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1950년대 北京 街道 ‘공간’과 居民委員會의 작동 방식
朴尙洙(Sang-Soo PARK) 중국근현대사학회 2014 중국근현대사연구 Vol.64 No.-
Focusing on the formation of neighborhood space, the connotation of ‘autonomy(自治)’ and the problem of governmental leadership, this article examines the mode of operation of the residents’ committees in the 1950s Beijing. Though it was under the state initiative and leadership that the residents’ committee could be established and thereby playing the roles of auxiliary administrative function, its ‘autonomy’ was also based on social capital newly created by the ‘production of space’ of neighborhood(街道) within which several small size residents’ committees could closely interact with residents, enhancing the communitarian cohesion, sociability and voluntarism between resident members. The residents’ committee both placed under the state leadership and based on its own social interaction implemented various ‘neighborhood works’ ‘autonomously’ to provide the residents with various urban services. In this sense, the ‘autonomy’ of the residents’ committee had its particular connotations of self-reliance, self-regulation and self-solution rather than independence of or opposition to the state. The ‘neighborhood works’ charged by the residents’ committee were burdensome due to excessive works under the lack of effective governmental leadership. The communist regime in its early stage in the 1950s had no sufficient resources to expand state organ to the basic level of administration, which accordingly requires the residents’ committee as non-governmental organization not only to implement state-projected works but also to carry out itself neighborhood level’s various welfare tasks. The term “mangluan”(忙亂working in rush and getting into a muddle) frequently mentioned in th governmental investigation reports reflects overfull works undertaken by the residents’ committees. This state-society relationship in the 1950s could be defined as a sort of governance rather than coercive and surveillant totalitarian rule absorbing the atomized society into state system, a governance in which the state leads societal ‘autonomy’ and/or the societal autonomy functions under the state leadership. The process of strengthening the state power in the 1950s could be materialized not by the expansion of the state organs to the basic level of urban society, but by the governance through which societal positive response to and cooperation with the state policy could be put into place.
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고트프레드 레키보(Gotfred Rekkebo)의 『한국 사회사업 1955~1965』 고찰
최원규 한국사회복지역사학회 2018 사회복지역사연구 Vol.1 No.1
이 글은 노르웨이 부제(deacon)이자 간호사·사회사업가로 1955년부터 1972년까지 한국에서 활동한 고 트프레드 레키보(Gotfred Rekkebo, 1911~1993)의 사회사업 관련 활동에 관한 것이다. 그는 1950년 에 발발한 한국전쟁에 간호사로 파견되었다. 그는 현임 사회사업 종사자를 대상으로 개별사회사업 (social case work) 훈련을 실시하였다. 그들을 병원, 고아원, 지역사회복지관 등에 파견하고, 그들에 대한 슈퍼비젼을 제공하였다. 1959년에는 그가 훈련시킨 개별사회사업가들과 함께 한국개별사회사업가 협회(Korea Case Workers’ Association)를 만들어 1967년 한국사회사업가협회 발족의 한 축을 담당 하였다. 17년(1955-1972)에 달하는 한국에서의 레키보의 활동은 한국 사회사업가의 전문성 향상을 위한 기여로 평가되는데, 특히 병원 기반의 의료사회사업의 출발을 이룩한 것은 주목할 만하다. 서울 마 포와 전남 목포 등지에서 그의 활동은 오늘날 수백개에 이르는 지역사회복지관 사업의 원형으로 자리매 김할 수 있다. 아울러 목포에서의 MAVA의 결성은 지역사회복지 증진을 위한 네트워크의 형성이라는 점에서 그 의미가 각별하다. 한편 교육훈련의 방법론과 관련하여 볼 때, 현장의 사례들에 대한 토의를 중심으로 한 그의 노력은 실용적, 실천적 사회사업 교육이었다고 평가할 수 있다. 이는 이론교육 중심이 라는 비판을 받아 온 한국 사회사업 대학교육과는 대비되는 것이다. This article is on Gotfred Rekkebo’s social work activities in Korea from 1955 to 1972. He was a deacon, a nurse, and a social worker from Norway. He was sent to Korea as a nurse during Korean War of 1950. He conducted social work training for the active social workers. He dispatched them to hospitals, orphanages, community welfare centers, and provided them with a supervision. In 1959, he created the Korea Case Workers' Association, along with individual social workers who were trained by him. He was responsible for the establishment of the Korea Association of Social Workers in 1967. 17 years(1955-1972) of Rekkebo’s activities in Korea could be evaluated as a contribution to improve the professionalism of Korean social workers. It is also noteworthy that the start of the hospital-based medical social work in Korea had been achieved by his endeavors. His activities in Mapo area in Seoul and Mokpo city in Chonam province could be regarded as the prototypes of hundreds of community welfare centers. In addition, the formation of MAVA in Mokpo city was considered to be meaningful in that it was a network for promoting community welfare. On the other hand, in relation to the methodology of social work education and training, it could be concluded that his efforts centered on discussion of cases in the field were a practical method of social work education. This was contrasted with the Korean social work education, which had been criticized as the theoretical education centered.
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