Error Accumulation and Transfer Effects of the Retrieved Aerosol Backscattering Coefficient Caused by Lidar Ratios

Houtong Liu,Zhenzhu Wang,Jianxin Zhao,Jianjun Ma 한국광학회 2018 Current Optics and Photonics Vol.2 No.2

The errors in retrieved aerosol backscattering coefficients due to different lidar ratios are analyzed quantitatively in this paper. The actual calculation shows that the inversion error of the aerosol backscattering coefficients using the Fernald backward-integration method increases with increasing inversion distance. The greater the error in the lidar ratio, the faster the error in the aerosol backscattering coefficient increases. For the same error in lidar ratio, the smaller actual aerosol backscattering coefficient will get the larger relative error of the retrieved aerosol backscattering coefficient. The errors in the lidar ratios for dust or the cirrus layer have great impact on the retrievals of backscattering coefficients. The interval between the retrieved height and the reference range is one of the important factors for the derived error in the aerosol backscattering coefficient, which is revealed quantitatively for the first time in this paper. The conclusions of this article can provide a basis for error estimation in retrieved backscattering coefficients of background aerosols, dust and cirrus layer. The errors in the lidar ratio of an aerosol layer influence the retrievals of backscattering coefficients for the aerosol layer below it.

Estimation of Rice Growth Using RADARSTA-2 SAR Images at Seosan Region

Kim, Yihyun,Hong, Sukyoung,Lee, Kyoungdo,Jang, Soyeong 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.4

Radar remote sensing is appropriate for monitoring rice because the areas where this crop is cultivated are often cloudy and rainy. Especially, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can acquire remote sensing information with a high temporal resolution in tropical and subtropical regions due to its all-weather capability. This paper analyzes the relationships between backscattering coefficients of rice measured by RADARSAT-2 SAR and growth parameters during a rice growth period. We examined the temporal variations of backscattering coefficients with full polarization. Backscattering coefficients for all polarizations increased until Day Of Year (DOY 222) and then decreased along with Leaf Area Index (LAI), fresh weight, and Vegetation Water Content (VWC). Vertical transmit and Vertical receive polarization (VV)-polarization backscattering coefficients were higher than Horizontal transmit and Horizontal receive polarization (HH)-polarization backscattering coefficients in early rice growth stage and HH-polarization backscattering coefficients were higher than VV-polarization backscattering coefficients after effective tillering stage (DOY 186). Correlation analysis between backscattering coefficients and rice growth parameters revealed that HH-polarization was highly correlated with LAI, fresh weight, and VWC. Based on the observed relationships between backscattering coefficients and variables of cultivation, prediction equations were developed using the HH-polarization backscattering coefficients.

Estimation of Rice Growth Using RADARSTA-2 SAR Images at Seosan Region

Yihyun Kim,Sukyoung Hong,Kyoungdo Lee,Soyeong Jang 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.4

Radar remote sensing is appropriate for monitoring rice because the areas where this crop is cultivated are often cloudy and rainy. Especially, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can acquire remote sensing information with a high temporal resolution in tropical and subtropical regions due to its all-weather capability. This paper analyzes the relationships between backscattering coefficients of rice measured by RADARSAT-2 SAR and growth parameters during a rice growth period. We examined the temporal variations of backscattering coefficients with full polarization. Backscattering coefficients for all polarizations increased until Day Of Year (DOY 222) and then decreased along with Leaf Area Index (LAI), fresh weight, and Vegetation Water Content (VWC). Vertical transmit and Vertical receive polarization (VV)-polarization backscattering coefficients were higher than Horizontal transmit and Horizontal receive polarization (HH)-polarization backscattering coefficients in early rice growth stage and HH-polarization backscattering coefficients were higher than VV-polarization backscattering coefficients after effective tillering stage (DOY 186). Correlation analysis between backscattering coefficients and rice growth parameters revealed that HH-polarization was highly correlated with LAI, fresh weight, and VWC. Based on the observed relationships between backscattering coefficients and variables of cultivation, prediction equations were developed using the HH-polarization backscattering coefficients.

