『營造法式』 축성도구 연구

김봉근(Bonggeun Kim) 한국고고학회 2024 한국고고학보 Vol.- No.130

국내에서 판축용 도구는 『영조법식(營造法式)』의 기록에 근거하여 판축용 목주는 ‘영정주(永定柱)’, 판축용 목판은 ‘박연(膊椽)’, 판축용 목주를 지지·고정하는 횡목은 임목(絍木)으로 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 기존 선행연구의 견해는 축성도구의 용어나 용도, 기능 등 여러 문제점이 확인됨에도 불구하고 어떠한 검토 없이 추정·사용되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본고에서는 영정주를 비롯한 『영조법식』에 기록된 축성도구에 대한 기존 해석의 문제점과 재해석을 통해 그 용도와 기능에 대해 살펴보았으며, 나아가 축성도구의 변천 양상에 대한 검토를 진행하였다. 본 연구를 통해 『영조법식』의 축성도구는 기존의 견해와는 달리 각 도구의 명칭은 물론 용도와 기능에 있어서 판축용 도구와의 차이점을 명확히 구분할 수 있었다. 이에 용도와 기능을 명확히 나타내는 용어를 사용하여 『영조법식』의 축성도구와 판축용 도구를 구분하자고 제안하였다. 또한 고고학적 자료와 문헌기록을 통해 『영조법식』의 축성도구는 토축성벽의 안정성과 견고성을 증가시키기 위하여 축성 과정에서 성벽 내부에 목조구조물을 구성하는 고대 축성기술의 하나로 추정하였다. 이러한 『영조법식』에 기록된 축성기술은 고대 축성사에 있어 중국 신석기시대 후기에 이미 태동하였고, 이후 발전을 거듭하였다. 북송(北宋)시대에 이르러 『영조법식』에 기록되면서 공식적으로 제도화되었고, 후대에도 지속적으로 사용되었던 축성기술로 이해된다. The term ‘Yeongjung Pillar (永定柱)’ is used in Korean archaeology to refer to the wooden pillar used to fix wooden blocks when applying the board frame construction method. This use begun in the mid-80s based on the record of Yingzao Fashi (營造法式). However, the record does not correspond with archaeological data in the sense that the wooden pillar used during board frame construction is not equivalent to the Yeongjung Pillar. This paper therefore analyzes the wooden pillar, the ‘Yeongjung Pillar’ of Yingzao Fashi, and other construction materials. In the case of the wooden pillar, the names that were used to refer to it from ancient times, as well as its different forms, were analyzed, in association with construction method and function. To highlight the mistaken interpretation of Yingzao Fashi, the function of the Yeongjung Pillar and other construction materials were examined. These materials were then classified according to various factors. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there are common elements shared between the wooden pillar and the Yeongjung Pillar of the board frame construction method, but differences could also be observed in terms of in size, position during construction, structure, construction or disassembling method, function, and textual records. These results go against the conception that the wooden pillar of the board frame construction method equals the Yeongjung Pillar; the two are clearly different. Finally, the wooden pillar has sometimes been found in the wall, as it was not disassembled after the board frame construction process. In this case, it functioned as the center of the wall or as a Yeongjung Pillar. The functional similarity of the two may be related to the mid-wall column of the wall of dwellings or structures that emerged in the Neolithic Age. The wooden pillar of the board frame construction method may have been derived from the mid-wall column technique. After the Neolithic Age, the wooden pillar that combined the function of the Yeongjung Pillar disappeared, and the two were separated from each other. The Yeongjung Pillar continually developed after its emergence from the midwall column, and it was expansively applied to wall construction. It became institutionalized as the essential civil engineering technology in castle construction with the compilation of the architecture book Yingzao Fashi of the North Song Dynasty.

송(宋)《영조법식(營造法式)》중 월량(月梁) 보머리 가공 규범에 대한 고찰

이용준 한국농촌건축학회 2019 농촌건축 : 한국농촌건축학회논문집 Vol.21 No.3

Woolyang(月梁) is a beam which whole shape is curved like a so-called moon(月). According to the 《Yeongjobeosig(營造法 式)》, In the case of beams installed under the ceiling of a wooden building, it is used by manufacturing them in Woolyang(月梁) for maximum visual decorative effects as the shape is exposed. In order to achieve the end of a beam that is manufacturing in Woolyang(月梁), it is important to process it in a suitable size and shape for a given situation to achieve a combination with other members around it. However, in the 營造法式, the standard of production of the Woolyang(月梁) is divided into Myeongbog(明栿), Chagyeon(箚牽), Pyeonglyang(平梁), and the height of each beam head is divided into 21分°, 15分°, 25分°, but it is not possible to look at any more specific reference. In this paper, try to consider the principle of Woolyang(月梁) manufacturing and its normative contents which were indirectly proposed in the 《Yeongjobeosig(營造法式)》.

