Comparison of Tillage and Loads Characteristics of Three Types of Rotavators: Rotary-type, Crank-type, and Plow-type

Kim, Myoung-Ho,Nam, Ju-Seok,Kim, Dae-Cheol Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2013 바이오시스템공학 Vol.38 No.2

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare tillage and loads characteristics of three types of rotavators in farmland working condition of Korea. Methods: Tillage operations using three types of rotavators, i.e. rotary-type, crank-type and plow-type, were carried out in a dry field of Korea. The same prime mover tractor was used for driving three types of rotavators, and under several operational conditions, tillage characteristics such as actual working speed, rotavating depth, rotavating width, actual field capacity, flow of tilled soil, soil inversion ratio, and pulverizing ratio were measured. In addition, loads characteristics like torque and required power of Power Take-Off (PTO) shaft were calculated. Results: The average rotavating depth was smaller than the nominal value for all rotavators, and the difference was the greatest in the plow-type rotavator. Nevertheless, the plow-type rotavator showed the largest rotavating depth. The rotavating width was the same as the nominal value of all rotavators. The flow of tilled soil at the same operational conditions was the greatest in the plow-type rotavator and was the smallest in the rotary-type rotavator. In the most commonly used gear conditions of L2 and L3, the average soil pulverizing ratio was the greatest in the rotary-type rotavator, and followed by crank-type and plow-type rotavators in order. In the gear L2 and L3, the plow-type rotavator also had the lowest average soil inversion ratio while the rotary-type and crank-type rotavators had the same soil inversion ratio each other. The average torque and power of PTO shaft in the gear L2 and L3 were the highest in the plow-type rotavator. The load spectra of PTO shaft applying rain flow counting method and Smith-Waston-Topper equation to the measured torque showed that the modified torque amplitude was the greatest in the crank-type rotavator. This may come from the large torque fluctuation of crank-type rotavator during tillage operations. Conclusions: The three types of rotavators had different tillage and loads characteristics. The plow-type rotavator had the deepest rotavating depth, the smallest soil inversion ratio, the largest soil pulverizing ratio and required PTO power. Also, the crank-type rotavator showed a large torque fluctuation because of their unique operational mechanism. This study will help the farmers choose a suitable type of rotavator for effective tillage operations.

Comparison of Tillage and Loads Characteristics of Three Types of Rotavators: Rotary-type, Crank-type, and Plow-type

김명호,남주석,김대철 한국농업기계학회 2013 바이오시스템공학 Vol.38 No.2

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare tillage and loads characteristics of three types of rotavators in farmland working condition of Korea. Methods: Tillage operations using three types of rotavators, i.e. rotary-type, crank-type and plow-type, were carried out in a dry field of Korea. The same prime mover tractor was used for driving three types of rotavators, and under several operational conditions, tillage characteristics such as actual working speed, rotavating depth,rotavating width, actual field capacity, flow of tilled soil, soil inversion ratio, and pulverizing ratio were measured. In addition, loads characteristics like torque and required power of Power Take-Off (PTO) shaft were calculated. Results: The average rotavating depth was smaller than the nominal value for all rotavators, and the difference was the greatest in the plow-type rotavator. Nevertheless, the plow-type rotavator showed the largest rotavating depth. The rotavating width was the same as the nominal value of all rotavators. The flow of tilled soil at the same operational conditions was the greatest in the plow-type rotavator and was the smallest in the rotary-type rotavator. In the most commonly used gear conditions of L2and L3, the average soil pulverizing ratio was the greatest in the rotary-type rotavator, and followed by crank-type and plow-type rotavators in order. In the gear L2 and L3, the plow-type rotavator also had the lowest average soil inversion ratio while the rotary-type and crank-type rotavators had the same soil inversion ratio each other. The average torque and power of PTO shaft in the gear L2 and L3 were the highest in the plow-type rotavator. The load spectra of PTO shaft applying rain flow counting method and Smith-Waston-Topper equation to the measured torque showed that the modified torque amplitude was the greatest in the crank-type rotavator. This may come from the large torque fluctuation of crank-type rotavator during tillage operations. Conclusions: The three types of rotavators had different tillage and loads characteristics. The plow-type rotavator had the deepest rotavating depth, the smallest soil inversion ratio, the largest soil pulverizing ratio and required PTO power. Also, the crank-type rotavator showed a large torque fluctuation because of their unique operational mechanism. This study will help the farmers choose a suitable type of rotavator for effective tillage operations.