Estimation of Rice Growth Using RADARSTA-2 SAR Images at Seosan Region

김이현,홍수경,이경도,장소영 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.4

Radar remote sensing is appropriate for monitoring rice because the areas where this crop is cultivated are often cloudy and rainy. Especially, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can acquire remote sensing information with a high temporal resolution in tropical and subtropical regions due to its all-weather capability. This paper analyzes the relationships between backscattering coefficients of rice measured by RADARSAT-2 SAR and growth parameters during a rice growth period. We examined the temporal variations of backscattering coefficients with full polarization. Backscattering coefficients for all polarizations increased until Day Of Year (DOY 222) and then decreased along with Leaf Area Index (LAI), fresh weight, and Vegetation Water Content (VWC). Vertical transmit and Vertical receive polarization (VV)-polarization backscattering coefficients were higher than Horizontal transmit and Horizontal receive polarization (HH)-polarization backscattering coefficients in early rice growth stage and HH-polarization backscattering coefficients were higher than VV-polarization backscattering coefficients after effective tillering stage (DOY 186). Correlation analysis between backscattering coefficients and rice growth parameters revealed that HH-polarization was highly correlated with LAI, fresh weight, and VWC. Based on the observed relationships between backscattering coefficients and variables of cultivation, prediction equations were developed using the HH-polarization backscattering coefficients.

L, C, X-밴드 레이더 산란계 자동측정시스템을 이용한 콩 생육 모니터링

김이현,홍석영,이훈열,이재은 大韓遠隔探査學會 2011 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구에서는 다편파 레이더 산란계 자동 측정시스템을 이용하여 콩 생육변화를 관측하고 레이더 시스템에서 얻어진 후방산란계수과 콩 생육인자들과의 관계분석을 통하여 콩 생육추정 가능성을 모색하고자 하였다. 2010년도 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 연구지역에 다편파 레이더 산란계 관측시스템 (L, C, X-밴드 안테나, 네트워크분석기, RF switch, 입사각 40º)을 구축하고 콩 파종시기에서 수확기까지 10분단위로 콩 생육변화를 자동 측정하였다. 모든 안테나 밴드, 편파에서 콩 생육초기 (6월초~7월 중순)에는 VV-편파가 HH-, HV-편파보다 후방산란계수가 높게 나타났고, 그 이후 HH-편파와 다른 편파들 간의 crossover현상이 일어났는데 그 시기는 L-밴드가 7월 20일 (DOY 200), C-, X-밴드의 경우에는 7월 30일(DOY 210)로 밴드에 따라 차이를 보였다. 모든 밴드 및 편파에서 9월 29일 (DOY 271)까지 후방산란계수가 증가하다가 그 이후 감소하였고 특히 종실비대기 (DOY 277, R6) 이후 감소폭이 크게 나타났는데 이 현상은 콩 생육인자 (초장, 엽면적지수, 건물중 등)변화와 일치하였다. 밴드에 따른 후방산란계수와 콩 생육인자들과의 관계를 분석한 결과 L-밴드 HH-편파에서 LAI (r=0.93***), 초장 (r=0.95***), 건물중 (r=0.94***), 꼬투리중 (r=0.92***)등 콩 생육인자들과의 상관계수가 가장 높게 나타났고 이에 비해 X-밴드 편파에서는 콩 생육인자들과의 상관계수가 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 후방산란계수 (L-밴드 HH-편파)를 이용하여 콩 생육인자 추정을 위한 회귀식을 작성하였다. Soybean has widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses. Microwave remote sensing has a great potential over the conventional remote sensing with the visible and infrared spectra due to its all-weather day-and-night imaging capabilities. In this investigation, a ground-based polarimetric scatterometer operating at multiple frequencies was used to continuously monitor the crop conditions of a soybean field. Polarimetric backscatter data at L, C, and X-bands were acquired every 10 minutes on the microwave observations at various soybean stages. The polarimetric scatterometer consists of a vector network analyzer, a microwave switch, radio frequency cables, power unit and a personal computer. The polarimetric scatterometer components were installed inside an air-conditioned shelter to maintain constant temperature and humidity during the data acquisition period. The backscattering coefficients were calculated from the measured data at incidence angle 40ºand full polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH) by applying the radar equation. The soybean growth data such as leaf area index (LAI), plant height, fresh and dry weight, vegetation water content and pod weight were measured periodically throughout the growth season. We measured the temporal variations of backscattering coefficients of the soybean crop at L, C, and X-bands during a soybean growth period. In the three bands, VV-polarized backscattering coefficients were higher than HH-polarized backscattering coefficients until mid-June, and thereafter HH-polarized backscattering coefficients were higher than VV-, HV-polarized backscattering coefficients. However, the cross-over stage (HH > VV) was different for each frequency: DOY 200 for L-band and DOY 210 for both C and X-bands. The temporal trend of the backscattering coefficients for all bands agreed with the soybean growth data such as LAI, dry weight and plant height; i.e., increased until about DOY 271 and decreased afterward. We plotted the relationship between the backscattering coefficients with three bands and soybean growth parameters. The growth parameters were highly correlated with HH-polarization at L-band (over r=0.92).

