기후위기 시대 영농형태 변화에 따른 농업용 지하수 관리전략 연구

현윤정,차은지,이규상,정아영 한국환경연구원 2021 수시연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ A decrease and aging in the farm household population, improvement in national income, and changes in dietary life over the past 50 years has caused an increase in the production of field crops such as vegetables and fruit trees, along with an increase in the area of cultivated facilities. Recently, smart agriculture has received attention for year-round productivity and quality improvement of field crops, leading to changes in farming patterns along with facility cultivation. □ The changes in farming patterns has requested clean water for agricultural use throughout the year, then uses of clean and thermally-stable groundwater have been increasing. Simultaneously, the concern about agricultural damage due to groundwater depletion and deterioration of groundwater quality is growing. □ Therefore, it is necessary to identify the issues of groundwater for agricultural use and to come up with a rational management strategies for agricultural groundwater in accordance with the basic national water management principles such as water cycle soundness, water demand management, and integrated water management. □ This work aims to diagnose agricultural groundwater issues due to changes in farming patterns through statistical data analysis, previous research review, field case analysis and inquiry, interviews with residents and public officials, and collecting expert opinions. Then we present agricultural groundwater management strategies and policy tasks for solving the issues in the era of climate crisis. Ⅱ. Changes in Farming Patterns of South Korea □ Statistical data analyses show that changes in cultivated crops and conversion of paddy fields, such as increasing field farming instead of decreasing paddy farming for the past 10 years (2010-2019) due to various social, economical, and environmental reasons. It also show that the area of open-air cultivation is gradually decreasing and the area of facility cultivation is increasing. The cultivation type appears to be relevant to the crop species, so it is analyzed that fruit cultivation in facilities is increasing while cultivation of special crops in the open field is increasing. □ For a countermeasure against the shift in the appropriate cultivation zone due to climate change, it is expected that the facility cultivation method that can control the growth environment throughout the year will be expanded for crop production throughout the year. Ⅲ. Agricultural Groundwater for Cultivation Patterns 1. General status of agricultural groundwater □ Of the total agricultural water use in Korea, the use of groundwater for agricultural purposes was 510 million m3/year (as of 2018), accounting for 9.8%. About 49.0% of the total groundwater wells and about 51.9% of the total groundwater use amount is used for agricultural purposes. □ As of 2018, 90.4% of the total agricultural groundwater wells(790,198 wells) were reported, and only 1.5% (11,699 wells) were permitted with licences. In all cities and provinces except for Jeju Island, average daily groundwater use amount of the reporting facilities is very small and less than 10 m3/day·site. Groundwater wells account for the largest proportion of agricultural production infrastructure in accordance with 「Rural Development Act」. Most of them are managed by local governments. - Agricultural production infrastructure in accordance with 「Rural Development Act」 is a facility for supplying water for rice paddy farming, and is classified into reservoirs, pumping stations, drainage stations, blowing weirs, collecting culverts, groundwater wells, and others (e.g. seawalls). The number of groundwater wells is 26,840, which is 36.5% of the total agricultural production infrastructure. □ As a result of the operation of the Rural Groundwater Management Observation Network, as of 2018, 14.4% were found to exceed the nitrate nitrogen groundwater quality standard. The deterioration of agricultural groundwater can be caused by insufficient management of pollutants in rural areas. 