淸州 松節洞 多重溝狀遺構 性格의 試論

李文炯 중앙문화재연구원 2008 중앙고고연구 Vol.0 No.4

청주 송절동과 봉명동지역 일대는 無心川邊으로 충적평야와 낮은 구릉성 산지가 형성되어 있어 선사시대에서 역사시대의 많은 유적이 분포하고 있는 지역이다. 특히 원삼국~백제시대에 이르는 대규모 매장유적이 보고된 지역으로 봉명동유적(Ⅳ지구)의 대규모 토광묘는 원삼국시대의 표식적인 유적으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 이 분묘를 조성한 집단과 직접적으로 연관되는 생활유적은 확인되지 않았으며, 일부 한정된 지역에서 구상유구가 확인된 바 있다. 그러나 최근 연접한 송절동지역 일대에서 기존 봉명동유적(Ⅳ지구)에서 보고된 다중구상유구와 연결되는 것으로 추정되는 구상유구가 조사되었다. 보고된 유적을 중심으로 다중구상유구의 범위를 추정해보면 명심산에서 분기한 북쪽 능선을 따라 봉명동-송절동지역까지 연결된 하나의 단일 유구로 판단된다. 송절동 다중구상유구는 능선의 방향을 따라 ‘―’자상의 선상 배치로 3중으로 축조되었으며, 방어적인 기능을 담당했던 것으로 추정된다. 축조시기는 중복된 유구를 토대로 청동기시대 이후에 축조되어 원삼국~백제시대 이전 혹은 거의 동시기에 폐기된 것으로 보이며, 내부에서 소토 등이 공통적으로 확인되는 것으로 보아 의도적인 폐기로 판단된다. 이러한 다중구상유구의 폐기는 송절동 일대의 주거집단 간의 통합에 따른 방어 기능의 상실을 의미하는 것이며, 나아가 통합에 따른 생활공간의 확대를 의미하는 것으로 판단된다. 결국 송절동일대 지역은 백제의 본격적인 세력확장과 더불어 기존 지역 주거 집단의 통합과정을 보여주는 자료로 판단된다. A number of archaeological sites dated to prehistoric and historic periods have been reported in the Songjeol-dong and Bongmyeong-dong in Cheongju where alluvial plains and low hills are developedalong the Musim River Valley. In particular, many burials dated to Proto-Three Kingdoms and Baekje periods have been unearthed at Bongmyeong site (District IV), and large pit burials at this site have been regarded as typical ones of the Proto Three Kingdoms Period. Up to now, however, residential sites directly related to the population to construct these burials are not been discovered except a few ditches. Recently, a ditch was found at Songjeol-dong near the Bongmyeong-dong site, and there is quite a possibility that the ditch at Songjeol-dong can be connected to a multi-connected ditch previously found at the Bongmyeong-dong site. According to inference for the range of the multi-connected ditch based on available data, the ditch can be a single feature connected from Bongmyeong-dong to Songjeol-dong along a northern ridge branched from Mt. Myeongsim. According to writer’s interpretation, the multi-connected ditch might be trebly constructed in linear pattern along the direction of the ridge as a defense facility. Based on overlapped features with this ditch, this ditch is considered to be constructed not earlier than Bronze Age and destroyed at one time period between Proto Three Kingdomsand Baekje periods gradually or simultaneously. Fired clay found inside the ditch may imply intentional abandonment. The intentional abandonment of the ditch may also suggest that unificationof residential groups around Songjeol-dong made the function of defense unnecessary and that the unification asked to extend residential space. In conclusion, the ditch around Songjeol-dong may be archaeological data to suggest political expansion of the Baekjealong with unification process of preexisting groups in the region.

