비판적응용언어학의 지식 전통

신동일(Shin, Dongil) 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2011 영미언어와문화 Vol.2 No.1

This paper reviews the different areas of Applied Linguistics and introduce Critical Applied Linguistics (CAL) to re-value the social and critical dimensions of Applied Linguistics. It also elaborates different theoretical backgrounds behind knowledge, politics, and power of language and summarize four traditions of CAL as follows: first, critical work is only a matter of critical work (liberal ostrichism); second, the radically driven politics is presented but is disconnected from the academic analysis of language (anarcho-autonomy); the third position, however, relates language study to leftist politics (emancipatory modernism); the fourth position views language as already political, but constant questioning of Applied Linguistics is highly valued (problematizing practices). Possible areas of research related to the CAL are also discussed.

예술기호로서의 기억에 대한 연구

염경순(Yom, Kyongsoon) 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2011 영미언어와문화 Vol.2 No.1

Until the early 20th century, most narratives followed a linear form, resembling the pattern of historical consciousness. But Virginia Woolf tried to look for a new form which could survey the methods of conventional fiction. Woolf attempted to overthrow the narrative technique of traditional novel and describe something existing beyond everyday consciousness, the idea of which is connected with Bergsonian ‘duration’ and memory. Memory allows linking current and past experiences in such a fashion that the two reflect upon each other; the present experience is rendered comprehensible by comparison with a previous experience, and the past is renewed and altered by its contact with the present. Memory allows for the time-filled moment of being. In To The Lighthouse, memory takes place as characters recall peculiar scenes from the past in which other characters figure. A good example of involuntary memory, specially regarding the relation between the lighthouse and James occurs in To The Lighthouse. For James, the lighthouse is in one sense an extended metaphor of his own repressed desire, but also stands for his experience of the ambivalence of life itself. The sight of the lighthouse returns him to a painful past, the day on which he felt abhorrence and resentment toward his father. James’s thwarted desire never goes away, and his sense of wonder is still suppressed when he finally makes a voyage to the lighthouse ten years later. However, the man for whom James used to feel an intense hatred is no longer there. What he sees is not an egotistical father-figure but an old man sitting and reading a book. Although James’s misery is still there, he simply chooses to give in and stops thinking about his mother. Ultimately the involuntary recollection here unites James and the lighthouse, in other words, unites him with his mother. His suppressed desire for a voyage and for his mother never perfectly disappears; hence his sense of loss resonates through the text to the end. Having ceased to think about his mother, James can proceed to his destination and complete his identification with his father, in spite of some enduring enmity toward him. The way in which James recalls the beautiful image of his mother and is anxious for reunion with her towards the end of the text recalls the narrator’s unconscious relationship with his mother. James’s recollection is much less intentional, and more unconscious, intuitive and physical. James, that is, does not go beyond the boundary of involuntary recollections. Hence he fails to release himself from the past and from his sense of loss entirely. This is one example through which Woolf suggests that the present experiences of her characters derive their signification from the past, rather than from an interior ‘spiritualization’ of the remembered object. On the other hand, in To The Lighthouse the distance between Lily and the lighthouse seems to represent the space between past and present, but in contrast with the case of James, her completion of the image seems to release her from the past and from her sense of loss. Lily can paint when she becomes closer to the essential self. She asks herself, ‘what is the meaning of life.’ Though the question was simple, ‘the great revelation had never come.’ As Deleuze suggests, the meaning(truth) is never in the impression nor even in the memory, but is identified with ‘the spiritual equivalent’ of the memory’. And that is what Lily seems eventually to achieve through her painting. Lily desperately tries to grasp something, which escapes her. Her anguish, pain and horror resulting from her sense of loss comes and goes many times but finally subsides when she attains the accomplishment of her metaphysical or mediated desire. The solution of the problem of Lily’’s painting here may be the unification of the two opposite leading characters, Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay.