송대(宋代) ${\ll}$영조법식(營造法式)${\gg}$ 대목작(大木作) 포작(鋪作) 관련용어의 파생에 관한 연구

김재웅,Kim, Jae-Ung 한국건축역사학회 2011 건축역사연구 Vol.20 No.2

This paper aimed at analyzing of structural carpentry terminology for bracket structure in Yingzaofashi ${\ll}$營造法式${\gg}$in the era of Song Dynasty and illuminating coinage characteristics and method of Structural Carpentry Terminology for bracket Structure through graphonomy research and system and structure of these terms. The results are as follow. The structural carpentry terminologies for structure were identified to be approximately 23 words, and terminology of bracket structure鋪作 is largely categorized into 3 categories of Type鋪作次序, Structure, Place. On the other hand, the structural carpentry terminologies for parts largely categorized into 2 categories of Bracket structure鋪作, Others. Bracket structure terminologies for parts were derived from the core of Dou枓, Gong?, Ang?, Fang方. The phenomena of derivation in structural carpentry terminology for bracket structure can be explained by the difference in the shape of subsidiary material and the location for usage of the subsidiary material and part of the subsidiary material and their functions.

송(宋) 《영조법식(營造法式)》 중 월량(月梁) 보머리 가공 규범에 대한 고찰

이용준,Lee, Yong-Jun 한국농촌건축학회 2019 농촌건축 : 한국농촌건축학회논문집 Vol.21 No.3

Woolyang(月梁) is a beam which whole shape is curved like a so-called moon(月). According to the ${\ll}$Yeongjobeosig(營造法式)${\gg}$, In the case of beams installed under the ceiling of a wooden building, it is used by manufacturing them in Woolyang(月梁) for maximum visual decorative effects as the shape is exposed. In order to achieve the end of a beam that is manufacturing in Woolyang(月梁), it is important to process it in a suitable size and shape for a given situation to achieve a combination with other members around it. However, in the "營造法式", the standard of production of the Woolyang(月梁) is divided into Myeongbog(明?), Chagyeon(箚牽), Pyeonglyang(平梁), and the height of each beam head is divided into 21分$^{\circ}$, 15分$^{\circ}$, 25分$^{\circ}$, but it is not possible to look at any more specific reference. In this paper, try to consider the principle of Woolyang(月梁) manufacturing and its normative contents which were indirectly proposed in the ${\ll}$Yeongjobeosig(營造法式)${\gg}$.

송(宋) "영조법식(營造法式)" 을 통해 본 목조건축(木造建築) 평면(平面) 척도구성(尺度構成)의 고찰(考察)

이용준,Lee, Yong-Jun 한국건축역사학회 2005 건축역사연구 Vol.14 No.3

In ancient times, architectural design was seen as a critical task in building technologies. Specifically, form, dimension and structural design are of significant. These aspects are associated with each other and to be emerged as a whole. Designing plan dimension was deemed to be the core of design technology due to its close relationship with module system. Thus, its evolution as well as development process typically represents and reflects the spirits and contents of design technologies in ancient China. In China, the materials regarding ancient architectural technology include Yingzaofashi(營造法式) of Song Dynasty and Gongchengzuofazeli(工程做法則例) of Qing Dynasty. They show many aspects concerning materials, structure, scale system and building. In Yingzaofashi, although the length of objects are decided by 'cai(材)' and 'fen(分)', there are no regulations on length, width and height of a building. However, in the construction of ancient buildings, the above mentioned basic scales are very important in both design and construction. The present paper attempts to discuss the significance, namely, the design principles of length, with and height of ancient chinese architecture.