2. Agricultural groundwater uses for cultivation patterns □ Characteristics of cultivation sites and groundwater uses - Spatial characteristics of cultivation sites of Jinju-si show that the areas where farmland has been consolidated or arranged sites are generally clustered over a certain size, and are mainly developed in the low-lying areas near rivers or in the downstream areas of lakes. On the other hand, in the case of field areas, most of the fields were not arranged and distributed in mountainous areas. In the case of field areas where some fields were rearranged, they were distributed in the lowlands around rivers, - In areas where facility cultivation is clustered, groundwater development and use facilities are also densely distributed, whereas paddy fields or fields without arable land are generally distributed sporadically in mountainous areas, and groundwater facilities are also distributed similar to the distribution of farmland similar to the facility cultivation areas □ Groundwater use in water film cultivation facilities - For water film cultivation, the average daily use of groundwater per facility was reported as 64±11 m3/day, and the average groundwater consumption per well was 126±50 m3/day. Assuming that the water film operation period is 120 days during winter, the annual groundwater use for water film cultivation facilities is 573 million m3, accounting for 32.8% of the groundwater use for agriculture and fishery Ⅳ. On-Site Agricultural Groundwater Issues □ Big data analysis, field case review, field inquiry, and interviews with residents and public officials, and collecting expert opinions were done in order to derive on-site agricultural groundwater issues. □ Three major on-site issues are derived as follows. Firstly, the development of groundwater wells with a pumping rate of less than 150 ㎥/day increases for field farming and facility cultivation water supply. Secondly, the groundwater demand increases for high income crops. Thirdly, the concern about groundwater depletion for water film cultivation during winter. Ⅵ. Agricultural Groundwater Management Strategies and Tasks In Response to Issues □ This study suggests four strategies for agricultural groundwater management and several tasks for each strategy. [Strategy 1] Establishment of a groundwater use basis considering surface water based on water demand □ Development and promotion of a demand-tailored surface watergroundwater complex model for riverside fields or facility complexes □ Promotion of public water supply for small-scale grouped groundwater well fields, facility cultivation, and smart farms (tentatively called ‘water supply project for areas with poor water supply’ or ‘field base maintenance reinforcement project’) □ Establishment of a watershed-level groundwater use and management system considering the lack of soil moisture (agricultural drought) and river maintenance flow (environmental drought) [Strategy 2] Reinforcement of public management of agricultural groundwater wells and improvement of efficiency □ Implementation of the permit system for groundwater development and use facilities in fields or facility complexes of a certain size or larger □ Establishment of underground water facility management system for energy use such as water film facilities and geothermal heat □ Establishment of a legal and institutional basis to promote the linked use of groundwater wells □ Establishment and activation of resident participation and cooperative governance for efficient use and management of collective-type groundwater wells [Strategy 3] Co-Benefit groundwater management through the Water-Energy-Food nexus access □ Improving the legal system and promoting technology demonstration projects to promote the installation of artificial groundwater cultivation facilities in water film facilities □ Promotion of promotion of supply of new and renewable energy (geothermal heat, etc.) □ Pollution source management for the conservation and maintenance of high-quality agricultural groundwater □ Water-energy-food (agricultural) nexus policy model development and pilot project (tentative name 'Low Carbon Green Agricultural Complex') promotion [Strategy 4] Advancement of agricultural groundwater information □ Measurement of actual agricultural groundwater usage using smart technology □ Full investigation of the usable capacity of the clustered groundwater facilities □ Information diversification for agricultural groundwater management