Strength analysis of mechanical transmission using equivalent torque of plow tillage of an 82 kW-class tractor

김택진,김완수,김연수,정선옥,박성운,홍순중,최창현,김용주 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2019 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.46 No.4

The power-train is the most important component of an agricultural tractor. In this study, the strength of the driving gear transmission of an 82 kW-class tractor was analyzed using equivalent torque during plow tillage. The load measurement system consisted of an engine revolution speed sensor, torque-meters, revolution speed sensors for four axles, and pressure sensors for two hydraulic pumps. The load data were measured during plow tillage for four speed stages: F2 (2.78 km/h), F5 (5.35 km/h), F7 (7.98 km/h), and F8 (9.75 km/h). Aspects of the gear-strength such as bending stress, contact stress, and safety factors were analyzed under two torque conditions: the equivalent torque at the highest plow load for the F8 speed stage and the maximum engine torque. The simulation results using KISSsoft showed that the maximum engine torque conditions had a lower safety factor than did the highest equivalent torque condition. The bending safety factors were > 1 at all gear stages, indicating that gear breakage did not occur under actual measured operating conditions, nor under the maximum torque conditions. However, the equivalent torque condition in the contact stress safety factor was > 1, and the maximum torque condition was < 1 at the first gear pair. The method of analysis using the equivalent torque showed lower stress and higher safety factor than did the method using maximum torque. Therefore, when designing a tractor by applying actual working torque, equivalent torque method would support more reliable product development.

트랙터 타이어 접지폭에 따른 농작업 부하 데이터 분석

백승민 ( Seung-min Baek ),김용주 ( Yong-joo Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2022 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2

The purpose of this study was to measure and analyze load data according to the TCA during plow tillage. A 67 kW class agricultural tractor used and the field test was performed at a total of four TCA conditions (Case I-IV), and was set as two conditions of single tire type and two conditions of dual tires type. A load measurement system was developed for data such as engine, axle and traction data. As a result of the field test, it was confirmed that the engine torque was higher as the TCA was larger, and the engine torque was the highest in Case IV, which is a dual tire condition with the largest TCA. It was found that about 81~93% of the torque compared to the engine maximum torque was used under Case IV condition. The traction force was higher as the TCA was larger, and it was the highest in Case IV condition. Accordingly, traction power, traction efficiency, and traction coefficient were all high in Case IV, with traction power of 30.3-45.3 kW, traction efficiency of 0.49-0.93, and traction coefficient of 0.37-0.60. As the TCA doubled, the traction performance index increased by about 1.94 to 2.22 times, and it was found that the traction efficiency increased the most. Therefore, it was confirmed that tractor's traction force can be improved by appropriately setting TCA. This result can be used as database for selection of tire type and TCA optimization.

Development of a Plow tillage Cycle of Agricultural Tractor

Dae Hyun Lee,Yong Joo Kim,Sun Ok Chung,Chang Hyun Choi 유공압건설기계학회 2015 유공압건설기계학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

Various field tests are needed to improve agricultural tractor performance, however, the field tests need cost for constructing an experiment system and time for conducting the tests repeatedly. In addition, it is hard to acquire reliable data because the field tests depend on environmental conditions. For this reason, the indoor tests using dynamometer have been used in the automotive industry instead of the field tests. For ensuring reliability of the indoor tests, standardized field cycles are needed as input data of a dynamometer. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a standardized plow tillage cycle using real field data of agricultural tractor. A load measurement system was installed on a tractor in order to collect the real field data from loads acting on four driving axles and hydraulic pumps. Plow tillage was conducted on total ten farmlands with similar sizes (3000 m² :100 m x 30m). The plow tillage cycle was developed using the driving cycle construction method of conventional vehicle with the measured load data. First, the entire data from ten farmlands classified into the micro trips which are minimum patterns of plow tillage including plowing, 3 point hitch ascending, and tractor turning. The arbitrary working cycles were generated by combining micro-trips, and selected less than 5% absolute percentage error between the entire data and generated arbitrary working cycle. Second, the plow tillage cycle was determined considering sum square difference (SSD) with torque-torque variation probability distribution. The selected working cycle having the lowest SSD was determined as the plow tillage cycle. Third, performance value (PV) of the plow tillage cycle of agricultural tractor and driving cycles of conventional vehicle were compared for performance evaluation of the plow tillage cycle. The results showed that the range of absolute percentage error comparing with the entire data had 2.4 ~ 4.5%. SSD and PVs of the plow tillage were 1195.96 and 99.65, respectively. One of the driving cycles of conventional vehicle, the ECE 15 driving cycle was the closest to the plow tillage cycle reaching 98% of PV. The results showed that the developed plow tillage cycle is feasible to apply to indoor tests for performance evaluation of agricultural tractor.

