[발표·PRESENTATION] 버트랜드 러셀과 클라르테운동 및 러셀-아인슈타인 선언

이수경(Yi, Soo Kyung) 전남대학교 글로벌디아스포라연구소 2015 전남대학교 세계한상문화연구단 국제학술회의 Vol.2015 No.6

As an important person of the 20th century, Bertrand Russell (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a known mathematician, philosopher, ethicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in literature and a pacifist. This article provides what Russell did at the Clarté Movement and declared Russell–Einstein Manifesto and considers the coexistence in East Asia related to what he did. As known as Russell’s paradox, he also had a deep knowledge in philosophy and science. This knowledge made Russell see the reality of Boer war and require refusal to serve in the army at World War 1. After knowing the truth of the war, he started to write articles about the anti-war. At that time, however, there had been too strong nationalism at the British to understand his thought. Therefore, Russell was dismissed from Cambridge College following his conviction about the anti-war. Nevertheless, he kept saying the war should be stopped and emphasized how important the role of intellectual was in the society. Thus, in this study, we focus on the Clarté Movement and Russell–Einstein Manifesto. Actually the name Clarté from the Clarté Movement came from the journal 『Clarté』 published by Henri Barbusse. The journal 『Clarté』 described what a cruel thing war is and how many people should be sacrificed by a war. This is the reason why Russell took part in the Clarté Movement that he wanted other people to know about the reality of the war so that the horrible War could be stopped finally. These thoughts made the Clarté Movement be international peace movement and have a lot of influence on the Sower in Japan. ln the Korea, the association KAFT was organized by Gi-jin Kim who had experience study in japan and affected by the Clarté Movement. When the World War 2 ended, Russell argued about nuclear disarmament with Albert Einstein. The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was released calling for nuclear disarmament and signed by nine winners of the Nobel Prize and two prominent professors in London on 9 July 1955. Throughout Russell’s activity, this paper aimes to find the relationship between the Clarté Movement and the Russell-Einstein Manifesto and the coexistence in East Asia.