영동지역 겨울철 스캔라이다로 관측된 강수 이전 운저 인근 수상체의 광학 특성 분석

남형구,김유준,김선정,이진화,김건태,안보영,심재관,전계학,최병철,김병곤 대한원격탐사학회 2018 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

The vertical distribution of hydrometeor before precipitation near the cloud base has been analyzed using a scanning lidar, rawinsonde data, and Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS). This study mostly focuses on 13 Desember 2016 only. The typical synoptic pattern of lake-effect snowstorm induced easterly in the Yeongdong region. Clouds generated due to high temperature difference between 850 hPa and sea surface (SST) penentrated in the Yeongdong region along with northerly and northeasterly, which eventually resulted precipitation. The cloud base height before the precipitation changed from 750 m to 1,280 m, which was in agreement with that from ceilometer at Sokcho. However, ceilometer tended to detect the cloud base 50 m ~ 100 m below strong signal of lidar backscattering coefficient. As a result, the depolarization ratio increased vertically while the backscattering coefficient decreased about 1,010 m~1,200 m above the ground. Lidar signal might be interpreted to be attenuated with the penetration depth of the cloud layer with of nonspherical hydrometeor (snow, ice cloud). An increase in backscattering signal and a decrease in depolarization ratio occured in the layer of 800 to 1,010 m, probably being associated with an increase in non-spherical particles. There seemed to be a shallow liquid layer with a low depolarization ratio (<0.1) in the layer of 850~900 m. As the altitude increases in the 680 m~850 m, the backscattering coefficient and depolarization ratio increase at the same time. In this range of height, the maximum value (0.6) is displayed. Such a result can be inferred that the nonspherical hydrometeor are distributed by a low density. At this time, the depolarization ratio and the backscattering coefficient did not increase under observed melting layer of 680 m. The lidar has a disadvantage that it is difficult for its beam to penetrate deep into clouds due to attenuation problem. However it is promising to distinguish hydrometeor morphology by utilizing the depolarization ratio and the backscattering coefficient, since its vertical high resolution (2.5 m) enable us to analyze detailed cloud microphysics. It would contribute to understanding cloud microphysics of cold clouds and snowfall when remote sensings including lidar, radar, and in-situ measurements could be timely utilized altogether. 본 연구에서 영동지역 강수 전(2016년 12월 13일) 운저 고도인근 수상체 분포를 스캐닝 라이다와 레윈존데 자료 및 구름분해모델(Cloud Resolving Storm Simulator; CReSS)의 모의 결과를 통해 분석하였다. 강수 전운저 인근에서 관측된 라이다의 연직 후방산란 신호와 평광비 프로파일은 유사한 특징을 보였다. 이를 모델의 재현 결과와 비교하였을 때, 찬 구름 내부(< 0°C)에 존재하는 운빙(ice), 눈(snow)과 운저 인근에 형성된 과냉각 수적층, 운저 아래에서 낙하하는 부착(rimed)형 눈의 존재를 관측한 결과라 판단된다. 또한, 고도에 따른 광학속성 프로파일의 변화 형태에 따라 연직으로 구간을 세분화하여 연직 수상체의 형상과 밀도에 대해 분석한 결과를 제시하였다.

SAR 자료를 이용한 갯벌 퇴적환경 특성 연구

김계림,유주형,김상완,최종국,Kim, Kye-Lim,Ryu, Joo-Hyung,Kim, Sang-Wan,Choi, Jong-Kuk 대한원격탐사학회 2010 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.26 No.5