소규모 행정구역의 일단위 농업가뭄 평가를 위한 농업용수 수급 가뭄지수 개발

이상권(Lee, Sangkwon),오국열(Oh, Kukryul),정상만(Jeong, Sangman),정태성(Cheong, Tae Sung) 한국방재학회 2021 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.21 No.2

가뭄은 장기간의 강수량 부족과 수자원 부족으로 인해 발생하는 것으로써 인간과 동물 모두의 생명과 생태계에 큰 영향을 미친다. 특히 농업분야는 식량안보와도 밀접한 연관성이 있어 그 중요성이 크다고 할 수 있다. 전 지구적으로 지구온난화, 도시화 및 산업화로 인해 농업용수 수요는 꾸준히 증가하고 있으며, 한국 또한 기후변화로 인해 증가추세에 있는 농업분야 피해경감을 위해 농업용수 공급원을 꾸준히 개발해오고 있다. 가뭄은 기상학적, 농업, 수문학적, 사회경제학적 가뭄지수를 이용하여 그 심각정도를 평가하는데, 농업가뭄지수는 토양수분과 농작물 마름 정도를 이용하여 가뭄을 평가하고 수문학적 가뭄지수는 저수지, 댐, 하천, 지하수 등 공급 가능한 수자원과 수요를 비교하여 용수 부족량으로 가뭄을 평가하는 방법이다. 그러나 이들 방법들은 생활, 공업, 농업 전체용수의 부족량을 평가함에 따라 상대적으로 민감도가 낮은 농업용수를 과대 혹은 과소평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 농업용저수지, 관개 및 배수, 지하수 시스템과 같은 용수 공급 시스템과 농업용수 수요량을 분석하여 농업가뭄을 평가하는 농업용수 수급 가뭄지수(Agricultural Water Demand and Supply Drought Index, AWDSDI)를 개발하였다. 개발된 가뭄지수의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여 과거 기록을 토대로 가뭄피해가 컸던 2017년 6~8월에 대해 진천군, 창녕군, 장성군 등 3개 군의 32개 읍⋅면에 AWDSDI를 적용하고 농업가뭄을 평가하였다. 적용성 검토결과 AWDSDI는 읍⋅면과 같은 소규모 행정구역의 일단위 농업가뭄을 잘 재현하는 것으로 나타났다. 더불어 개발된 가뭄지수를 검증하기 위하여 AWDSDI와 기존에 개발된 농업가뭄지수 그리고 수문학적 가뭄지수의 평가결과를 함께 비교하였다. 비교 결과 AWDSDI는 기존에 개발된 가뭄지수들보다 3개군 32개 읍⋅면의 가뭄기간 및 가뭄심도를 잘 재현하는 것으로 나타났다. Drought is caused by a long period of lack of rainfall and water resources, and has a great impact on the life and ecosystem of both humans and animals. It is particularly important for the agricultural sector, which is closely related to food security. Global warming, urbanization, and industrialization have led to a gradually increasing demand for agricultural water. In response, Korea has steadily developed its agricultural water sources to reduce rising damage to the agricultural sector due to climate change. The severity of drought is evaluated by using meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic drought indexes. The agricultural drought index is evaluated using soil moisture and crop dryness, and the hydrological drought index is evaluated based on water shortage by comparing demands with water resources available for supply, such as rivers and groundwater, reservoirs and dams. However, these methods were found to over- or under-estimate the relatively low sensitivity of agricultural water as they assess the shortage of water for life, industry, and agriculture. Therefore, in this study, we developed the Agricultural Water Demand and Supply Drought Index (AWDSDI), which evaluates agricultural drought by analyzing water supply systems such as agricultural reservoirs, pumping stations and drainage, groundwater systems, and demands for agricultural water. In order to review the applicability of the developed drought index, AWDSDI was applied to 32 Eps and Myuns in three cities, including Jincheongun, Changnyeonggun, and Jangseonggun in the period June-August 2017, when drought damage was significant. It was found that AWDSDI reproduced the daily agricultural drought well in small administrative districts such as Eps and Myuns. In addition, in order to verify the developed drought index, the evaluation results of AWDSDI, the previously developed agricultural drought index and the hydrological drought index were compared together. The comparison found that the AWDSDI reproduced the drought period and drought depth in 32 Eps and Myuns in three cities better than previously developed drought indices.

ANP 기법 활용 농업용수 거버넌스 구성요인 우선순위 분석

이슬기,최경숙 한국농촌계획학회 2023 농촌계획 Vol.29 No.4

Recently, worldwide to respond to climate change and secure sustainability. Korea aimed to increase water use efficiency by implementing integrated management according to the water management unification policy. Therefore, the necessity of establishing and operating governance is expanding to ensure the sustainability of agricultural water. In this study aims to evaluate the importance of agricultural water governance components and provide essential data for the participation of stakeholders in the efficient use of agricultural water in Korea. For this study, a total of 19 respondents to the ANP survey for this study were composed of experts in agricultural water and governance in Korea. As a result, the ranking for the main components was in the order of law, policy, and systems(0.222), core subjects(0.191), information sharing and communication(0.180), budget support(0.178), mutual learning(0.124), and external experts(0.105). The most important components for the operation of agricultural water governance are laws, policies, and systems. Since Korea’s agricultural water management is a public management system, national standards are considered the first priority. This study, which is the purpose of the agricultural water governance model, evaluated the importance of the constituent components for participating in demand management with a sense of responsibility. Moreover, if agricultural water governance is expanded nationwide by reflecting agricultural and water resource policies in the future, it is believed that positive effects can be achieved in increasing utilization efficiency and securing sustainability through agricultural water saving.

