두만강유역 청동기시대 제 유형 고찰

최경숙 한국청동기학회 2011 한국청동기학보 Vol.8 No.-

최근 들어 두만강유역 청동기시대에 관한 연구는 많은 진척을 이루었다. 연구의 주제가 다양해졌을뿐 아니라 최근에 연해주 지역에 대한 연구가 활발해짐에 따라 연구 대상지역의 범위 역시 넓어졌다. 하지만 기존의 연구는 토기 연구에 집중되어 있으며, 유형을 명확히 정의하고 개별 유적을 해석함에 있어서 한계를 보이고 있다. 이에 본고는 기존에 연구자마다 해석을 달리했던 유적에 대해 면밀히 검토하고, 이와 함께 두만강유역 청동기시대 유적의 유물복합체 전반에 대해 고찰하였다. 그 결과 무문의 홍도 및 외반구연 심발형 토기, 흑요석기와 마제석기의 조합을 특징으로 하는 오동유형을 새롭게 설정하였으며, 또한 기존의 유형 체계를 수정 보완하였다. 두만강유역 청동기시대문화는 興城類型이 출현함으로 개시되었으며, 오동유형을 거쳐 유정동유형으로 대체되고, 수북-신광유형을 마지막으로 두만강유역 청동기시대 문화는 종말에 이르게 된다. This thesis aims to present a new chronological framework for the Bronze Age culture of theTumen River Valley and to explain its formation and development on the basis of detailed analy-sis of artifact assemblage and archaeological features.This study departs from a conventional analysis of the past which focused only on the potteryvessels and tries to examine the whole artifacts assemblages of pottery, stone tools, bone tools,etc. After a through analysis of these assemblages, five such distinctive cultural types, or leix-ing,(類型), are recognized in the Tumen River Valley, as Xingcheng, Odong, Liutingdong,Shuibei·Xinguang, and Beomuiguseok type. As a result, the Bronze Age culture in this areamay be divided into the following four phases.The first phase is represented by the Xingcheng cultural type. Its pottery is characterized byvarious pottery vessels with their rims being decorated with wave patterns and stone tool assem-blage including a number of obsidian tools, such as arrowheads and spear points for hunting. Inaddition, there is a wide variety of bone tools.In the second phase, Odong cultural type coexists with Xingcheng cultural type. In this phase,those artifacts belonging to the Odong cultural type are found at the sites of the Xingcheng cul-tural type. The Odong type pottery is similar to the Xingcheng type pottery, but has no decora-tion on the surface. Most of jars and bowls are burnished with red slip and more ground stonetools for hunting appear in this phase.The third phase is represented by the Liutingdong cultural type. The Liutingdong type potteryis characterized by undecorated flat-bottom vessels with straight rims. The majority of stone toolassemblage now consists of ground stone tools with obsidian tools being hardly used. In contrastto the previous phases, there are fewer kinds of bone tools and small bronze ornaments begin toappear as burial goods in graves.In the last phase, Shuibei-Xinguang cultural type coexists with Beomuiguseok cultural type,which has limited geographical distribution. The Shuibei-Xinguang type pottery is characterizedby flat-bottom pots that are attached with handles with a wave pattern or a nipple shape andpedestal bowls with ring foot. The assemblages of stone and bone tools are similar to those ofthe previous phase.