레티 러셀(Letty Russell)의 생애와 기독교교육 사상

이규민 한국기독교교육학회 2010 기독교교육논총 Vol.24 No.-

Letty Russell opened up a new horizon for the theory and practice of Christian education. Since she suggested a fresh and persuasive vision for Christian education, Russell is regarded as one of the most influential Christian educators. Compared to the significance and originality of her Christian educational thought, however, Russell's thought and theory are not investigated enough in depth and width. In order to understand the essence of her thought and theory, we need to explore Russell’s life and theological background as well. Thus, in this study we will investigate the followings. First, Russell's life and theolgical background will be explored. Second, the essence and main tenets of Russell's theory of Christian education will be investigated in an analytical manner. As a result, Russell's theory will be named as Christian education for humanization and mission. Third, “partnership-koinonia” will be identified and investigated as Russell's method of Christian education for humanization and mission. Finally, the strengths and the weaknesses of Russell’s theory will be critically analyzed. When the weaknesses can be overcome, Russell's theory can be used as a pertinent foundation upon which a new model of for the effective educational ministry of today's Korean churches can be established. The main purpose of this study is to investigate Russell's theory of Christian education and clarify possible contributions and limitations of her theory through critical reflection. This investigation and clarification of Russell's theory of Christian education are very meaningful as it will throw significant insights and light for the creative formation and transformation of the educational ministry in the twenty first century as well as in the twentieth century. 러셀은 기독교교육의 새로운 지평을 열어준 학자로서, 기독교교육사상의 변화와 흐름에 있어 러셀이 제시한 교육적 비전과 방향은 매우 중요한 의미를 지니고 있다. 하지만, 그 사상의 독창성과 깊이에 비해 러셀의 교육사상에 대한 본격적이고 심도 있는 연구가 이루어지지 않았음을 볼 수 있다. 러셀의 기독교교육사상의 핵심을 올바로 이해하기 위해서는 먼저 러셀의 삶과 신학적 배경에 대한 이해가 선행될 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 다음과 같은 것들을 깊이 있게 성찰해 보고자 한다. 첫째, 러셀의 생애와 신학적 배경을 먼저 살펴보게 될 것이다. 둘째, 러셀의 기독교교육사상의 핵심과 본질이 무엇인가 하는 것을 분석적으로 살펴보게 될 것이다. 이러한 분석을 통해, 러셀의 기독교교육사상을 가리켜 “인간화 선교교육론”이라고 부를 수 있음을 밝히게 될 것이다. 왜냐하면, 러셀의 기독교교육 이론이, 목적론적으로는 ‘인간화’를, 실천론적으로는 ‘하나님 선교에의 참여’를 강조하고 있기 때문이다. 따라서, 본 연구자는 목적론과 실천론을 함께 담지한 용어로서 러셀의 기독교교육론을 가리켜 “인간화 선교교육론”이라고 명명하고자 한다. 셋째, 인간화 선교교육론의 실천방안으로서의 파트너십-코이노니아 개념의 정의 및 특성에 대해 고찰하게 될 것이다. 이러한 시도는 매우 중요하다. 왜냐하면, 러셀의 파트너십-코이노니아 개념은 러셀의 전체 노작과 사역을 통해 일관되게 유지되는 핵심 개념이기 때문이다. 넷째, 인간화 선교교육론이 가진 공헌 가능성 및 제한성에 대해 분석적, 비판적 성찰을 시도하게 될 것이다. 이러한 이론적, 비판적 성찰을 통해 러셀의 교육사상의 장점 및 가능성과 함께 단점 및 제한성을 명료화시키고자 하는 데 본 연구의 주된 목적이 있다. 이러한 단점 및 제한성에 대한 보완을 통해 한국교회 교육목회가 당면하고 있는 문제들에 대해 인간화 선교교육론이 어떠한 함의와 통찰을 제시해주는가를 함께 살펴보게 될 것이다. 이러한 연구는, 특정한 교육의 장(場)이나 특정한 교육적 과제를 수행함에 있어 인간화 선교교육론을 창조적으로 활용할 수 있도록 돕는 학문적 노력으로서 의미가 있다고 판단된다. 러셀의 탁월한 통찰력, 교육이론 및 실천에 있어서의 다양한 경험과 열정이 함축되어 있는 인간화 선교교육론에 대한 비판적 성찰은 20세기에 이어 21세기 교육목회 및 교육선교에도 많은 도움과 빛을 던져줄 수 있는 이론임에 틀림없다. 기독교교육학회 내 세부분과 중, ‘기초이론분과’(foundational theory division)를 둔 이유가, 다양한 교육이론에 대한 학문적 연구를 통해 그러한 이론의 활용과 적용을 위한 틀거리와 토대를 제공하기 위한 것임을 기억할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 기초이론분과에 해당하는 학문적 성찰과 분석적 평가라는 점에 논의의 초점을 기울였다. 이러한 학문적 노력의 후속연구로서 인간화 선교교육론의 적용 및 활용 방안들이 나올 수 있으리라 기대된다.

Russell-Silver 증후군 환아에서 성장 호르몬의 치료효과

김흥식,박상우,방인국,최병규 대한소아내분비학회 2007 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.12 No.1

Russell-Silver syndrome is characterized by low birth weight, growth retardation, delayed bone age, asymmetry, abnormal sexual development, cranio-facial disproportion, short little finger and clinodactyly. Short stature is the major concern, so there have been interests treating Russell-Silver syndrome with human growth hormone. However, there are no large-scale controlled studies to confirm the effectiveness of growth hormone therapy until now because of the rarity of this disorder. In Korea, we cannot find reports dealing with growth hormone treatment in Russell-Silver syndrome. We present three children with Russell-Silver syndrome who showed accelerated growth with growth hormone treatment. 자궁내 성장 부전의 가장 심한 형태인 Russell-Silver 증후군에서 가장 문제가 될 수 있는 것이 저신장증이다. 저자들은 Russell-Silver 증후군으로 진단받은 세 명의 환아에게 성장 호르몬 치료 효과를 경험을 하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