물관리 발전을 위한 하천 및 농업용수 등의 통합관리 연구(Ⅰ)

김익재,이승수,양일주,곽효은,김예인,황보은 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 기본연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 배경 및 목적 1. 연구의 배경 및 필요성 □ 물관리일원화 1단계 후에도 여전히 하천관리는 국토교통부가, 소하천관리는 행정안전부가, 농업용수관리는 농림축산식품부가 담당 □ 소하천관리는 하천의 최상류에 위치하는 지류·지천을 대상으로 재해경감 위주 중심으로 집행되고 있음. 친환경사업을 지향하면서 발원지 관리, 육상·수변생태계 복원과 연계될 필요가 있음 □ 농업용수는 전체 용수 사용량의 절반 이상을 차지하고 있기 때문에 농업용수 관련정책은 국가차원의 효율적인 물관리에 중요한 사안임 □ 물 관련 업무의 물리적 통합관리가 아닌 효율적인 물관리를 위하여 하나의 부처에서 견제와 조율, 협업을 통한 효율적인 물관리가 필요함. 이를 위해 부처별 물관리 기능에 대한 현행 문제점, 통합의 필요성과 방향성, 통합의 내용 및 범위 등에 대한 정책연구(물관리일원화 2단계) 착수가 시급함 2. 연구의 목적 □ 수량-수질 일원화 후 여전히 분산되어 있는 부처별 물관리 기능에 대한 현행 문제점을 진단하고 향후 통합에 대한 정책적 방향을 제시함 ㅇ 물관리일원화 1단계 후 물관리 현황 파악 ㅇ 중장기적 정책개선 방안 사전 준비 Ⅱ. 주요국의 물 개혁(National Water Reform) 사례 분석 1. 호주, 일본, 이스라엘, 미국의 물 개혁 사례를 살펴보면 국가별 행정체계, 지방 이양의 수준, 물 개혁 내용 및 범위는 다르지만 법적 근거 마련, 조직신설·통합, 유역 거버넌스 운영 등의 공통점이 있으며, 물 개혁은 반복적·단계적으로 시행되어왔다는 것을 알 수 있음 □ 호주 ㅇ 지속·반복되는 가뭄으로 인하여 물 공급체계가 개편됨. 물에 대한 소유권은 지방정부가 가지고 있으나 공급관리는 Murray-Darling 유역청이 수행 ㅇ 수리권 정리, 요금제 개혁, 물이용권 거래 확대, 환경용수 할당 등을 통하여 물관리의 효율성과 형평성 증대 ㅇ (특징) 지방정부의 권한을 인정하면서 유역청에서 물 공급을 위한 과학적 근거를 제시하며 최종 결정은 중앙정부의 조정을 통해 이루어짐 □ 일본 ㅇ 일본의 물관리 체계는 기능에 따라 소관부서가 나뉘어져 있는 다원화 체계를 가지고 있으나 강력한 협의체 구성을 통하여 의사결정을 수행함 ㅇ (특징) 물관리 주무부처로서 국토교통부의 강력한 통합기능, 부처 간 정책협력과 조정을 위하여 내각에 정책본부 설치 □ 이스라엘 ㅇ 수자원확보(물재이용의 최대화)와 강력한 수요관리(높은 물세, 수리권 제도, 인식제고)를 통한 물 개혁 ㅇ (특징) 기후변화·물확보·수도요금 대응을 위한 독립 부서의 출범 □ 미국 ㅇ 대부분 주정부의 관할로 인정되었던 작은 수로나 간헐적 하천, 습지 등에 대한 관리가 이루어지지 않다고 판단한 오바마 정부는 2015년 수립된 청정수역규칙을 통해 다양한 수체에 대해 연방정부의 관할구역을 확대함 ㅇ 반면 트럼프 정부는 경제성장을 위해 물 분야 등에서 규제완화를 추진하면서 연방정부의 관할구역 범위를 크게 축소하였음. 이에 대한 일부 주정부와 환경단체가 반발하여 소송을 진행함 ㅇ 정책의 일관성 측면에서 중앙정부와 지방정부의 역할과 권한의 조정에 대하여 신중한 접근이 필요함 Ⅲ. 물관리일원화 1단계 후 주요 물관리 정책의 현황 1. 물 관련 중요 정책 및 현안을 심의·의결하기 위한 대통령 직속 국가물관리위원회의 출범, 물 관련 법정 계획의 정비 추진 □ 『국가물관리기본계획』의 심의·의결, 물분쟁의 조정, 국가계획의 이행여부 평가 등을 수행하기 위하여 국무총리와 민간 1인이 공동위원장으로 구성 □ 유역물관리위원회를 설치(한강, 낙동강, 금강, 영산강·섬진강 등 4대강 별로 각각 구성), 『유역물관리종합계획』의 심의·의결 등 환경부장관과 민간 1인이 공동위원장으로 구성 □ 「정부조직법」 개정(2018년 6월 공포 시행), 「물관리기본법」 제정(2019년 6월 시행), 「물기술산업법」 제정(2018년 12월 시행). 이를 통하여 수량, 수질, 재해예방 등 대부분의 기능이 환경부로 일원화되었으나 하천관리는 여전히 국토교통부 소관 2. 정책의 변화와 시사점 □ 국가 물관리의 최상위법인 「물관리기본법」의 시행에 따라 물관리위원회, 『국가물관리기본계획』, 『유역물관리기본계획』, 이행평가 등을 포함한 상시적 통합 물관리 정책체계를 구축하였으나 국가물관리위원회의 주요 기능이 현재 수준인 법정 계획의 심의 중심으로 유지할 것인지 또는 범부처 간 정책조정의 권한 기능을 강화할 방안의 검토가 필요 □ 유역 기반의 통합 물관리로 발전하기 위해서는 기존 법정계획을 『유역물관리기본계획』 중심으로 최대한 재편하는 것이 바람직함 Ⅳ. 물관리일원화 2단계 준비를 위한 하천 정책의 기본방향과 과제 1. 물관리일원화 1단계에 따른 성과와 한계점에 대해 파악하여 물관리일원화 이후 하천관리 측면에서 변화된 환경을 분석 □ 하천관리를 위한 정책방향은 국민인식의 변화와 시대적 요구에 따라 변화하였음. 과거에는 치수, 수자원 확보, 자연성회복 등의 분야로 구분되어 추진되었으나 최근의 화두인 하천자연성 회복은 분야별로 구분지어 추진되는 하천관리 정책만으로는 목표달성이 어렵다는 각 분야의 전문가들과 일반 시민들의 공통된 의견에 기반을 두고 추진 □ 물관리일원화 1단계 후에도 상류의 산지하천에서 하류의 국가하천 및 하구까지 연속되는 계획들 간의 연계성 확보를 위한 방안은 마련되지 않아 구간별 그리고 계획 간 목표가 상호 연계되지 않음으로 인해 하천관리 측면에서 효율성이 저하 □ 하천관리 측면에서 지방이양정책 시행으로 인해 그간 국가보조금 사업 형태로 진행되던 하천관리 사업이 지방자치단체의 고유사업으로 수행되게 되면서 지방자치단체의 지방비 부담이 증대 Ⅴ. 물관리일원화 2단계 준비를 위한 농업용수 정책의 기본방향과 과제 1. 국내 농업용수 및 농업수리시설은 안정적인 쌀 생산 증대를 위한 공급위주의 정책에 의해 관리되고 있으나 현행 농업용수 정책은 대내외적으로 변화하는 농업사회의 현실을 반영하지 못하고 있으며 통합 물관리라는 시대적 부응의 비전 및 기본원칙과 부합성이 떨어짐 □ 농업용수의 관리·개발 근거법령인 「농어촌정비법」과 국가 물 관련 최상위 법인 「물관리기본법」 간의 상관성, 『농어촌용수 이용 합리화계획』과 『국가물관리기본계획』 및 『유역물관리기본계획』의 부합성을 높이는 방향으로 추진되어야 함 □ 물 관련 정책 결정과정에서 농업현실을 반영할 수 있는 농업계 인사를 적극 포함시켜 농민 실천, 참여를 이끌어 내 정책의 수용성과 제도의 실효성을 증대해야 함 2. 농업용수의 정의, 효율성, 수리권, 관리체계 다원화, 이용료, 기후변화 적응 등 다양한 측면에서 농업용수 관련 쟁점들이 논의되고 있음. 