한국 고대 성토구조물에서 토괴의 기능과 의미

손재현 중앙문화재연구원 2015 중앙고고연구 Vol.0 No.17

한국 고대 성토구조물로는 고분·토성·제방·대형 건물 등이 있다. 최근 이들 유적의 발굴조 사 과정에서 덩어리 형태의 흙, 즉 토괴를 성토재로 사용한 경우가 다수 확인되고 있어 주목된다. 토괴는 그간 다양한 용어로 명명되었으며 주로 구획과 밀접한 관련을 지니는 것으로 인식되어 왔다. 하지만 용어의 혼용으로 토괴의 명확한 개념 정리가 이루어지지 못했고, 토괴의 사용 양상 에 대한 관행적 해석이 반복됨에 따라 토괴 사용이 갖는 기능과 의미에 대해서 구체적으로 밝혀 지지 못했다. 본고에서는 먼저 토괴의 개념정리 후 토괴 사용이 알려진 유적 27개소를 대상으로 삼아 검토 하였다. 그 결과 고분·성곽·제방·대형 건물 등 성토구조물이라 볼 수 있는 모든 유구의 축조 에서 토괴의 사용이 확인되었다. 다음으로 현대공법과 유적 검토 결과를 참고하여 토괴의 구분 기준을 제시하고, 분류를 시도하 였으며, 사용방법과 기능을 제시하였다. 토괴의 사용방법은 유적의 성격에 따라 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 유구의 성격뿐 아니 라 사용된 토괴의 종류 또한 채토환경의 영향을 받고 종류에 따른 다양한 기능을 얻고자 선택적 으로 사용되었음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 해외 유적 사례 검토를 통해 중국, 일본, 넓게는 서~중앙아시아에서도 토괴가 사용되었 음을 확인하게 되면서 토괴를 사용한 축조기술은 특정지역을 대표하는 것이 아니라 오랜 기간 광 범위한 지역에서 사용되었음을 파악할 수 있었다. 이렇듯 기후조건이 달랐음에도 토괴가 널리 쓰 인 이유는 토괴가 갖는 다양한 기능을 얻기 때문이었을 것이다. 이러한 근거를 통해 성토구조물의 축조에서 토괴의 사용이 갖는 의미를 단순한 운반의 편의성 으로만 볼 것이 아니라 주요 성토기법을 보조하는 하나의 보조공법으로 이해되어야 할 것으로 판 단된다. Korea’s ancient Embankment structures are assemblages a complex of advanced technologies, that is results of reflected in national power. Embankment structures include burial mounds, earthen fortications, embankments and large buildings. In recent excavations involving these structures, there are many cases that have been discovered to have used lump shaped soil, as known as clay clod, and such cases are drawing attention. Clay clods have been named in many different terms and have been thought to have close relationship with dividing sections. But with the mixed use of different terms, clarification of the concept of clay clod was not made and as conventional interpretations on the aspects of usage of clay clods were made continuously, the function and the meaning that the use of soil clods holds were not specifically identied. This paper firstly clarifies the concept of clay clod and examines 27 sites that have been known to have used clay clods. As a result of examination, it was revealed that every features that can be identied as mound structures such as burial mounds · fortications · embankments · large buildings and etc have used clay clods. Nextly, by referring to modern building techniques and the result of examination of sites, this paper renders a criteria to classify soil clods, classifies the soil clods and renders the methods of use and meanings of soil clods. It was found out that the usage of clay clods differs by the character of a site. The type of clay clod that is used is influenced not only by the character of the feature, but also by the condition of the soil collecting, and it was found out that the each types were collectively used to obtain diverse functions. Meanwhile, by examining sites overseas, the paper found out that soil clods were used in China, Japan and also in West~Central Asia and reveals that mounding technique involving the use of soil clods is not something that is limited to a specic region but a widespread technique in many different regions used over time. clay clodwould have been broadly used, despite the climate dierence, in order to obtain dierent functions from it. In this reason, the meaning of the usage of clay clods in the construction of Embankment structures should be understood not just as simplifying the transport of soil, but as an auxiliary construction technique that assists the main mounding technique.