靑銅器時代 中期設定과 問題

金奎正 한국청동기학회 2007 한국청동기학보 Vol.1 No.-

한국고고학에서 청동기시대 시기구분은 1980년대 이후 송국리문화를 특징으로 中期가 설정되어 前期-中期-後期의 3時期區分이 이루어졌다. 3시기구분은 1990년대까지 거의 통설로 받아들여졌다. 그러나 최근에는 청동기시대 後期의 점토대토기문화를 청동기시대에서 분리하여 초기철기시대로 보고 있어, 청동기시대는 전기와 후기의 2시기로 구분하자는 의견과 3시기로 구분하자는 의견이 팽팽하다. 中期는 지역에 따라 다른 양상으로 나타나는데 남부지역은 송국리문화를 특징으로 하고 있으며, 북한지역의 경우 서북한지역의 미송리형토기문화, 동북한지역의 유정동유형으로 대표된다. 중부지역은 역삼동 Ⅱ유형과 북한강유형으로 대표되며, 영남 동남해안지역은 검단리유형으로 대표된다. 이처럼 청동기시대 중기에는 지역적으로 다양한 문화양상들이 확인되고 있다. 後期는 점토대토기문화를 특징으로 하는데, 점토대토기문화는 靑銅器時代後期, 初期鐵器時代, 三韓時代등 다양한 명칭이 사용되고 있다. 점토대토기문화는 한반도에서 가장 발전된 靑銅遺物이 출토되고 있어 청동기시대 후기로 설정할 수 있다. 중기의 年代는 上限은 전기의 下限과, 下限은 後期의 上限과 맞물려 있다. 전기의 하한과 중기의 상한을 명확하게 구분하기는 힘들지만 전기의 특징적인 장방형주거지가 소형화되고, 토기문양이 소멸되며, 석기에서도 변화가 확인된다. 이러한 변화 양상은 절대연대 자료로 볼 때 기원전 10세기경 시작된 것으로 보이며 특히 중기의 특징적인 송국리형주거지의 연대를 기원전 10세기로 보고 있어 중기의 상한은 기원전 10세기로 설정하고자 한다. 이 시기가 되면 한반도 전역에서 중기문화가 나타난다. 중기의 하한은 점토대토기와 같은 외부로부터 새로운 토기문화가 유입되는 시기로 설정할 수 있으며 한반도에 점토대토기가 유입되는 시기는 절대연대와 요서지역 자료를 참고할 때 기원전 6세기까지 올라가는 것으로 보아 늦어도 기원전 5세기부터 청동기시대 후기로 편년될 수 있으며 따라서 중기의 하한은 기원전 5세기 이전으로 잠정해두고자 한다. 그러나 중기로 편년되는 송국리형주거지의 경우 제주지역에서는 기원전 1세기내지는 기원후 2~3세기까지 축조되고 있다. Acknowledging Songgukri-type assemblage reflects an intermediate cultural stage and incorpo-rating it into previous chronological system of Early-Late Bronze Age, three-subperiods systemfor Bronze Age was established. More recently it has been hotly debated whether roll-rimed pot-tery assemblage which has been considered to characterize Late Bronze Age could be assignedto Early Iron Age or not. The Middle Bronze Age come to have differing connotations throughthe regions. For the southern part of Korea, for instance, Songgukri-type assemblage character-izes MBA, while Misongri-type does for northeastern part, Yujeongdong-type for northwesternpart, Yeoksamdong II-type and Bukhangang-type for central western part, and Geomdanri-typefor southeast coastal region.Late Bronze Age characterized by roll-rimmed vessels has been differently designated such asEarly Iron Age and Three Han Period, according to the scholars. Late Bronze Age witnessed, inrelative term, full development of bronze-manufacturing technology, thus it has to be acknowl-edged as Bronze Age rather than Early Iron Age at least in South Korea. The transition from Early to Middle Bronze Age can be characterized by changes in archaeo-logical records, such decrease of longhouses' sizes, extinction of rim decoration of pottery,changes in lithic assemblages. Considering absolute dates, such changes seem to have happenedabout the 10th century BC. In addition, the Songgukri-type dwellings date to the 10th centuryBC. In this light, the beginning of Middle Bronze Age could be 10th century BC. From this date,Middle Bronze Age assemblages might have spreaded into the whole region of the KoreanPeninsula.Late Bronze Age can be characterized by the spread of 'roll-rimmed pottery assemblages', origi-nated outside Peninsula. Taking into account the absolute dates and materials found in theLiaoxi region, the introduction of roll-rimmed vessels might have dated back to the 6th centuryBC, to the utmost 5th century BC. Therefore, the lower limit of the Middle Bronze Age can tem-porality be set forth as 5th century BC. However, Songgukri-type dwellings seem to have beencontinuously built by first century BC, or even second or third century AD in Jeju Island.

