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斗山이 指向했던 文化人類學의 始延: 文化領域說과 基層文化論
전경수 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 2009 민족문화논총 Vol.43 No.-
This paper aims solely at the late Professor Kim Taek-kyu(Doosan, his pen name) in terms of the history of Korean anthropology. Kim is the founder of the department of cultural anthropology at Youngnam University. The question for this paper started with his conversation with the author one year before he died at 1999. His master degree was bestowed by his thesis on "Shamanistic Literature"(1957) begun with the word of "anthropology". After finishing his master he moved to Tokyo University for one year as a research fellow. His renowned ethnography known as Hahoe ethnography was heavily influenced by the research method employed by Tokyo University. Kim's research references are almost always relied upon Japanese literatures. Finally he invented a concept of "basic culture area" as a research hypothesis for his lifelong project of the cyclical rituals(rites of intensification) of the Korean agriculture. The basic culture area comes from on the one hand "basic culture" inherited from German folklore through Japanese literature and on the another hand "culture area" from American culture historians like Clark Wissler through again Japanese scholars. One more interesting aspect of his starting point to meet with anthropology seems possibly to be related with Mr. Lee Seok-rak who was a key member of Korean Anthropological Association right after liberation of 1945. 본고는 문화인류학자 두산 김택규 교수의 학문적 역정과 그가 이룬 학문의 이론적 정향의 계보에 대한 학사적 검토의 결과이다. 1957년 “무교문학”이란 제목의 석사학위 논문에서부터 인류학에 관한 논의를 주로 하고 있는 김택규의 문화인류학 역정은 그후 일본의 레퍼런스를 만나면서 본격적인 인류학적 업적을 축적하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그의 하회민속지는 한국학의 대표적인 업적으로 손꼽히고 있는데, 그 민속지의 방법론이 동경대학의 일본지역성연구의 방법론에 의존하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그가 평생 업적으로 만들어낸 한국의 농경세시의례는 기층문화영역론이란 이론을 바탕으로 하고 있는데, 이 이론의 원류에 대해서는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 독일민속학으로부터 일본에 습득된 “기층문화”라는 개념과 미국 문화사학파에서 비롯되어 일본으로 수입된 문화영역설이 습합된 것이 두산이 만든 기층문화영역론이란 것이라는 점을 고증하였다. 두산의 인류학 역정이 시작하는 시점에 조선인류학회의 주역이었던 이석락과 관련이 있다는 점을 밝힌 것도 본고의 작업이 얻은 소득이다.
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전경수 서울대학교 비교문화연구소 2022 비교문화연구 Vol.28 No.2
Exactly 90 years ago in April, Sohng Suk-ha(SSH) moved around Seoul to establish the Korean Folklore Society(KFS). We have still several questions about the organization with him even though there have occasionally been several articles and books to review this academic organization as well as SSH. This is a reasonable time to talk about SSH as a scholar trying to be an anthropologist under USAMGIK after the liberation from Japanese imperialism because this effort to establish academism of Korean folklore during Japanese occupation started with the KFS at 1932. Most of the previous studies about SSH focused solely on his effort and accomplishment during the Japanese General-Government times while SSH under US military government times between 1945 and 1948 have almost been negligent so far. This paper tries to aim at SSH’s contribution to academism and review his activities during the era under US military occupation and then finally uncover his main effort as the chairman of Chindan Society, the president of Corean Alpine Club, the general director of the National Museum of Anthropology, (professor) of Anthropology department in Seoul University, the chairman for Drama Alliance with some other contribution as the following chart showing. <Sohng Suk-ha’s activities under US Military Occupation>(1945-1948) KFS Chindan Society CAC Museum of Anthropology Seoul University Drama Alliance 45.8.16 (representative) Chairman 45.9.15 President 45.10. Museum Chief 45.11.8 General Director 45.12.20 Chairman 46.2.-3. Expedition Leader 46.4. Museum Opening Lecturing Anthropology Lecturing Folklore 46.7. Expedition Leader 47.8-9. Expedition Leader KFS stands for Korean Folklore Society since 1932 under Japanese Colonialism, CAC does for Corean Alpine Club. We could learn various activities done by SSH and finally spot one important issue related with the KFS that he founded in 1932 and himself was the representative of the organization. KFS was almost secluded during the time and SSH had not done much for KFS either. I would like to introduce an astonishing meeting between Osgood(a professor of anthropology at Yale University) and SSH in 1947 while Osgood landed on Korea in order to conduct an ethnographic fieldwork at Kanghwa island. Osgood visited SSH for looking at ethnological specimens at National Museum of Anthropology(June 23) and Seoul University Museum(June 24) in 1947. SSH was the director of the national museum and he was officially not a part of the university at that time. He was in charge of the university museum before August of 1946. There might obscurely be some confusion about his position at the university. SSH was obviously a folklorist as a fact as everybody known before liberation. Then under the US military occupation his activities had rather much linked with anthropology as a matter of fact. I would like to make two conclusions as the following. SSH converted his interest from folklore to anthropology and furthermore dealt with folklore as a part of anthropology like American style of doing anthropology as Franz Boas shown. Another one comes from his own experience of whole of his life through Japanese colonialism plus American militarism. He could learn political sovereignty for the most important theme and put together the culture concept from anthropology with political sovereignty. The word of “cultural sovereignty” was in fact advocated by SSH at the last moment of his life with the year of 1948.
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