이 연구에서는 토양의 유전상수 (dielectric constant) 표면의 거칠기 (surface roughness)와 지표면의 기하 (geometric) 등과 같은 다양한 물리적 요소들의 정보를 포함하고 있는 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) 자료를 이용하여 강화도 갯벌의 표층 퇴적환경을 분석하였다. JERS-1, ENVISAT과 ALOS 위성의 다양한 SAR 자료로부터 레이더 후방산란계수 (backscattering coefficient)를 추출하여 각 퇴적환경 요소들과의 관계를 파악하고 시간변화에 따른 지표의 변화 정도를 알 수 있는 긴밀도 (coherence)를 추출하여 퇴적상과 비교하였다. SAR 영상으로부터 추출한 후방산란계수와 긴밀도를 이용한 강화도 갯벌 퇴적환경 특성을 분석한 결과 높은 긴밀도를 갖는 지역은 입도가 작은 펄이 많이 포함된 펄 퇴적상이며 긴밀도가 낮을수록 큰 입도가 많이 분포하는 지역임을 알 수 있었다. 강화도 갯벌은 다른 갯벌과는 달리 조류로가 많이 발달하여 썰물 시 수분함유량에 많은 영향을 주어 모래 퇴적상과 혼합 퇴적상은 갯벌의 노출시간이 증가함에 따라 토양 수분함유량이 감소하여 후방산란계수가 점차 감소한다. 그러나 펄 퇴적상에서는 지형 고도가 높아 해수의 많은 영향을 받지 않으며 조류로의 밀도가 높기 때문에 토양 수분함유량이 감소하지만 후방산란계수가 높게 나타났다. 또한 갯벌은 토양 수분함유량뿐만 아니라 표면에 남아있는 잔존수도 많아 강우량이 많은 날은 지표 잔존수가 증가하기 때문에 비교적 후방산란계수가 낮게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 이 연구의 결과, 긴밀도, 후방산란계수와 각 퇴적환경 요소들의 상관관계를 알 수 있었으며, 향후 강화도 갯벌 퇴적환경의 공간적 분석을 위해 각각의 요소들이 미치는 영향에 대한 정량적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. In this study, comparisons of the backscattering coefficients and the coherence values which had been extracted from SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images such as JERS-1, ENVISAT and ALOS satellites with surface roughness, surface geometric and soil moisture content were carried out. As the results of analysis using the backscattering coefficient and coherence values from SAR images, the coherence was shown high in the region containing more of mud fraction due to higher viscosity of fine grain-size. A lot of tidal channels were well developed in the Ganghwa tidal flat, affecting the drainage of seawater and subsequent soil moisture content by exposure time of tidal flat. The backscattering coefficient. consequently, appeared to be lower in sand flat and mix flat with decrease of soil moisture. In contrast, most mud flats were distributed at high elevation so that soil moisture was not much influenced by seawater. The backscattering coefficient in mud flat seemed to have a relationship with the density of tidal channel. In addition, lowering backscattering coefficients in the all Ganghwa tidal flat was observed when surface remnant water increased according to the amount of rainfall. The correlation between backscattering coefficient, coherence and sediment environment factors in the Ganghwa tidal flat was investigated. In the future, more quantitative spatial analysis will be helpful to well understand the sedimentary influence of various sediment environment factors.

X-밴드 레이더 산란계 자동 측정시스템 구축과 벼 생육 모니터링

김이현(Yi-Hyun Kim),홍석영(SukYoung Hong),이훈열(Hoonyol Lee) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.3

Microwave radar can penetrate cloud cover regardless of weather conditions and can be used day and night. Especially a ground-based polarimetric scatterometer has advantages of monitoring crop conditions continuously with full polarization and different frequencies. Kim et al. (2009) have measured backscattering coefficients of paddy rice using L-, C-, X-band scatterometer system with full polarization and various angles during the rice growth period and have revealed the necessity of near-continuous automatic measurement to eliminate the difficulties, inaccuracy and sparseness of data acquisitions arising from manual operation of the system. In this study, we constructed an X-band automatic scatterometer system, analyzed scattering characteristics of paddy rice from X-band scatterometer data and estimated rice growth parameter using backscattering coefficients in X-band. The system was installed inside a shelter in an experimental paddy field at the National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) before rice transplanting. The scatterometer system consists of X-band antennas, HP8720D vector network analyzer, RF cables and personal computer that controls frequency, polarization and data storage. This system using automatically measures fully-polarimetric backscattering coefficients of rice crop every 10 minutes. The backscattering coefficients were calculated from the measured data at a fixed incidence angle of 45° and with full polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH) by applying the radar equation and compared with rice growth data such as plant height, stem number, fresh dry weight and Leaf Area Index (LAI) that were collected at the same time of each rice growth parameter. We examined the temporal behaviour of the backscattering coefficients of the rice crop at X-band during rice growth period. The HH-, VV-polarization backscattering coefficients steadily increased toward panicle initiation stage, thereafter decreased and again increased in early-September. We analyzed the relationships between backscattering coefficients in X-band and plant parameters and predicted the rice growth parameters using backscattering coefficients. It was confirmed that X-band is sensitive to grain maturity at near harvesting season.