Sexual Politics and Female Sexuality in Gish Jen’s Typical American

Zhang,Yanjun 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2011 영미언어와문화 Vol.2 No.1

In Typical American(1991), Jen tells the stories of Ralph Chang and his intellectual family aspiring to make it into America’s middle and upper classes in the 1950s. She portrays women as resistant to sexism at home and in society. In this paper, I address the stories of women, namely, Helen, Ralph’s wife, and, Theresa, his elder sister, pertaining to their relationship with men in striving for their American dreams of individual freedom and autonomy. I argue that through the conflicts between men and women, Jen presents a tension between the self and family, which symbolizes the tension between her birth cultural value of family unity and her adopted cultural value of individual freedom. Calling for bridging the two cultures, Jen conveys that those who ignore one culture or the other are doomed.

Narrative Gaps, Hermeneutics, and Aesthetic Emotion in Asian American Literature

Oh.Seiwoong 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2010 영미언어와문화 Vol.1 No.1

Despite the growing popularity of Asian American literature in academic circles and beyond, current literary theoretical models fall short of being adequately useful in describing and analyzing Asian American literary texts. This essay first examines potential problems related to the current literary theory about narrative gaps and hermeneutic codes and describes how Asian American writers attempt to bridge the gaps and manage the codes by providing extra-narrative supplements and/or narrative inserts. This essay also examines how the element of aesthetic or narrative emotion works differently in reading multi-cultural literature. The essay concludes by proposing a few guidelines on developing theoretical models that describe and explain the ways in which Asian American literary texts work. For examples, we need to accept the fact that multi-cultural literary texts are bound to be read differently by cultural insiders and outsiders, that sometimes misunderstanding or confusion is part of the reading process, and that readers are to understand the cultural background in order to fully appreciate the text’s density and its aesthetic value.

A Study of Head Act Strategies on Request for Foreign Students in Korea

Shim, Jaehwang 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2011 영미언어와문화 Vol.2 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate pragmatic competence on request for Chinese students in a Korean university. Ten Chinese students participated in this study. Ten DCT items on request were provided for the students and they wrote down the answers in English and Korean expressions in each situation. Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Patterns(CCSARP) coding scheme was used for written responses of request sequences. The dominant strategies in ‘+SD’ situations are mood derivable, explicit performative, Query Preparatory, and suggestory formulae. The strategies are different depending on the degree of speaker’s burden or need at the same social distance. The dominant strategies in ‘oSD’ situations are query preparatory and mood derivable. In ‘-SD’ situations, the dominant strategies are uery preparatory and mood derivable. Most of responses are query preparatory in the English and Korean languages though the expressions of answer are a little different. The Chinese students would choose polite expressions to the stranger in the task of asking direction.

An Optimality-driven Approach to Derivational Choices in English

Moon,Seung-Chul 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2010 영미언어와문화 Vol.1 No.1

This paper aims to provide an optimality-driven account for long-discussed derivational options in English sentences. Another purpose of this study is to examine what kinds of linguistic constraints are involved in accounting for derivational options and furthermore demonstrate that only limited number of well-known universal constraints such as Information constraint, Adjacency Constraint, Stay and Head movement can explain somewhat complicated derivational options with slight change of hierarchy among the constraints. In addition, I illustrate how the best derivational option can be selected by way of optimality-theoretic evaluation process. Finally I attempt to suggest a pedagogical method which can provide an answer to an optionality issues in English.