Consumed-Power and Load Characteristics of a Tillage Operation in an Upland Field in Republic of Korea

( Jeong-gil Kim ),( Young-joo Kim ),( Jung-hun Kim ),( Beom-soo Shin ),( Ju-seok Nam ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 바이오시스템공학 Vol.43 No.2

Purpose: This study derived the consumed power and load characteristics of a tillage operation performed in an upland field located in Seomyeon, Chuncheon, Rep. Korea, where potatoes and cabbages were cultivated in two crops. Methods: A plow and rotavator were mounted on a tractor with 23.7 kW of rated power to perform the tillage operation. The work conditions were determined, considering the actual working speed of the tillage operation performed by the local farmers. The power consumption of the rear axle, engine, and power take-off (PTO), PTO torque, and tractive force were measured under each work condition. The consumed power and load characteristics were analyzed using their average values. Results: The rotary-tillage operation consumed more engine power than the plow operation for the same tractor-transmission gear condition. The PTO in the rotary-tillage operation and the rear axle in the plow operation consumed the most power. The power consumption of the engine and the PTO for the rotary-tillage operation tended to increase as the transmission gears of the tractor and the PTO became higher. In contrast, the rear-axle power consumption was insignificant. In addition, the PTO torque tended to rise as the tilling pitch increased. For the plow operation, the drawbar power and the rear axle power accounted for 68-90% of the engine power. The engine and rear axle power, drawbar power, and tractive force tended to rise as the working speed increased. Conclusions: The power consumption and load characteristics differed for the plow and rotary-tillage operations. They may also differ depending on the soil conditions. Therefore, the power consumption and load characteristics in various work environments and regions should be analyzed, and reflected in the design of tractors and working implements. The results derived from this study can be used as a reference for such designs.

연구보문 : 자연과학 ; 고대(古代) 밭갈이(耕田) 노력의 최소화 기술 전개

구자옥 ( Ja Ock Guh ),국용인 ( Yong In Kuk ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.5

Plowing the soil has been the first Farming-Techniques that has been mastered and operated by people since the Ancient times of the farming. Among the Oriental Ancient Books, it has been described as the most and important and indispensable element as the Farming-Techniques. People have thought from the ancient times that farming is the holy work that linked universal spirit between earth and the sky. Plowing is the farming process to require lots of labor, but the effect had been infinitely various depending on the method, timing, crops and soil. According to the Korean Ancient Agricultural Books, plowing has been examined and developed in the way that people had worked less and less as far as possible through the farming effect. As the example of crops such as bean, it has been concluded that less work plowing or the level depending on stubble for the front line crops and the almost no-tillage are proper and no problem. Moreover it has been proved that plowing has no other additional meaning with only the work in order to seed after plowing preexisting weeds out. After establishing th techniques to weed efficiently with herbicide, for the crops such as corn and bean, the method of cultivation as the minimum tillage or no-tillage has been started as the systematic cultivation way. This logical theory has been proved based on my experimental research of the no-tillage techniques. In the ancient plowing techniques, the minimum possibility of the efforts has been acquired through accumulating this farming techniques development process.

고대(古代) 밭갈이(耕田) 노력의 최소화 기술 전개

구자옥,국용인 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.5

땅갈이는 농사의 태동기부터 터득되고 실천되는 최초의 농작업 이었다. 동양의 고전들에서도 가장 중요하고 필연적인 농사 기술로 취급되어 왔다. 땅과 하늘의 기운을 소통시키는 성스런 농삿일이기도 하였다. 그러나 땅갈이는 수많은 노동력을 요하는 과정이면서도 그 효과는 방법과 시기, 또는 작물이나 토양에 따라 천차만별로 다르게 나타나는 것이었다. 우리나라의 고대 농서들에 의하면 밭갈이의 실제를 효과에 따라 가급적 가볍게 하려는 쪽으로 검토 · 발전되었다. 그 일환으로 콩과 같은 작물을 밭갈이를 가볍게 하거나 앞 작물의 그루터기에 의존하는 정도로 하고 무경운에 가깝도록 하여도 좋다는 결론에 이르렀다. 이에 더하여 밭갈이는 기존의 잡초를 갈아엎고 파종을 하기 위한 작업 이상의 의미가 없음이 밝혀지게되었다. 또한 제초는 제초제로 쉽게 해결할 수 있는 기술이확립되면서 옥수수나 콩과 같은 작물의 경우, 최소경운이나 무경운 재배법이 체계화되기에 이르게 되었다. 이와 같은 논리는 필자의 무경운재배에 관한 시험연구로도 확증이 되었다. 고대의 밭갈이 농사기술은 이런 경과를 거쳐서 노력의 최소화가능성을 획득하기에 이르렀다. Plowing the soil has been the first Farming-Techniques that has been mastered and operated by people since the Ancient times of the farming. Among the Oriental Ancient Books, it has been described as the most and important and indispensable element as the Farming-Techniques. People have thought from the ancient times that farming is the holy work that linked universal spirit between earth and the sky. Plowing is the farming process to require lots of labor, but the effect had been infinitely various depending on the method, timing, crops and soil. According to the Korean Ancient Agricultural Books, plowing has been examined and developed in the way that people had worked less and less as far as possible through the farming effect. As the example of crops such as bean, it has been concluded that less work plowing or the level depending on stubble for the front line crops and the almost no-tillage are proper and no problem. Moreover it has been proved that plowing has no other additional meaning with only the work in order to seed after plowing preexisting weeds out. After establishing th techniques to weed efficiently with herbicide, for the crops such as corn and bean, the method of cultivation as the minimum tillage or no-tillage has been started as the systematic cultivation way. This logical theory has been proved based on my experimental research of the no-tillage techniques. In the ancient plowing techniques, the minimum possibility of the efforts has been acquired through accumulating this farming techniques development process.