재생혼합토(Tire Shred-Sandy Soil Mixture)로 조성된 도로성토구조물의 장기성능

고태훈(Koh Taehoon),황선근(Hwang Seonkeun),윤성민(Yoon Sungmin),박희문(Park Heemun),이성진(Lee Sungjin) 한국지반환경공학회 2009 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.10 No.5

본 논문에서는 폐타이어 활용 재생혼합토(Tire Shred-Sandy Soil Mixture)로 조성된 도로성토구조물의 장기성능을 평가하고자 현장계측 및 현장시험을 수행하였다. 최대 크기 76㎜의 폐타이어와 사질토를 50 : 50의 체적비로 혼합한 재생혼합토 성토구조물은 도로개통 후 침하, 변형, 온도측면에서 장기적으로 안정된 모습을 보였으며, 특히 FWD 시험결과, 기존 성토재료로 조성된 성토구간의 지지성능과 동등한 수준으로 설계수명을 만족하였다. In this paper, the long-term performance of highway embankment using tire shred-sandy soil mixture as a lightweight fill material was evaluated through the field monitoring and field test programs. A tire shred-sandy soil embankment was constructed to support a four-lane highway in Indiana, which was built with a 50 : 50 volumetric ratio of tire shreds (maximum particle dimension of 76 ㎜) and sandy soil (SP, USCS). After opening of the road for traffic, no noticeable differential settlement and lateral deformation were observed, and no adverse environmental impact on temperature was detected as a result of the construction of the tire shred-sandy soil embankment. Moreover, FWD test results showed that tire shred-sandy soil mixture provides bearing capacity comparable to that of conventional fill and meets the criterion for a design life of 20 years.

강동구 서부지역의 고지형 연구

이성호 한국고대학회 2022 先史와 古代 Vol.- No.68

Pungnaptoseong Fortress and Mongchontoseong Fortress are the capitals of Hanseong Baekje, and many significant achievements have been accumulated. However, despite the high possibility that Hanseong's infrastructure exists, the surrounding area has been developed indiscriminately and has now become so urbanized that even academic access is difficult. In particular, although the embankment of King Gaero, presumed to exist in the surrounding area, was an unprecedentedly large-scale civil engineering facility, it was difficult to find its substance. Meanwhile in the 1925 topographical map, a linear topography was confirmed to the east of Pungnaptoseong Fortress. Therefore, this study focused on the possibility that it was the embankment of the King Gaero and tried to identify it through paleogemorphic analysis. As a result of the study, until it was destroyed after the Korean War this topography was a clay mound that protruded more than five meters from the plain land, and its western slope formed a steep incline, and there was a old stream at the bottom. This shows the relational characteristics of the earthen wall and the moat. This topography extends gently from the Godeoksan mountain to the downstream area of Seongnaecheon stream, and around the east wall of Pungnaptoseong Fortress, there were a rectangular reservoir and a micro terrain that seems to be an old earthen wall. In addition, the ground was a natural thick layer of clay, which became the base for the formation and development of Baekje culture. Although empirical evidence such as relics could not be presented, this study is meaningful in that it identified the original topography that clearly existed around Pungnaptoseong and highlighted the possibility of the existence of the embankment of the King Gaero. This study also contributes to broadening the understanding of Baekje Hanseong from the point of view of natural science. 풍납토성과 몽촌토성은 백제 한성의 도읍으로 그동안 많은 유의미한 성과가 축적되었다. 그러나 그 주변지역은 한성의 기반이 존재할 가능성이 높음에도 불구하고, 무분별한개발이 이루어져 이제는 학술적 접근조차 어려울 정도로 도시화되었다. 특히 주변지역에 있었던 것으로 짐작되는 개로왕대 제방은 유례없는 대규모 토목시설이었음에도 좀처럼 그 실체를 찾을 수 없었다. 그런데 1925년 지형도에서 풍납토성 동쪽에서 선상(線狀)을 띄는 지형이 확인된다. 이에 본 연구는 그것이 개로왕대 제방일 가능성에 무게를 싣고, 고지형 분석을 통해 규명하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 이 지형은 한국전쟁 이후 소실되기 전까지 평야에서 5m 이상 돌출된 점토지형이며, 서쪽 사면은 급경사를 이루었고 그 하부에 구하도가 존재하여 토성벽과 해자의 특징을 나타내고 있었다. 이 지형은 고덕산 방면부터 성내천 하류역까지 완만하게 연장되는데, 풍납토성 동벽 주변에서는 옛 성토구조물로 보이는 미고지(微高地)와 방형 저수지가 존재하였다. 아울러 그 지반은 천연의 두꺼운 점토층으로 백제문화 형성과 발달의 터전이 되었다. 본 연구는 비록 유구와 같은 실증적 증거물은 제시할 수 없었으나, 풍납토성 주변에분명히 존재했던 원지형을 파악하고 개로왕대 제방의 존재 가능성을 부각했다는 점에서의미를 찾을 수 있다. 또한 층서와 토양 등 자연과학적 관점에서 백제 한성에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는데 기여할 수 있었다.