농업용수 특성 관련 기술적 상황을 고려하는 단계별 정책 추진이 필요함 □ 논의되고 있는 수리권 조정과 관련하여 선행되어야 할 것은 용수이용량 계측 등 과학적인 방법을 통한 이용량 산정임 Ⅰ. Research Background and Objectives 1. Background and significance of the research □ Water management is still fragmented among ministries after the first stage of water reform □ Small and headwater stream management has been carried out with a focus on water-related disaster mitigation for tributaries and branches located upstream. It is necessary to link the stream management with the management of headwater and restoration plans for aquatic-terrestrial ecosystems. □ The water use for agriculture accounts for more than half of the total water use in Korea. Policies related to agricultural water are likely key to efficient water management at the national level. 2. Objectives of the research □ This study identifies the current problems with the first stage of water reform and suggests a policy direction for the establishment of coherent and effective integrated water management. ㅇ Analysis of the water management status after the first stage of water reform ㅇ Preparing for a long-term policy direction Ⅱ. A Review of Water Reform Experiences in Australia, Japan, Israel, and the United States 1. Although the administrative system of each country and the degree of local empowerment are not identical, there are things in common such as the establishment of a legal basis, organizational restructuring, and implementation of basin-level water management. □ Australia ㅇ Reorganization of the water supply system due to repeated water-related disasters such as flood and drought events ㅇ The Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) is an independent expertise-based statutory agency responsible for basin-wide water resource planning and management. ㅇ The equity in water right, water pricing reform, market-based solutions, and allocating environmental water are the key elements of efficient water management in Australia. ㅇ MDBA takes responsibility for water management with scientific knowledge and expertise. The Australian Government plays the key role in decision -making involved in water resource planning while acknowledging the authority of the local government. □ Japan ㅇ Cross-sector coordination of water-related sectors in Japan has been implemented by the Department of Water Resources and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The department acts as the coordinating body among the relevant ministries and departments to ensure coherence in water-related management. □ Israel ㅇ To achieve a reliable water supply system, Israel has gradually implemented the policy that combines institutional reforms and massive infrastructure investment. ㅇ The Key elements of water reform in Israel are strong demand management and reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation. □ United States ㅇ The Obama administration expanded federal jurisdiction for a large range of water bodies through CWR in 2015 (2015 WOTUS). ㅇ The Trump administration replaced the Obama administration’s 2015 WOTUS rule with a reduction in water management authority of the federal government. ㅇ The U.S. case emphasizes the need for consistent water management between the two Federal/Centeral Governments as well as Federal-State Government. Ⅲ. Changes in Water Management Policies after the First Stage of Water Reform 1. Establishment of the National Water Management Commission and the Basin Water Management Commission to review and resolve important water-related matters □ The National Water Management Committee was established to review and approve the ‘National Plan for Water Management’ and to resolve water-related conflicts. □ The four Basin