The Implications of Bertrand Russell’s Thoughts on Teachers

Dal-Hyo Kim 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2019 Journal of Humanities Therapy Vol.10 No.1

Bertrand Russell is one of the most prominent scholars of the twentieth century, and his life and thought have a lot of meaning. However, there has been no study that has been applied to education by combining his life and thought. Therefore, in this study, Russell’s thoughts were considered at the life level, religious level, happiness level, and educational level, and then the implications for the teacher were derived. First, Russell’s life is a suggestion to the teacher, “Teachers should live as intellectuals who have a conscience to act and practice.” Second, Russell’s religious view gives teachers a suggestion that “teachers should live as courageous intellectuals who have reasonable and rational questions ranging from the subject area to all areas of life.” Third, Russell’s happiness point is to give the teacher a suggestion that “the teacher should have a passion for the right education, love nature, do his best, but live as an intellectual who empties his mind.” And fourth, Russell’s educator’s implications for teachers are that “Teachers should love democratic intelligence, nurture students as awakened democratic citizens, and live as intellectuals who always challenge.”

The Implications of Bertrand Russell’s Thoughts on Teachers

김달효 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2019 Journal of Humanities Therapy Vol.10 No.1

Bertrand Russell is one of the most prominent scholars of the twentieth century, and his life and thought have a lot of meaning. However, there has been no study that has been applied to education by combining his life and thought. Therefore, in this study, Russell’s thoughts were considered at the life level, religious level, happiness level, and educational level, and then the implications for the teacher were derived. First, Russellㅍㅍ’s life is a suggestion to the teacher, “Teachers should live as intellectuals who have a conscience to act and practice.” Second, Russell’s religious view gives teachers a suggestion that “teachers should live as courageous intellectuals who have reasonable and rational questions ranging from the subject area to all areas of life.” Third, Russell’s happiness point is to give the teacher a suggestion that “the teacher should have a passion for the right education, love nature, do his best, but live as an intellectual who empties his mind.” And fourth, Russell’s educator’s implications for teachers are that “Teachers should love democratic intelligence, nurture students as awakened democratic citizens, and live as intellectuals who always challenge.”

러셀 사상의 수용과 『개벽』의 사회개조론 형성

역사문제연구소 2009 역사문제연구 Vol.2009 No.21

<P>The editors of the journal 『Gaebyeok(World’s Creation)』 wanted to show the people that their Cheondo-gyo school’s doctrine could cover the contemporary intellectual discourses, and that attempt was part of their efforts of practicing their own social influence. Such efforts began with their making an introduction of Russell’s Argument of Social reconstruction to the Korean readers, and proceeded by assimilating the dominant discourses of the time, and finally resulted in forming ‘『 Gaebyeok』’s own Argument of Social reconstruction’.</P><P> First of all, Kim Gi Jeon took interest in Bertrand Russell’s Argument of Social reconstruction, and introduced the Korean people to it through the pages of 『Gaebyeok』. The reason he got particularly interested in the task of introducing Russell’s argument was because he considered it to be sharing a lot of philosophical similarities with the ‘In-nae-Cheon’ philosophy’(“People are heaven”, of the Cheondo-gyo school), and also because he figured that it had a quality of ‘social philosophy’, which could be usually absent in ordinary religions.</P><P> Via this Russell’s Argument of Social reconstruction, Lee Don Hwa critically accepted the so-called ‘Culturalism’, Nationalism and Marxism which were popular at the time, and formed 『Gaebyeok』’s own unique stance of ‘Human Naturism’, ‘Pan-humanistic Nationalism’, and ‘Capitalism with a Human face’. Such efforts continued, and in the 『New Human Philosophy(新人哲學)』 published in 1931, Lee Don Hwa, in discussion of the social reconstruction narrative within the Suwun’s teachings(‘水雲主義’), displayed an opinion which embraced the arguments of both Russell and Marx.</P><P> The lead editors of 『Gaebyeok』 accepted Russell’s Argument of Social reconstruction, and as a result they came to display a non-Marxist criticism of Capitalism. This was a clearly different attitude from that of the Donga Ilbo newspaper, which merely introduced Russell’s Argument of Social reconstruction to the public. Such difference also had very much to do with the difference between 『Gaebyeok』 and 『Donga Ilbo』 in terms of their positions they displayed regarding ‘criticism of the Capitalist civilization’. It is a matter that should be further discussed in the future.</P>

