviewed. Alcohol use disorder has been the most common mental disorder in Korea. However, during the last 20 years, the prevalence rates of the two alcohol use disorders have grown in opposite directions. The lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol abuse has fallen from 12.06% to 7.11%, conversely, the lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol dependence has slightly increased from 9.92% to 10.20%. Nosological issues, such as the vulnerability of alcohol abuse to social environments, the hierarchical structure of the DSM-IV and the prevailing Korean concepts of abuse and dependence, were reviewed as factors to be considered in explaining these findings. Alcohol dependence outranks alcohol abuse and is now the main alcohol use disorder in Korea. But, there are still nosological issues that need to be assessed and considered, such as the validity of alcohol dependence in subpopulations and the heterogeneity of the DSM-IV alcohol dependence category.

단주 환자와 입원 중인 알코올 의존 환자에서 단주에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 차이

원성두(Sung-Doo Won),임재영(Jaeyoung Lim),이규항(Kyu Hang Lee),한형경(Hyung-Kyung Han),한창우(Changwoo Han) 한국중독정신의학회 2016 중독정신의학 Vol.20 No.2

Objectives : The objectives of this study were: 1) to examine whether inpatient alcoholics and abstinent alcoholics would be different in the level of insight, motivation for change, self-con-trol, and alcohol abstinence self-efficacy; and 2) to examine the relationships among their insight, motivation for change, self-control, and alcohol abstinence self-efficacy in alcoholic patients. Methods : Subjects participated in this study were 48 inpatient alcoholics and 51 abstinent alcoholics. Their levels of insight were measured with Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale (HAIS). The motiva-tion for change was determined using Stage of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale-K (SOCRATES-K). Self-control was determined with Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). Abstinence self-efficacy was measured with Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale (AASES). Results : The abstinent alcoholics showed significantly higher HAIS, SOCRATES-K, BSCS, and AASES scores than inpatient alcoholics. In addition, the level of insight was positively correlated with motivation for change and abstinence self-efficacy. Motivation for change was positively correlated with self-control and abstinence self-efficacy. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that motivation for change and abstinence self-efficacy could significantly predict alcohol abstinence. Self-control was found to be positively correlated with abstinence self-efficacy. Conclusion : The level of insight, motivation for change, self-control, and abstinence self-efficacy are important factors for alcohol abstinence.

음주관련문제 및 국가알코올정책에 대한 전문가의 인식

김정현 ( Jeoung Hyun Kim ),천성수 ( Sung Soo Chun ) 대한보건협회 2011 대한보건연구 Vol.37 No.2

Objectives: This study was to examine the perception of alcohol-related problems and alcohol policies of the professionals. This study had two specific purposes. Firstly, it compared the perception on alcohol-related problems and causes of heavy drinking, necessity, agreement, effectiveness and resistibility about national alcohol policies of the professionals in alcohol study area. Secondly, it compared how the perception on alcohol-related problems and causes of heavy drinking have an influence on the necessity, agreement, effectiveness and resistibility about alcohol national policies of the professionals. Methods: Data had been collected through the email questionnaire from 31 professionals from 1 October 2011 to 15 October. Male was 19 (61.2%) and female was 12 (38.8%) among respondents. Results: First, the professionals agreed that alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems of Korean are considerably serious. In addition, rather than national alcohol policies, drinking culture is regarded as a dominant factor which lead to a heavy drinking by them. Second, a reduction effect in alcohol consumption and an institutional suitability were considered as key points for an establishment of alcohol control policies among other factors. Third, the professionals in alcohol study gave their assent to the most of alcohol policies very much. Above all else, they were in favor of the restrictions on drinking in the public places the most. And then random drunk driving checks, improvement of retail outlet system, education on moderation in drink, and health promotion tax charges on alcohol were followed in order. Fourth, alcohol policies such as retail outlet system, sale for a limited time, public drinking restrictions, limitation of on-premise were expected as it would make a eye-opening reduction effect, while it would arouse a high resistibility. Fifth, alcohol policies such as price increase and health promotion levy are expected not to be effective for a decrease of alcohol consumption, at the same time it was expected to bring about a high resistibility. Sixth, alcohol policies such as education on moderation in drink, publicity for moderation in drink, support for alcohol-free events or occasions, alcohol advertizement regulation are expected to be a low alcohol decline effect with a low resistibility. Seventh, the professionals agreed that the more they think the reason of excessive drinking is from the political factors, the more they consider the people should change their thoughts in drink and the government lacks ability to copy with alcohol-related problems. In counterpoint to the preceding passage mentioned, the professionals agreed that the more they think the reason of heavy drinking is from the cultural factors, the more they don`t think it is necessary that the people should change their thoughts in drink and the government lacks ability to cope with alcohol-related problems. Conclusion: First, the greater part of cause in heavy drinking was from cultural factors. Therefore, it should be pointed out that the specific and systematic social programs and national alcohol policies must be established to change the present drinking culture in the long term and short term. Second, the Government should set up systematic and evidence-based national alcohol policies for a decrease of alcohol-related problems. Third, in establishing the national alcohol policies, above all else, it should be essential to start out by reduction effect of alcohol consumption and low resistibility of policies. After that, the long-term policies which are expected to have a high resistibility should be established.

한국판 TCI를 사용한 알코올 의존 환자의 인격 특성 연구

이정식(Jung-Sik Lee),김홍관(Hong-Kwan Kim) 한국중독정신의학회 2002 중독정신의학 Vol.6 No.1

Alcoholism is a complex disease which has underlying biopsychosocial factors. So, we can make prevention and treatment plan with understanding of alcoholic’s biopsychosocial background. Personality factor is one of the important factors for occurrence, prevention and treatment of alcoholism. Recently, It is increasing the research of personality traits using of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), one of the dimensional personality models, which is based on biopsychosocial model. We compared personality traits of alcoholic patients and normal controls with TCI. We divided alcoholic patients into subgroups according to age at onset of problem drinking and family history of alcoholism and compared the personality traits of the subgroups with TCI. We chose 50 male alcoholic patients admitted to Yong-In mental hospital as case and 93 male people who visited Han gang Sacred Heart hospital to exam their health or who work in the hospital as normal controls. We took demographic data and TCI scores from patients and normal controls and got clinical characteristics such as drinking frequency, acute psychological and physiological response after alcohol ingestion, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) from alcoholics. Alcoholic patients show higher novelty seeking, higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness than normal controls. In alcoholics, early onset (onset before 25 year old) patients show higher novelty seeking and have more drinking problems and show more spontaneous aggression. Patients with family history show higher novelty seeking and more drinking problems. There are significant differences in personality traits according to age at onset, family history of alcoholism. This study suggested the necessity to build different treatment and prevention plan of alcoholics according to TCI personality traits.