Water Management Commissions are launched to review and approve the ‘Basin Management Plan’. □ This water management reform in Korea began by enacting the ‘Framework Act on Water Management’ (enforced on June 13th, 2019) and the ‘Act on the Promotion of the Water Industry’ (enforced on December 13th, 2018) and restructuring its water management departments (on may 7th, 2018) with a revision of the Government Structure Act. It helps to integrate fragmented reasonabilities among water ministries into an integrated structure with the Ministry of Environment as the single authority. Nevertheless, there still is a fragmented administration system in the river management. 2. Implications □ Following the enactment of the ‘Framework Act on Water Management’, a permanently integrated water management began with the establishment of the ‘National Plan for Water Management’, National Water Management Commission, and the ‘Basin Management Plan.’ There is a need for reviewing consequences and limitations after the first stage of water reform to strengthen water-related management to step forward from the first stage of water reform. □ To develop Basin-level Integrated Water Resources Management, the existing legal plans should be reconstructed focusing on the ‘Basin Management Plan.’ Ⅳ. Policy Directions of River Management to Move on to the Second Stage of the Water Reform 1. Assessment of achievements and limitations after the first stage of water reform and an analysis of changes in the river management system □ The direction of river management has been changed with the awareness of citizens shaped in the context of historical background. River management in the past, which was categorized merely into flood control, securing water resources, and restoration, has recently been focused on the connectivity of river. □ For the connectivity from headwaters to downstream areas, the ‘National Plan for Water Management’ and the ‘Basin Management Plan’ for river management should be consistent. □ The river management projects, which had been conducted with a government subsidy, were changed to the local government’s projects due to local empowerment. Cost shifting from the central to the local government occurs due to the local empowerment policies. Ⅴ. Policy Direction of Agricultural Water to Move on to the Second Stage of the Water Reform 1. Current policies on agricultural water and agricultural facilities were established mainly for supply-oriented development. Accordingly, it does not reflect changes in the agricultural society and the global perspective on water management. □ There should be coherence and consistency between the ‘Agricultural and Fishing Villages Improvement Act’ and the ‘Framework Act on Water Management’ and between the ‘Plan for Rationalizing Rural Water Use’ and the ‘National Plan for Water Management’ in terms of the direction and content. □ There is a need for strong involvement of agriculture-related citizen, experts, and politicians in the National and Basin Level Management Committee to increase public acceptance of the water-related policies 2. The definition of agricultural water, water rights between sectors, pricing regulation, and climate change issue have been raised in the agricultural water sector at the national level. Technical and social aspects related to the agricultural society should be reviewed in the policy-making process. □ The amount of water use for irrigation needs to be estimated with scientific approaches for the reorganization of water rights

