17-18세기 조선의 화폐 유통과 은

권내현 ( Kwon Nae-hyun ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 民族文化硏究 Vol.74 No.-

17세기 동아시아 국제 관계의 재정립을 거치며 일본 은이 조선으로 본격 유입되었다. 일본 은은 조선과 중국 사이의 무역에서 국제 화폐로 사용되었고 국내 상거래에서도 화폐로 활용되었다. 조선 내부에서는 지역과 계층에 따라 포목, 미곡, 동전, 은으로 구성된 다층적 화폐 시스템이 운영되었고, 이 가운데 동전과 은은 상품 화폐의 영역을 잠식하면서 상평통보의 주전으로 이어졌다. 상평통보의 전면적 주조와 보급은 다층적 화폐 구조를 동전 중심으로 일원화하려는 시도에 따른 것이었다. 동전이 중심 화폐로 부상하고 일본에서 은의 유입이 감소하면서 화폐로서 은의 기능은 점차 위축되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 은은 동전의 확산에 기여하였으며 동전의 가치를 규정하는 수단으로도 활용되었다. 하지만 은의 상대적 가치가 계속 상승하고 국내에서의 유통량이 감소하면서 동전의 가치를 은으로 결정하는 것 자체가 무의미해지고 있었다. 18세기 전반 일본 은의 유입 감소가 지속되면서 이를 보완한 것은 국내산 은이었다. 문제는 조선에서 중국으로 은의 유출이라는 원심력이 구심력보다 항상 강하게 작용하고 있었다는 점이었다. 조선 내부에서는 청나라에 대한 반감과 경제적 피해론을 명분으로 조선 은의 중국 유출을 반대하는 분위기가 팽배하였다. 더욱이 은의 유출 파장이 동전의 부족 현상과도 연결되자 조선 왕조는 국내산 은의 유출을 강력하게 규제하고 국내 고액 거래에서 은의 화폐 기능을 회복시키려 하였다. 하지만 대청 외교와 무역에서 은을 대체할 상품을 찾기 힘든 상황에서 국내산 은의 유출 규제는 실효를 거두기가 어려웠다. 또한 국가 공인의 규격화된 은화 발행 시도도 은의 유입과 생산 감소, 은의 지속적 유출에 대한 우려 때문에 현실화하지 못하였다. In 17th century, by reestablishment of international relations in East Asia, Japanese silver had been brought into Joseon. Japanese silver was used as international monetary between Joseon and China and also for domestic business transaction. Within Joseon, multi-layered monetary system was operated by being composed of linen and cotton, rice, coin, silver differentiated by areas and classes. Among them, coin and silver encroached the area of money used for merchandise, which were led to the main monetary of Sangpyeong Tongbo. The creation and distribution of Sangpyeong Tongbo were due to the attempt of standardizing the monetary structure into coin. As coins rise as the major monetary and as the inflow of Japanese silver was decreased, the function of silver was also weakened. Even so, silver contributed to the distribution of coin and was also used as the standard for deciding the value of coin. However, as the relative value of silver was increased and amount of circulation was decreased, it had become meaningless to decide the value of coin by silver. During the first part of 18th century, as the inflow of Japanese silver was decreased, it was domestic silver that supplemented the lack of supply. The problem was that outflow of silver from Joseon to China. Within Joseon, the hostility and economic damage by Qing dynasty were spread in the country and most of the official opposed the outflow of silver from Joseon to China. Even more, when outflow of silver was led to the lack of coins, the Joseon dynasty strictly regulated the outflow of domestic silver and attempted to restore the function of silver as monetary means. But since it was difficult to find other products to replace silver for diplomacy and trade with Qing, the actual effect of regulating outflow of silver was minimal. In addition, the attempt of circulating nationally certified silver coins was not realized because of reduced production and inflow of silver, and concerns on consistent outflow of silver.