Sentinel-1 & -2 위성영상 기반 식생지수와 Water Cloud Model을 활용한 토양수분 산정

정지훈,이용관,김진욱,장원진,김성준 한국수자원학회 2023 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.56 No.3

In this study, a soil moisture estimation was performed using the Water Cloud Model (WCM), a backscatter model that considers vegetation based on SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar). Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 MSI (Multi-Spectral Instrument) images of a 40 × 50 km2 area including the Yongdam Dam watershed of the Geum River were collected for this study. As vegetation descriptor of WCM, Sentinel-1 based vegetation index RVI (Radar Vegetation Index), depolarization ratio (DR), and Sentinel-2 based NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were used, respectively. Forward modeling of WCM was performed by 3 groups, which were divided by the characteristics between backscattering coefficient and soil moisture. The clearer the linear relationship between soil moisture and the backscattering coefficient, the higher the simulation performance. To estimate the soil moisture, the simulated backscattering coefficient was inverted. The simulation performance was proportional to the forward modeling result. The WCM simulation error showed an increasing pattern from about -12dB based on the observed backscattering coefficient. 본 연구에서는 합성개구레이더(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR) 기반의 식생을 고려하는 후방산란모델 Water Cloud Model (WCM)을 활용한 토양수분 산정 연구를 수행하였다. 금강 상류의 용담댐유역을 포함한 40 × 50 km2 영역의 Sentinel-1 SAR 및 Sentinel-2 MSI (Multi-Spectral Instrument) 영상을 수집하여 연구에 활용하였다. WCM의 식생변수로는 Sentinel-1 기반의 식생지수 RVI (Radar Vegetation Index), 탈분극비(Depolarization Rario, DR)와 Sentinel-2 기반의 NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)를 활용하였다. WCM의 정모델링(forward modeling)은 토양수분과 후방산란계수의 특성이 유사한 3개 Group으로 나누어 수행하였다. 토양수분과 후방산란계수의 선형적인 관계가 명확할수록 Group의 모의 성능이 더 높게 나타났으며, 식생지수 별로는 NDVI, RVI, DR 순으로 정확도가 높았다. 토양수분을 모의하기 위해 모의된 후방산란계수를 반전(inversion)하였으며, 모의 성능은 정모델링 결과와 비례하였다. WCM 모의의 오류는 실측 후방산란계수 기준 약 -12dB를 기점으로 증가하는 양상을 보였다.

토양 표면에서의 편파별 후방 산란 계수 측정을 통한 산란 모델과 Inversion 알고리즘의 검증

홍진영,정승건,오이석,Hong, Jin-Young,Jung, Seung-Gun,Oh, Yi-Sok 한국전자파학회 2006 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.17 No.12

The backscattering coefficients of a bare soil surface were measured using an R-band polarimetric scatterometer, which were used to verify the validities of scattering models and inversion algorithms. The soil moisture contents and the surface roughness parameters (the RMS height and correlation length) were also measured from the soil surface. The backscattering coefficients were obtained from several scattering models with these surface parameters, and the computation results were compared with the measured backscattering coefficients. The soil moisture contents of the surface were retrieved from the measured backscattering coefficients, and compared with the measured surface parameters. This paper shows how well the scattering models agree with the measurements, and also shows the inversion results. 본 논문은 풀이 없는 지표면에서의 후방 산란 계수(backscattering coefficients)를 측정하고, 이 측정 결과를 이용하여 여러 표면 산란 모델들과 inversion 알고리즘의 성능을 비교, 분석하였다. 우선, R-밴드 주파수($1.7{\sim}2.0GHz$)에서 완전 편파 scatterometer를 이용하여 풀 층이 없는 지표면에 대해서 편파별로 후방 산란 계수를 측정하고, 동시에 수분 함유량과 표면 거칠기를 측정하였다. 그런 다음 측정된 지표면 변수들을 표면 산란 모델들에 입력하여 후방 산란 계수를 계산하고, 이 계산 결과를 측정 결과와 비교 분석하였다. 또한, inversion 알고리즘들을 적용하여 측정된 편파별 후방 산란 계수로부터 수분 함유량을 추출하고, 이 추출된 수분 함유량이 현장에서 측정한 수분 함유량과 잘 맞는지 여부를 확인하였다. 표면 산란 모델들 중에서 정확도가 높은 모델들을 제시하였으며, inversion 모델들의 계산 결과도 나타내었다.