『영조법식』의 보춤 치수에 대한 고찰

백소훈 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.38 No.8

This study aims to investigate the relationship between girder height and the design process of ancient Chinese architecture based on Yingzaofashi(營造法式), the official building engineering code book published by the Song government in A.D. 1103. The original texts about girder height on Yingzaofashi were not clear to understand due to being written from the perspective of the making process of girders. At first, the original texts were analyzed, disorganized, and reassembled from the view of building design. There were eight building types confirmed through the combination of structure types and girder types based on the reassembled texts. One main condition and three subordinate conditions were reexamined based on their related building type. It was found that the dimension was roughly decided by the length of the girder and closely regulated by the depth of bracket sets called Puzuo(鋪作), which is the depth of the whole building or the layout of girders beneath the grid ceiling according to the related building type. The basic dimension of girders were decided in the unit of Cai(材) and Zhi(?) based on the length of rectangular section girders, and the artistic girders called YueLiang(月梁) were returned to the unit of Fen(分°), the 1/15 of Cai height for making a curved surface and details. 본 논문은 『영조법식(營造法式)』 권5 대목작제도2 량(梁)조에 수록된 다양한 보춤 치수들 사이에 숨어있는 상관관계를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 주제는 기존 양사성, 반곡서, 하건중 등의 중국학자들에 의해 정리되었으나 일부 누락과 오류가 있고 보춤 치수 결정 조건들에 대한 설명이 미흡한데, 저자는 그 이유가 부재가공의 관점에서 기술된 원문의 구성을 그대로 따랐기 때문이라 판단하고, 원문의 구성을 분석하고 해체한 후, 구조유형과 보유형을 조합하여 얻은 6가지 건축형식에 대해 개별적으로 원문의 기준들 중 어떤 기준이 어떤 부분에 적용되었는지 확인하였고, 나아가 그 기준이 적용된 이유에 대해 고찰해 보았다. 또한 기존 연구들이 보춤의 치수를 계량적 관점에서 획일적으로 분(分°)으로 환산하는 것은 원문의 의도를 왜곡할 우려가 있다고 판단하고, 재(材) 계(栔) 단위로 표기된 보춤 치수가 전체 건축구조계획의 개념을 반영하고 있음을 설명하였다.

송 『영조법식』의 건축계획 치수 단위에 대한 이론적 고찰 -자(尺) 단위 계획설과 분(分°) 단위 계획설 간의 논쟁을 중심으로-

백소훈 한국건축역사학회 2022 건축역사연구 Vol.31 No.3

Fen(分°) is the proportional dimension unit of the standard timber section on Yingzaofashi(營造法式), and there is a phrase that not only structural members but the whole structural design of a building also use Fen as the dimension unit on the book. But in fact only the section dimensions of structural members are recorded by Fen, but the design dimensions are recorded by Chi(尺) on the book. Other historical records also described the building size by Chi. So there has been long-standing debate on the phase in Chinese architectural history society, including the recent confrontation on the analysis of survey figures of the east great hall of Foguangsi temple(佛光寺 東大殿). This paper analyzes all the records about the size of structural members and section planning on the book to make various calculation and evaluation. And it makes a survey of Cai(材) as the dimension and design unit between Chi and Fen through geometric analysis. Cai might be a rough unit of measurement in terms of structural and proportional scheming on Yingzaofashi, and the full size Cai(足材) had been a building scheming module before the Song dynasty. 『영조법식』에는 상당수 대목작 부재의 치수가 분(分°) 단위로 기록되어 있지만 건축계획 관련 치수는 대부분 자(尺) 단위로 기록되어 있음에도 불구하고, 부재가공 치수뿐 아니라 건축계획 치수까지 모두 분을 단위로 한다는 구절이 있어, 중국 건축역사학계는 자 단위 계획설과 분 단위 계획설로 나뉘어 대립하고 있으며, 최근 불광사 동대전의 정밀실측 치수에 대한 두가지 분석연구가 각각 분 분위 가설과 자 단위 가설의 편에 서서 충돌하기도 하였다. 본 연구에서는 『영조법식』 및 『사릉록』 을 중심으로 원문의 치수표기법과 표기단위의 규칙성을 분석하고, 다음으로 자 단위 가설과 분 단위 가설을 각각 비판적으로 분석하며, 나아가 분과 자가 아닌 단재너비나 족재너비가 부재가공이나 건축계획에 어떠한 역할을 하는지 분석하고, 불광사 동대전 치수가 족재너비를 모듈로 하였다는 주장이 성립하기 위해서 필요한 전제조건을 제시하였다.