동서양의 만남과 미술의 교류

金理那(Kim Lena) 미술사연구회 2009 미술사연구 Vol.- No.23

The geographical boundaries for the meetings of the East and the West were decided by several historical events. Since ancient times, the exchange between the West and East Asian came in various forms via diverse routes. It started with the animal-style arts of nomads who traveled the Steppe route across the Eurasian continent. Then a renewed contacts was initiated by the expedition of Alexander the Great to the East which met with the expansion of the territory by Han China to the west, resulting the opening of the silk road. Through this road Buddhist culture and art forms were introduced to East Asia and active trading between the western regions, referring generally West Asia, brought about exotic goods and foreign merchants to China. As a esult, the Silk Road eventually connected X’ian China with the Mediterranean area for several centuries. In the 7th century, Islamic power grew stronger and took over most of the area that Alexander the Great had conquered, and but the East-West trade routes still flourished via silk road. Gradually Arabs became experts in sea trade route connecting Mediterranean to Indian Ocean and to south China. In the eleventh century in response to the Islamic siege of Jerusalem brought about the launching of the Crusades and contributed to the cultural exchange between the West and East thus extending its boundaries. About the same time, Genghis Khan’s invasion of Islamic world and Eastern Europe occurred and there was the increased flow of cultural exchange to another level connecting Europe and Asia. The concept of“the West”went beyond the borders of West Asia but expanded to include Europe. Another dynamic force behind trade was the experience and development of scientific knowledge of the Arabs that came from their maritime activities. Active sea trading were carried out connecting West and East and the discovery of the New World and further explorations of the sea in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries with the development of navigational technology allowed circumnavigation. The discovery of diverse sea routes further facilitated the meeting of the European continent and Asian countries. From the end of the sixteenth century onward, Jesuit priests arrived at China and Japan spreading the Christian faith. Thereafter, various genres of art such as painting, architecture, ceramics and handicrafts as well as scientific knowledge began to reflect the mutual influences of the West and the East. Western painting was introduced to China and Japan and strongly influenced the art forms of the Asian countries. And the Chinese and Japanese arts were adapted to European tastes representing arts of chinoiserie in the eighteenth century and the japonisme of the nineteenth century in European culture. Beginning with the twenties century onward, however, the exchange of Eastern and Western art went beyond their boundaries and reached to the stage of globalism.

미·중 패권 경쟁 시기의 한미동맹

김우상 신아시아연구소 2023 신아세아 Vol.30 No.2

Theories of China-US hegemonic competition underscore the importance of the Republic of Korea (ROK)-US alliance. Given the implications of Organski’s power transition theory, Gilpin’s hegemonic war theory, the peaking power trap of Brans and Beckley, Mearsheimer’s offensive realism and offshore balancing, and several alliance theories, we expect that the ROK-US alliance will be strengthened and its credibility will be upgraded to the maximum level in the short-run. To demonstrate the credibility of extended deterrence, both sides will carry out regular and upgraded joint military exercises that include the mobilization of US strategic weapons and a beefed-up missile defense system. The ROK and the US will invite Japan to participate in joint military exercises to strengthen trilateral military cooperation as well. In the long-run, however, these theories suggest that the credibility of US alliance commitments may be reduced. The ROK government should be prepared for rainy days and, at some point, should try to acquire nuclear latency while maintaining compliance with the NPT treaty.