러셀 사상의 수용과 『개벽』의 사회개조론 형성

허수 ( Hur Soo ) 역사문제연구소 2009 역사문제연구 Vol.13 No.1

The editors of the journal 『Gaebyeok(World`s Creation)』 wanted to show the people that their Cheondo-gyo school`s doctrine could cover the contemporary intellectual discourses, and that attempt was part of their efforts of practicing their own social influence. Such efforts began with their making an introduction of Russell`s Argument of Social reconstruction to the Korean readers, and proceeded by assimilating the dominant discourses of the time, and finally resulted in forming `『Gaebyeok』`s own Argument of Social reconstruction`. First of all, Kim Gi Jeon took interest in Bertrand Russell`s Argument of Social reconstruction, and introduced the Korean people to it through the pages of 『Gaebyeok』. The reason he got particularly interested in the task of introducing Russell`s argument was because he considered it to be sharing a lot of philosophical similarities with the `In-nae-Cheon` philosophy`(“People are heaven”, of the Cheondo-gyo school), and also because he figured that it had a quality of `social philosophy`, which could be usually absent in ordinary religions. Via this Russell`s Argument of Social reconstruction, Lee Don Hwa critically accepted the so-called `Culturalism`, Nationalism and Marxism which were popular at the time, and formed 『Gaebyeok』`s own unique stance of `Human Naturism`, `Pan-humanistic Nationalism`, and `Capitalism with a Human face`. Such efforts continued, and in the 『New Human Philosophy(新人哲學)』 published in 1931, Lee Don Hwa, in discussion of the social reconstruction narrative within the Suwun`s teachings(`水雲主義`), displayed an opinion which embraced the arguments of both Russell and Marx. The lead editors of 『Gaebyeok』 accepted Russell`s Argument of Social reconstruction, and as a result they came to display a non-Marxist criticism of Capitalism. This was a clearly different attitude from that of the Donga Ilbo newspaper, which merely introduced Russell`s Argument of Social reconstruction to the public. Such difference also had very much to do with the difference between 『Gaebyeok』 and 『Donga Ilbo』 in terms of their positions they displayed regarding `criticism of the Capitalist civilization`. It is a matter that should be further discussed in the future.

일제강점기 러셀 저작의 번역과 볼셰비즘 비판

柳時賢(Ryu Si-Hyun) 歷史敎育硏究會 2006 歷史敎育 Vol.100 No.-

The First World War and the Russia Revolution provoked an alternative to the international and social problems of the world. At this time, people sought for an international peace and looked for an alternative to capitalism. After the Russia Revolution the Korean elite introduced Bolshevism as a counter-discourse against colonialism. I examine the translation activities of the Bertrand Russell, whose works were mainly selected and translated in the Reconstruction discourse. Russell’s writings were translated and published in Korean newspapers. Korean elite interested in Russell’s anti-war activities and his social reform against both Capitalism and Bolshevism. Russell‘s Bolshevism contained a critique against the Russian Communism. They also got interested in Russell’s privilege of a creative life in mentality to establish a new society. However Russell was interpreted as a guild-socialist who thoroughly combined the values of political democracy and industrial society with an anarchist ideal. At that time, the Korean experienced an influx of Western thoughts. The Reconstruction embraced the whole gamut of social, political and cultural debates about a new society. Russell’s thought filled with a creative impulse had a great influence on the new intellectuals. The direction of Reconstruction was towards a total reform beyond the capitalist world system and Bolshevism.