두만강 유역의 고대문화와 정치집단의 성장

송호정(Song ho-jung) 호서사학회 2008 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.50

동북아시아 청동기문화의 병행관계와 교류양상 -길림성, 흑룡강성, 연해주지역을 중심으로-

유은식 고구려발해학회 2024 고구려발해연구 Vol.78 No.-

This study examines the parallel relations and exchange patterns of Bronze Age cultures targeting the central-northern part of the Jilin Province and the whole area of the Heilongjiang Province in China and the Primorie of Russia located in the northeast part of East Asia. The bronze age culture of this region is divided into the early and late periods, and the turning point is around the 12th to 10th centuries BC when the bronze sword culture (銅劍文化) in the Liaoxi and Liaodong regions of China began to spread in earnest. The early culture includes the Sohrabhab culture (小拉哈文化) in the middle and lower reaches of the Nun River (嫩江), the Goseong type 古城類型), the Anga Ling upper culture (鶯歌嶺上層文化) in the upper reaches of the Mokdan River [牧丹江), the Heungseong culture (興城文化) in the Tumen River basin, and the Margaritovka culture (Маргаритовская культура) in the Maritime Province. Although there is no concrete pattern of exchanging material culture during this period, the upper reaches of the Mokdan River, the Tumen River basin, and the Primorie of Russia can be grouped into a broad cultural area in that Guyeon (口沿) ornamental pottery was shared. Concerning the later culture, various bronze age cultures can be identified in several subregional groups, and exchanges between the subregions became active. The long-distance communication network can be seen through the Bigeomgihamun (篦點幾何紋) earthenware found in the first phase of the Ulil culture (Урильская культура) in the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River and the Baekgeumbo culture (白金寶文化) in the middle and lower reaches of the Nun River. Also, regarding the early period of the Guyeon ornamental pottery culture, the combination of the Yugyeongsik stone sword (有莖式石刀), Maje stone sword (磨製石劍), and Seokmo (石矛) is observed; therefore, it is assumed that the Maje stone sword of the Lidovka (Лидовка) and Yankovsky culture (Янковская Культра) in the Maritime Province was produced and used through the interregional interaction and exchange networks instead of adopting the view that it was influenced by the southern Siberian bronze ware. Furthermore, this study points out that some of the Maje stone swords in the Primorie of Russia were imported from the Korean peninsula.

두만강 유역 청동기시대 문화 의 변천 과정에 대하여 - 동북한 토기의 편년 및 주변 지역과의 비교를 중심으로 -

강인욱 한국고고학회 2007 한국고고학회보 Vol.- No.62

두만강 유역 청동기시대 문화 의 변천 과정에 대하여 - 동북한 토기의 편년 및 주변 지역과의 비교를 중심으로 -

강인욱 한국고고학회 2007 한국고고학보 Vol.62 No.-

The current understanding of the Bronze Age in the Tumen River Basin comes from work carried out in the 1970s by Hwang Gi-deok, who excavated several multi-layered sites in Hangyongbuk Province, such as Odong, Seopohang and Hogok (Bumyiguseok). Subsequent research on the Bronze Age in this region has, unfortunately, been absent. This paper therefore aims to re-examine the cultural development of the Bronze Age in the Tumen River Basin using recently excavated material from neighbouring regions, such as the Yanbian area of Jilin Provincein China, and the Southern Primorie of Russia. Based on this re-examination of the material, the Bronze Age in the Tumen River Basin can be divided into five phases. The transitional phase from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age is dated to the twentieth to fifteenth century B.C. The Early Phase (15th to 12th century B.C.) is characterized by beaker vessels with attached rims, similar to those of the Neolithic. The Middle Phase (12th to 8th century B.C.) is represented by the Liutingdong Culture in the Yanbian region (characterized by straight rimmed beaker vessels and crescent shaped stone knives), and by the Siniy Gai Culture in Southern Primorie. Intensive cereal agriculture appears to have brought about a widespread integration of culture during this earlier period of the Bronze Age. The Late Phase (8th to 5th century B.C.) is represented by two co-existing culture types: the continental agricultural type, represented by the late Liutingdong Culture, and the maritime shell midden type, represented by the Yankovski Culture. Finally, the transitional phase from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age shares strong similarities with the Duanjie-Krounovka Culture, which has been dated to the fourth to first century B.C.