농업용수 물절약 거버넌스 구축·운영 기초연구

이슬기 ( Lee Seul-gi ),최경숙 ( Choi Kyung-sook ) 한국농촌계획학회 2021 농촌계획 Vol.27 No.3

Recently, natural disasters caused by climate change have become more frequent across the world. Our country is also not exceptional, and it is urgent to come up with appropriate measures in the agricultural sector as the size and intensity of drought are becoming severe. Consequently, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food has continuously raised the need for efficient water management and governance to overcome the periodic drought. Thus, there is a need for water-saving education and water conservation governance for sustainable and efficient use of agricultural water. Governance is a cooperative mechanism involving various stakeholders, such as central, local, civil society, and businesses, to solve regional or social problems, with different definitions and concepts depending on the field or scope. In this study, we aim to present basis of a governance framework for direct water management participation involving the key agricultural water use stakeholders to imbibe the culture of water savings and conservation practices. Based on this, water-saving governance was established and operated in Gyeongju and Yeoju, in South Korea as a ‘water conservation practice’, while the water management status of local farmers, the reliability and importance of stakeholders, and the need for governance were investigated. The results indicate that the involvement of various stakeholders in the governance of water management yielded water-saving effects. This study provides the directions of making a framework for water-saving governance establishment and operation. It is expected that sustainable agricultural water use can be achieved in response to climate change if the governance builds and operates with agricultural water use stakeholders based on the continuous government supports.

농업용수 물절약에 대한 농업인 의식 및 행동 조사 - 포항·영덕지역 수리시설감시원을 대상으로 -

이슬기 ( Lee Seul-gi ),최경숙 ( Choi Kyung-sook ) 한국농촌계획학회 2020 농촌계획 Vol.26 No.3

While agricultural water has been declared free in Korea to ensure access to these limited resource since the year 2000, farmers have however developed lackadaisical behavior towards water saving leading to its scarcity. To overcome this problem, a variety of experience-oriented education model was developed for farmers to promote the adoption of water conservation, and preventive measure against the drought impacts. In this study, farmers’ awareness and their attitudinal behavior of agricultural water savings were investigated. The monitoring of water supply structure and the repair facilities in Pohang and Yeongdeok areas were conducted. The field visits and behavioral surveys showed a high degree of over-use and illegal water withdrawals by the farmers due to poor water-saving and management practices. We found that most of the KRC employees strongly admitted the necessity of water-saving education. On the other hand, the farmers showed good interest in the implementation of water-saving awareness through education. Besides this, most farmers agreed to adopt water-saving practices in the fields. Farmers also acknowledged the recklessness of water use was due to the aging of waterways, poor water management, and illegal water consumption. The majority of the farmers responded against imposing the water-use tariffs. However, there was a low response to paying the water-use charge. Aging agricultural facilities and the lack of institutional penalties or incentives were the major obstacles in achieving efficient water-saving. Considering the current drought frequency, urgent water-saving education of farmers was deemed necessary to prepare the farming community against the water shortages. Based on the results of this study, we have to identify the irrigation practices of farmers and provide water-saving education to enforce more efficient use and management of agricultural water.