‘이머의 유일한 질투’(The Only Jealousy of Emer)에 나타난 주인공의 영웅적 희생, 사랑과 증오

김태윤 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2011 영미언어와문화 Vol.2 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to analyze ‘The Only Jealousy of Emer’(1919) rooted from the same subject in Cuchulain of Muirthemne and to explain how he expressed his unique tragic system in this play, differently from his other ones. According to Yeats’ unique tragic system, two opposite heros(or heroines) experience struggles in natural world at first, and then in supernatural world. After the hero winned in real world, he struggles against a supernatural hero who is the opposite in supernatural world again. As this play begins, Cuchulain is now in a state like death on a poor fisher’ house. Emer, his real world’s wife, comes here to return the death-like Cuchulain to the natural (real) world. In this course, Regardless of the jealousy toward Inguba, her opposite of real world, she asks Inguba to help Cuchulain come back real world on account of the hope of Cuchulain’s love coming back to her someday. But she feels jealous only to a woman of the Shide (Fand, who is a goddess of Moon in supernatural world), her opposite of the supernatural world, came to the intermediate area between the natural the supernatural to possess the Ghost of Cuchulain. Although she didn't feel jealous to Inguba, Emer has the feeling od competition and jealousy towards the woman of Shide. And the woman of Shide asks the Ghost of Cuchulain for a kiss of union to achieve a completeness(complete beauty) corresponding to the 15 Moon phase in the theory of the Great Wheel. But at the very point of the union, the Ghost of Cuhulain rejects her asking because of his real world’s memory and Emer. Watching the situation happening in intermediate world, the Figue of Cuchulain hurries to ask Emer for the renouncing love with the returned Cuchulain in real world. Emer falls in a ambivalence of love and hatred. But Emer is forced to cry out the renunciation of love towards the returned Cuchulain as a heroic self-sacrifice. And at last Cuchulain just returns to the real world. But she chooses the renunciation of love with Cuchulain in the real world due to the only Jealousy towards a woman of the Shide as a heroine but she has a ambivalence of love and hatred. So in the viewpoint of Emer, she cries out the renunciation of love with Cuchulain in the real world and falls in a state of a life in death. And the audience feels tragic joy or tragic fantasy and heroic self-sacrifice, a ambivalence of love and hatred in Emer’s state.

Some Thoughts on Wh-Extraction : Cross-Linguistic Variation

Son,Gwangrak 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2011 영미언어와문화 Vol.2 No.1

Wh-NPs are freely extracted out of negation in English, Chinese and Italian, whereas such an operation is systematically barred in Korean, Japanese, French, and German. This paper suggests that the cutting line would be that wh-words in the former languages bear a referential (or D-linked) property lexically, while it is not so in the languages of the latter type.

기독교 영시에 나타난 명사(名詞) 어휘의 빈도수에 관한 연구

차재국 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2010 영미언어와문화 Vol.1 No.1

This study aims to investigate and analyze the frequency of nouns used in English Christian poems so that they can be compared with that of nouns written in the Bible. The 33 Christian poems selected for this study by the netizens who love spiritual poems in the web site were written by 28 famous English and American poets. For the calculation of the frequency of noun forms in those poems, <word frequency counter> was used and <word counter tool> for the whole number of nouns in the 33 pieces of poems. It was found that the nouns which most frequently appeared in Christian poems have significant meaning in the Bible and Christian community. Tow words such as ‘peace’ and ‘God’ enjoyed the most favored nouns by the Christian poets. ‘earth’, ‘day’, ‘men’, ‘world’, ‘Christ’, ‘night’ were the next to ‘peace’ and ‘God’. ‘Angel’, ‘child’, ‘glory’, ‘love’, ‘mother’ had the third priority. It is assumed that Christian poets put high importance on ‘peace’ and ‘God’ in that the Bible equals ‘God’ and ‘peace’ as quoted ‘God of peace’ in five verses of the Bible. However, Christian poets put less importance on the three words like ‘blood’, ‘cross’ and ‘Jesus’ by which we can assume that poets do not have strong redemptive faith in Jesus who shed blood on the cross. Through this study, it was investigated that famous English and American Christian poets except some have assured faith in God of peace, but have very weak redemptive faith in eternity.

TOEIC에 나타난 요청화행 전략 연구

김덕영(Kim, Duk-Young) 중앙대학교 영미언어와문화연구소 2010 영미언어와문화 Vol.1 No.1

This study investigates the strategies of request used in the part of the question and response in TOEIC. The material for this study is from TOEIC conducted in 2008. As is well known, request speech act is frequently used in daily life. Since the head act is an essential factor to realize the speech act of request, the head act is analyzed. In addition, the use of the perspective of request is analyzed. The result shows that the frequency of ‘suggestory formula’ is the highest among the request strategies. The ‘explicit performative’ strategy is never used in TOEIC. In this study, the hearer-oriented perspective is also frequently used as well as the speaker-hearer oriented perspective.