식민지시기 러셀의 『사회개조의 원리』의 번역과 수용

류시현(Ryu Si-hyun) 고려사학회 2006 한국사학보 Vol.- No.22

20세기를 여는 큰 사건은 세계 1차 대전과 러시아 10월 혁명이었다. 인류는 전쟁의 재발을 막기 위한 평화안을 구상했고, 전쟁의 원인이 되었던 사회 · 경제 제도의 개혁을 모색하였다. 또한 이론상으로 존재했던 사회주의가 러시아 혁명을 통해 현실화됨으로써 사회주의 역시 사회 개혁의 새로운 대안으로 제시되었다. 1920년대 초 이러한 과제를 해결하기 위한 다양한 논의 즉 ‘개조론’이 대두되었고, 식민지 조선의 지식인들도 이러한 세계사적 조류에 동참해서, 기존 제도 · 체제의 개혁과 아울러 식민지적 상항의 탈피를 위한 방안으로 다양한 개조론을 소개 · 번역했다. 그 가운데 대표적인 경우가 러셀과 그의 저서인 『사회개조의 원리』의 번역이었다. 러셀에 대한 소개와 그의 책은 다양한 매체를 통해 여러 번역자에 의해 중복 번역되었다. 이는 그에 대한 관심이 높았음을 반영하는 것이고, 그의 사상 소개에 적극적이었음을 반영한다. 러셀의 사상은 그 스스로가 길드 사회주의자를 표방했음에서 보이듯이, 세계 대전을 초래한 제국주의-자본주의 체제에 비판적이었고, 사회개조를 지향했던 사회주의에 긍정적이었다. 그렇지만, 그는 러시아에서 현실화된 사회주의 즉 볼셰비즘에 관해서는 비판적이었다. 그의 이러한 사상적 위치로 인해, 소개자에 의해 다양한 형태로 해석된다. 즉 사회주의를 긍정하지만 볼셰비즘을 반대하는 러셀의 소개는 당대 개조론이 지닌 다양한 스펙트럼을 확인할 수 있는 계기를 제공해준다. The First World War and the Russia Revolution provoked a search for an alternative to the international and social problems of the world. At this time, humanity experienced the injurious effect of war, sought for an international peace plan, and looked for an alternative to capitalism, which many saw as the cause of the war. After the Russia Revolution the elite in colonized countries introduced socialism as a counter-discourse against colonialism. In Korea, the search for alternatives took place in this international and political context of the interwar period. I examine the translation activities of the Bertrand Russell, whose works were mainly selected and translated in the Reconstruction discourse of this period. Russell’s notion of Reconstruction, I think, was welcome by Korean elite in the sense that his image was cast as a man of action, and his Reconstruction discourse contained a critique against the socialism, particularly Bolshevism. Russell's many writings were translated and published in Korean newspapers in the early 1920s. What attracted the Korean elite was Russell's anti-war activities during the Firth World War and his engagement in the social reform. The Korean elites got interested in Russell’s privilege of a creative life in mentality over a life of possession in materialism to establish a new society. They received Russell since he increased the principle of freedom further, as opposed to an overwhelming weight that socialism places on the material. However Russell was interpreted as a guild-socialist who thoroughly combined the values of political democracy and industrial society with an anarchist ideal. In conclusion, after the First World War, the intellectual community of the colonized Korea experienced an influx of various Western thoughts. The Reconstruction embraced the whole gamut of social, political, economical, and cultural debates about a new society after the First World War. Russell's Reconstruction of a society filled with a creative impulse had a great influence on the new intellectuals. In a broader sense, the direction of Reconstruction was towards a total reform. All the perspectives above could be an alternative to moving beyond the capitalist world system.

RUSSELL AND CONFUCIANISM ON MORAL TRAINING

한은정 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2021 철학·사상·문화 Vol.- No.36

Bertrand Russell takes the neutral position that humans are poised between goodness and evil at birth. According to Russell, building moral habits through ethical training is essential to becoming moral, since he thinks that human nature has flexibility, that goodness can be cultivated and that moral training is required. He is not so much well known for his opinions on education. In this paper I will offer what I understand to be Russell’s view compared and contrasted with Confucianism on human nature, while we explore how Confucius, Mencius, Kaozi and Hsun-tzu regard moral development. We will consequently see whose standpoint is closest to Russell’s position.