Measurement and analysis of tractor emission during plow tillage operation

이준호,전현호,백승민,백승윤,김완수,김용주,임류갑 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2023 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.50 No.3

In Korea, the U.S. Tier-4 Final emission standards have been applied to agricultural machinery since 2015. This study was conducted to analyze the emission characteristics of agricultural tractors during plow tillage operations using PEMS (portable emissions measurement systems). The tractor working speed was set as M2 (5.95 km/h) and M3 (7.60 km/h), which was the most used gear stage during plow tillage operation. An engine idling test was conducted before the plow tillage operation was conducted because the level of emissions differed depending on the temperature of the engine (cold and hot states). The estimated level of emissions for the regular area (660 m2), which was the typical area of cultivation, was based on an implement width of 2.15 m and distance from the work area of 2.2 m. As a result, average emission of CO (carbon monoxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), NOx (nitric oxides), and PM (particulate matter) were approximately 6.17×10-2, 3.36×10-4, 2.01×10-4, and 6.85×10- 6 g/s, respectively. Based on the regular area, the total emission of CO, THC, NOx, and PM was 2.62, 3.76×10-2, 1.63, and 2.59×10-4 g, respectively. The results of total emission during plow tillage were compared to Tier 4 emission regulation limits. Tier 4 emission regulation limits means maximum value of the emission per consumption power (g/kWh), calculated as ratio of the emission and consumption power. Therefore, the total emission was converted to the emission per power using the rated power of the tractor. The emission per power was found to be satisfied below Tier 4 emission regulation limits for each emission gas. It is necessary to measure data by applying various test modes in the future and utilize them to calculate emission because the emission depends on various variables such as measurement environment and test mode.

Consumed-Power and Load Characteristics of a Tillage Operation in an Upland Field in Republic of Korea

김정길,김영주,김정훈,신범수,남주석 한국농업기계학회 2018 바이오시스템공학 Vol.43 No.2

Purpose: This study derived the consumed power and load characteristics of a tillage operation performed in an upland field located in Seomyeon, Chuncheon, Rep. Korea, where potatoes and cabbages were cultivated in two crops. Methods: A plow and rotavator were mounted on a tractor with 23.7 kW of rated power to perform the tillage operation. The work conditions were determined, considering the actual working speed of the tillage operation performed by the local farmers. The power consumption of the rear axle, engine, and power take-off (PTO), PTO torque, and tractive force were measured under each work condition. The consumed power and load characteristics were analyzed using their average values. Results: The rotary-tillage operation consumed more engine power than the plow operation for the same tractor-transmission gear condition. The PTO in the rotary-tillage operation and the rear axle in the plow operation consumed the most power. The power consumption of the engine and the PTO for the rotary-tillage operation tended to increase as the transmission gears of the tractor and the PTO became higher. In contrast, the rear-axle power consumption was insignificant. In addition, the PTO torque tended to rise as the tilling pitch increased. For the plow operation, the drawbar power and the rear axle power accounted for 68–90% of the engine power. The engine and rear axle power, drawbar power, and tractive force tended to rise as the working speed increased. Conclusions: The power consumption and load characteristics differed for the plow and rotary-tillage operations. They may also differ depending on the soil conditions. Therefore, the power consumption and load characteristics in various work environments and regions should be analyzed, and reflected in the design of tractors and working implements. The results derived from this study can be used as a reference for such designs.