연구보문 : 사회과학 ; 수입사료 곡물의 국내생산을 위한 농업용수 및 농경지 필요량 계측

유승환 ( Seung Hwan Yoo ),임정빈 ( Jeong Bin Im ),최진용 ( Jin Yong Choi ),이상현 ( Sang Hyun Lee ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.3

The aim of this paper is to estimate an additional agricultural water and land needed for substituting the import of feed-grain such as maize and wheat for the domestic production using the ``virtual water`` concept. The amount of imported corn and wheat for feed from 2001 to 2010 was surveyed and the virtual water import was estimated. The virtual water of the imported corn and wheat were 6,757Mm3/yr and 1,405 Mm3/yr on average. Accordingly, the imported virtual water could be substituted for 8,162 Mm3/yr of agricultural water resource and 2,230 thousand ha of cultivation area for the domestic production of both crops. They are amounted to 51.5% of total agricultural water demand in Korea. The virtual water of the imported corn and wheat should be considered in the aspect of sustainable agricultural production and water management, and these results could be applied to establish a long-term policy about agricultural water resource and land-use.

전라북도 물이용 체계 및 과제(만경강과 동진강 중심으로)

김보국 대한상하수도학회 2022 상하수도학회지 Vol.36 No.5

Mangyeong River and Dongjin River are highly dependent on external regions for domestic and agricultural water, and the agricultural water supply and use system of those rivers are very complicated. For smooth water supply, rivers are used as a supply system. Of the total river water use permits (as of 2019), agricultural water accounts for 97.5%, 80.4% in Mangyeong River and Dongjin River, respectively. The excessive intake of river water as agricultural purpose is causing the stream to dry out and to deteriorate the ecological health of the river. It is necessary to minimize the water use system that takes in and utilizes river water. In both rivers, the flow rate of agricultural drainage and the load of major water quality items that flowing into the main stream are similar to or higher than those of the major tributaries, indicating that management is necessary to improve the water quality of the river. It is necessary to understand the effect of agricultural drainage on river water quality by establishing a continuous monitoring system for the form of agricultural drainage.

Sentinel-2 위성영상을 활용한 농업용 저수지 가용수량 추정

이희진,남원호,윤동현,장민원,홍은미,김태곤,김대의 한국농공학회 2020 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.62 No.6

Reservoir storage and water level information is essential for accurate drought monitoring and prediction. In particular, the agricultural drought hasincreased the risk of agricultural water shortages due to regional bias in reservoirs and water supply facilities, which are major water supply facilitiesfor agricultural water. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the available water capacity of the reservoir, and it is necessary to determine the watersurface area and water capacity. Remote sensing provides images of temporal water storage and level variations, and a combination of both measurementtechniques can indicate a change in water volume. In areas of ungauged water volume, satellite remote sensing image acts as a powerful tool to measurechanges in surface water level. The purpose of this study is to estimate of reservoir storage and level variations using satellite remote sensing imagecombined with hydrological statistical data and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Water surface areas were estimated using the Sentinel-2satellite images in Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do from 2016 to 2018. The remote sensing-based reservoir storage estimation algorithm from this studyis general and transferable to applications for lakes and reservoirs. The data set can be used for improving the representation of water resourcesmanagement for incorporating lakes into weather forecasting models and climate models, and hydrologic processes.

SWMM 모형을 이용한 농업용 저수지 용수분배 모의 및 관개효율 평가

신지현,남원호,방나경,김한중,안현욱,도종원,이광야 한국농공학회 2020 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.62 No.3

The management of agricultural water can be divided into management of agricultural infrastructure and operation to determine the timing and quantityof water supply. The target of water management is classified as water-supply facilities, such as reservoirs, irrigation water supply, sluice gate control,and farmland. In the case of agricultural drought, there is a need for water supply capacity in reservoirs and for drought assessment in paddy fieldsthat receive water from reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the water supply amount from intake capacity to irrigation canal network. Theanalysis of the irrigation canal network should be considered for efficient operation and planning concerning optimized irrigation and water allocation. In this study, we applied a hydraulic analysis model for agricultural irrigation networks by adding the functions of irrigation canal network analysisusing the SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) module and actual irrigation water supply log data from May to August during 2015-2019 yearsin Sinsong reservoir. The irrigation satisfaction of ponding depth in paddy fields was analyzed through the ratio of the number of days the targetponding depth was reached for each fields. This hydraulic model can assist with accurate irrigation scheduling based on its simulation results. The resultsof evaluating the irrigation efficiency of water supply can be used for efficient water distribution and management during the drought events.