실버 세대를 위한 국내·외 블라우스에 나타난 디자인 특성 분석

김다은,이경희 복식문화학회 2015 服飾文化硏究 Vol.23 No.1

Increasing of Korean old women's rate is demographic characteristics attributed an aging society, silver generation would lead to silver fashion market with steady competitiveness and interest in fashion. So the study attempts to use foundation material for silver's fashion design by analyzing design characteristics and processing development of design representative women's top. Selecting brand for collecting photo using study represents a mid- and premium-priced with reference Brand Yearbook. After selecting brand on domestic and foreign I have collected picture from Internet shopping mall and web-site of fashion brand, from October 2013 to July 2014, but I selected 840 pictures based on front poses for easy decision. In order to search design characteristics according to sort of silver blouse design on domestic and foreign. I have examined shape, color, pattern, fabric sensation, inside composition line and decoration with reference standard of analysis in preceding research. Data analysis method was conducted on analysis of frequency and cross analysis using SPSS statistical package 21.0. The conclusion of design characteristic according to type of blouse design for silver, H-silhouette in shirt blouse seems to fit in body transformation and expose silhouette with correcting the body flaw. Using soft material in T-shirt blouse they are able to conceal a body defect and express beautiful silhouette. By using detail in pullover shirt blouse and tunic blouse for point of design, it express glamour and luxurious. Most of blouse are printed various pattern, it would looks more gorgeous using pattern.

실버 세대를 위한 국내,외 블라우스에 나타난 디자인 특성 분석

김다은 ( Da Eun Kim ),이경희 ( Kyoung Hee Lee ) 복식문화학회 2015 服飾文化硏究 Vol.23 No.1

Increasing of Korean old women’s rate is demographic characteristics attributed an aging society, silver generation would lead to silver fashion market with steady competitiveness and interest in fashion. So the study attempts to use foundation material for silver’s fashion design by analyzing design characteristics and processing development of design representative women’s top. Selecting brand for collecting photo using study represents a mid- and premium-priced with reference Brand Yearbook. After selecting brand on domestic and foreign I have collected picture from Internet shopping mall and web-site of fashion brand, from October 2013 to July 2014, but I selected 840 pictures based on front poses for easy decision. In order to search design characteristics according to sort of silver blouse design on domestic and foreign. I have examined shape, color, pattern, fabric sensation, inside composition line and decoration with reference standard of analysis in preceding research. Data analysis method was conducted on analysis of frequency and cross analysis using SPSS statistical package 21.0. The conclusion of design characteristic according to type of blouse design for silver, H-silhouette in shirt blouse seems to fit in body transformation and expose silhouette with correcting the body flaw. Using soft material in T-shirt blouse they are able to conceal a body defect and express beautiful silhouette. By using detail in pullover shirt blouse and tunic blouse for point of design, it express glamour and luxurious. Most of blouse are printed various pattern, it would looks more gorgeous using pattern.

Active Seniors and Their New Fashion

권혜숙 ( Haesook Kwon ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2015 한국디자인포럼 Vol.46 No.-

The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of female elderly consumers from the baby-boomer generation in Korea and domestic fashion brands targeting this particular demographic group. The results are as follows: Active seniors are emerging as a new consumer group and receives the spotlight in many areas because of their active economic activity. They can afford time and money to indulge themselves, and have an active purchasing power, especially giving high priority to buying clothes. RUBY is the major fashion consumer group which is interested in senior citizens` beauty, health, and leisure activities. The beauty and fashion industry actively target this specific group. The domestic industry of fashion brands for senior women is just at the level of settling down. To boost the future fashion market for senior women, it is necessary to set up a new brand strategy which based on understanding of consumer preferences and awareness towards fashion, and to develop the design through in-depth research on figure analysis of new senior women and pattern making. Also, market segmentation and clear positioning is needed to meet the new needs of senior women as well as a new way of internet marketing which is suitable for physiological changes and consumption patterns or consumer behavior of active seniors, and a marketing strategy which combines analog sensitivity with IT techniques for `Smart Silver`, is required.

16世紀 對中貿易의 盛況과 國內商業

朴平植(Park, Pyeong Sik) 역사교육연구회 2018 역사교육 Vol.146 No.-

This paper is a research on the prosperity of the trade with China in the 16th century, focusing on domestic commerce and intermediary trade by Joseon merchants. In the 16th century, since King Joongjong’s reign, the private trade with China using silver was actively developed by Joseon silver produced in Dancheon and other regions by Joseon merchants. After then, around the last year of King Joongjong’s reign, the large influx of Japanese silver resulted in the prosperity of the trade with China. In the course, sanctions by Chinese government and criticisms by its people upon the private trade accompanied with Sahaeng(使行) grew. During this period, the trade with China was grounded on the growth of domestic commerce since the late 15th century. Therefore, not just the import of luxury goods, but also the silk weaving industry using Chinese silk thread, developed in Joseon, and affordable processed ginseng product called Pasam (把蔘) which targeted general public was produced and exported. In the 16th century, Joseon merchants were monopolistic in the intermediary trade of the early Japanese silver, Chinese silk fabrics and silk thread. However, after King Myeongjong’s reign, this initiative intermediary trade of Joseon merchants diminished, as the direct trade between China and Japan increased.