고측창 3랑식 강화성당의 지붕 가구부에 관한 연구

손한울,김태영 대한건축학회지회연합회 2010 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.12 No.3

한옥성당은 한국적인 목가구법에 의해 만들어 졌음에도 불구하고, 서양 종교건축 스타일에 맞춰 종축의 방향성이 유지된 실내 공간을 가지고 있다고 할 수 있다. 기본적인 목가구법에서는「영조법식」을 따르면서, 공간적으로는 서양의 예배공간을 만들었던 것이다. 본 연구는 우리나라 한옥성당 중 중층 3랑식으로 만들어진 한옥성당을 대상으로 영조법식이 가구법과 부재의 채택에 있어서 상이점이 보여져 이를 밝히고자 한다. 이에 나타나는 목가구의 공간적 표현방법을 영조법식을 토대로 분석하여 보았을 때, 종도리의 위치를 결정하는 방법에서 당시의 영조법 기준보다 낮게 위치해 있어 지붕의 물매는 일반적인 전통방식 보다 매우 짧다. 이로 인해 외관에서 볼 때 지붕이 차지하는 비율이 전각보다는 관청에 가까운 형태임을 알 수 있다. 내부 부재의 단면 치수는 규모에 비해 상대적으로 굵은 치수로 사용되어 외관이 관청의 형태인 것과는 달리, 내부 부재의 크기는 전각과 같아서 외관과 내부가 상이하게 표현되었다.

宋代《營造法式》大木作설계 관련 용어의 분류와 파생 연구

김재웅(Kim Jae-Ung) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.27 No.4

This paper aimed at categorizing of Structural Carpentry Terminology in Yingzaofashi《營造法式》in Song Dynasty and analyzing of Structural Carpentry Terminology for design. And This study aimed at clarifying derivation system and relationship between terminologies. The results are as follow. The structural carpentry terminologies were identified to be approximately 270 words, and they are classified into 5 categories of Design樣, Structure造, Parts件, Labor功, building materials料. The structural carpentry terminologies for Design were identified to be approximately 50 words, and they are largely categorized into 6 categories of Section側樣, Plan地盤分槽, Elevation正樣, Building Size間架, Type of Building型, Module材. The Ceyang側樣and Zhengyang正樣were derived from the core of Yang樣, and 草架側樣and 定側樣were derived from Ceyang側樣. The function of a module材for structural carpentry design are separated into Scale材等and Proportion材分. For regulating of the Proportion, Cai材and Qi?, Fen分are used. Dancai單材and Zucai足材are used for regulating of square of section of parts. And Fen分is for regulating of length of parts and handling of more detail part. On the other hand, the regulation of Caiqi材?is for length of parts and square of section of parts and heap up parts. Therefore Caiqi材?is multipurpose regulation which are for regulating of proportion of parts and proportion of structure.

「營造法式」의 觀點에서 본 高麗末/朝鮮初 多包의 意匠

박찬 여수대학교 2001 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

When a longer longitudinal bracket laid on a shorter longitudinal bracket in a bracketing set, the appearance is usually recognized by an inverse triangle. It is because one recognizes an immanent oblique line which connects the end parts of the longer bracket and the shorter bracket. The slope of the oblique line between the longer bracket and the shorter bracket has the approximate value of √2/1 in the bracketing set of Ying Zao Fa Shi. The inverse triangle exists in the bracketing set design of Ying Zao Fa Shi. With this paper, the cases whose slope is the approximate value of √2/1 was found in the Dapo Bracketing Set in Late Goreo Dynasty and Early Joseon Dynasty. This is a verification that the inverse triangle exist also in the Dapo Bracketing Set, like Ying Zao Fa Shi. However, it differs from the case of Ying Zao Fa Shi in that the inverse triangle is not extended in the position of the wall of a bracketing set. If we investigate the case which resembles the oblique line of Ying Zao Fa Shi most in the Dapo Bracketing Set in considerration of the level by which the inverse triangle is extended, three, Haeju Simwonsa Bogwangjeon#1, Seoul Namdaemun#3, Pyeongyang Botongmun#2, will be mentioned. Although it is surmised that these may be most alike also in the case of Ying Zao Fa Shi in the rate of member, results of an investigation are not necessarily so. In Seoul Namdaemun#3, signs that it differs are shown.