고창 봉덕리 1호분의 축조와 공간활용에 관한 검토

김중엽 원광대학교 마한백제문화연구소 2015 馬韓, 百濟文化 Vol.25 No.-

A Study on Construction of Bongdeok-ri Tomb No. 1 and Its Utilization of Space In the neighborhood of San 47 Asan-myeon, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, there are 2 large-sized old tombs lying side by side, which have thus been called "Ssangnabaldeung' or 'Twin Trumpet-shaped Lanterns' since long. After these tombs were reported formally to the academic world in the name of Bongdeok-ri Tombs No. 1 and 2, the tomb No. 1 was excavated and investigated 2 times in 2008 and 2009 consecutively, which revealed that there are 5 stone-chamber tombs and 2 jar-coffin tombs buried as accompanying structures in it. The most significant feature in construction of the tomb No. 1 might be that the basic form of the tomb was prepared by cutting out and trimming the ends of the natural hill. Although the principle of its construction is similar to that of 'Daesang Tomb' of Japan, there is no precedent for such large-scale construction work as cutting of hills usually found in road construction today. Such construction process must have required for sure large number of laborers. Judging from a series of construction processes that followed, it might be true to say that the first shape of Bongdeok-ri Tomb No. 1 was completed after the land was levelled high above the basement and earth was raised around the stone chamber No. 5. It is assumed here that, by making use of a thin layer of light grey viscose clay soil, an outer line was formed surrounding the burial mound of tumulus, cylinder-formed earthenware was made and vortex-formed earthenware was used. Through the process of adjustment and vertical expansion, the stone chamber tombs No. 1 and No. 4 were created to the east and, to the west, raised ground was formed where jar-coffin tombs were buried. The stone chamber tombs No. 3 and 2 were added in the end, completing the last pottery pot. This process of raising ground seems very calculated and systematic. Utilization of space, too, seems very deliberate, judging from the room spared for burial, ritual and vacant land. From the study, it could be suggested that construction of Bongdeok-ri Tomb No. 1 was completed during the period from the 5th to the 6th century, with the stone chamber No. 5 built in the beginning of the 5th century and No. 1 in the beginning of the 6th century. This signifies that the square-shaped tombs began appearing relatively earlier in Gochang area than those on the Yeongsangang river basin. Such features as multiple burial, addition of burial structures by vertical expansion of burial mound of tombs, construction of surrounding ditches, ritual ceremonies held at burial mound or surrounding ditch, etc. are all those characteristic of burial mound of tombs which confirm their connection with the group that constructed Bongdeok-ri Tomb No. 1. The size of the tomb No. 1 measures 53 m in long axis, 40 m in short axis and 8.8 m in height, larger than the burial with high mound discovered on the Yeongsangang river basin. The construction method through large-scale work process, large size of tombs, factors of mound burial and prestige goods buried together strongly suggest that the buried must be a chieftain who ruled and represented the group that constructed the mound burials and that they maintained close relationship with the central government of Baekje Kingdom by utilizing the strong local powers and geographic advantages at the same time. This is why we need to take note of Gochang area with keen interest. 전라북도 고창군 아산면 산47번지 일원에는 예전부터 ‘쌍나발등’이라 불리던 2기의 대형고분이 나란하게 위치하고 있다. 봉덕리 1·2호분으로 학계에 정식 보고된 이래 1호분은 2008년·2009년 두 차례에 걸쳐 발굴조사가 이루어졌으며, 그 결과, 석실묘 5기, 옹관묘 2기가 매장시설로 확인되었다. 1호분의 축조방법에 있어 가장 주목할 만 한 점은 자연구릉의 끝자락을 따로 분리한 후 깎고 다듬어 기초분형을 마련하였다. 일본의 ‘대상묘’와 축조원리는 비슷하나 현재 도로공사와 같이 구릉을 깎아 분리해내는 대규모 공정은 아직까지 확인된 예가 없으며, 이러한 공정은 분명 많은 노동력을 필요로 한다. 이후 일련의 축조과정을 살펴보면, 높게 형성된 기저부 위로 정지층이 형성되고 5호석실을 중심으로 성토가 이루어지면서 봉덕리 1호분의 최초분형이 완성된다. 이 때, 얇은 회갈색점질토 띠층을 이용해 분구의 외곽라인을 형성하고 원통형토기의 수립과 와형토제품의 사용이 추정된다. 이후 정리과정을 거쳐 동쪽에는 수직확장을 통해 1호석실묘와 4호석실묘가 조성되고 서쪽에는 옹관묘가 매장되는 성토층이 조성된다. 마지막으로 3호석실묘와 2호석실묘가 추가되면서 최종분형이 완성된다. 이러한 성토과정은 매우 계획적이며, 체계적으로 이루어졌으며, 1호분 내 무덤공간, 제사공간, 空地 등의 공간활용 역시 매우 계획적이라 할 수 있다. 지금까지의 연구결과, 봉덕리 1호분의 조성연대는 5세기 초에 5호석실이 축조되는 것을 시작으로 6세기 초까지는 1호분이 지속되었던 것으로 보이며, 이는 영산강유역에 비해 이른 시기 고창지역에 대형고분이 출현하였음을 보여준다. 多葬, 분구의 수직확장을 통한 매장시설의 추가양상, 週溝의 조성, 분구 및 주구에서의 제의행위 등의 요소는 분구묘적 요소로 봉덕리 1호분 축조집단의 연결성을 확인할 수 있으며, 1호분의 규모는 장축 53m, 단축 40m, 높이 8.8m의 장방형으로 영산강유역의 고총화 된 고분들과 비교하더라도 대형규모로 볼 수 있다. 대규모 공정을 통한 축조방법, 대형규모, 분구묘적 요소, 최상위 위세품의 부장은 1호분의 피장자가 기존 주변일원의 분구묘 축조집단을 통합하고 대표하는 수장이었을 가능성이 높고 강력한 재지세력과 지리적 이점을 기반으로 백제중앙세력과 긴밀한 관계를 유지하였을 것으로 보인다. 앞으로 고창지역에 주목해야할 필요성이 있다.

15세기 "ㅎ라"체 의문형 종결어미의 변천 양상

양영희 ( Young Hee Yang ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2009 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.46

The purpose of this study is to find out that which process ``-nda·noun+ga/go·nga/go·ryeo`` systems of the interrogative final ending of ``h□r□`` form had been through and finally became the modern form. These forms extinguished or shifted to the upper level around nineteenth century, and became condensed form as ``-nya`` at the present time.