뒤채움 특성을 고려한 개착식 터널 동적 성능 분석

김낙영(Nag-Young Kim),박용석(Yong-Seok Park) 한국지반환경공학회 2011 한국지반환경공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2011 No.9

측방유동 연약지반상 파일슬래브로 보강된 교대의 안정

송영석,홍원표 한국지반공학회 2006 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.22 No.8

A site investigation has been performed for bridge abutments constructed on soft ground, which are deformed laterally by backfill. As the result from the evaluation of lateral movement in bridge abutment, the foundation piles were not considered as the passive pile at the design stage and the period for soft ground improvement was not proper. In order to prevent lateral movement of bridge abutment, the pile slab is proposed as a countermeasure. This method can effectively prevent the lateral flow of soft ground, since the overburden surcharge due to backfill on soft ground would be effectively delivered to bedrock through the piles in soft ground. The instrumentation system is designed and installed to investigate the behavior of bridge abutment on soft ground reinforced by pile slab. The instrumentation results show that pile slab effectively resists to the lateral movement of bridge abutment due to backfill. Also, the surcharge loads due to backfill are transmitted to the bedrock through piles. It confirms that the pile slab effectively resists to the lateral movement of bridge abutment due to backfill and the applied design method is reasonable.

신라 월성 성벽의 구간별 축조 공정과 왕경의 축성 기술

장기명 한국상고사학회 2023 한국상고사학보 Vol.120 No.120

In this article, the construction process was analyzed by dividing Wolseong, a royal castle of Silla, by construction section. By comparing Dodangsan Fortress and Namsan Fortress, it was intended to reveal the construction technology of Silla Wanggyeong. In addition, in order to see if the construction technology of the Wanggyeong Fortress was confirmed in other buildings, the exchange of fortification technology was reviewed by comparing tombs and embankments. Wolseong was analyzed by dividing it into a moat section, a west wall section, and a north wall section, and the preliminary survey of Japanese colonial era and the 2011 excavation survey were used as supplementary data. In view of the section of the west wall and the section of the north wall, it is believed that the built-up wall will be completed after the formation of the base → the central frame → three to four times of extending construction. The basic construction process was the same overall, but the three sections show the construction of the wall using different construction techniques and materials according to the base conditions. In addition, in the moat section and the west wall section, traces of repairs were found two to three times after the wall was built, and the outer wall or inner wall was partially supplemented according to the maintenance situation. As Dodangsan Fortress and Namsan Fortress were built in a way that made hills → built slopes, a different construction technology from Wolseong Fortress was identified. Both fortresses were constructed with a construction method suitable for small-scale earthen fortifications, and as it is estimated to be a political space and a government building, it can be seen that they were efficiently built according to the purpose of construction. On the other hand, although Silla’s stone-mounded wooden chamber was built at the same time, the similarity of fortification technology was captured only in the Hoseok structure, where the functional sector was emphasized, and various construction techniques were shared for each construction process in the embankment.