농촌 생활의 과학화에 관한 연구 : 열관리를 중심으로 On the improved utilization of heat energy

경북대학교부설 한국농촌사회연구소 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1972 農村硏究 Vol.- No.5

Ⅰ. 연구 제목 농촌생활의 과학화에 관한 연구 -열관리를 중심으로- Ⅱ. 연구의 목적 및 중요성 당면한 국가적 중요과제의 하나는 농촌생활의 과학화이다. 경제적으로 충족하지 못한 농촌사회에서 오히려 열관리면이 매우 불경제적이란 실태를 직시할 때 이를 중점적으로 조사 연구함으로써 농민들로 하여금 과학적인 생활태도를 획립할 수 있도록 계몽하고, 열의 효율적인 관리방안의 모색과 열기구의 개선을 병행하여 농촌생활의 과학화와 아울러 국민경제 향상에 기여한다. Ⅲ. 연구의 내용 및 범위 농촌생활의 열관리 현황을 조사 분석하고, 열시설, 열기구 및 태양열이용에 따른 연구와 생활의 열관리면을 고찰하였다. 연구의 내용 및 범위는 다음과 같다. 가. 열관리 실태와 문제점 (1) 연료 (2) 부엌 및 아궁이 (3) 굴뚝 (4) 지붕 및 천장 (5) 벽 과 문 (6) 열기구 나. 농촌의 열관리의 과학화 (1) 열시설 (가) 부엌의 조명 (나) 부엌의 환기 및 조명 (다) 부엌구조의 개선 (라) 굴뚝과 통풍 (2) 열기구 (3) 생활의 열관리 (가) 취사 (나) 난방의 문제 (다) 의생활 (4) 예·여열의 이용 (가) 태양열의 이용 (나) 일조량의 계절에 따른 변화 (다) 반사경과 흡수체의 효과 (라) 일조량과 상대습도의 영향 (마) 결과 검토와 일반적 고찰 Ⅳ. 연구결과 및 건의 가. 연구결과 (1) 주 연구 대상지인 경북 상주군 대조동의 열관리 실태를 요약하면 다음과 같았다. (가) 산에서 끌어오는 낙엽이 주 연료였고, 농산부산물인 짚, 왕겨 등이 보조연료가 되어 있었으나, 극히 제한된 범위로 연탄 및 석유가 보급되어 있었다. (나) 5∼8m^2정도의 부엌에 2개 정도의 아궁이가 있었고, 부뚜막이 일반적으로 낮아서 주부의 활동이 비능률적이었으며, 구석에 보관되고 있는 연료는 아궁이 가까이 까지 흐트려져서 화재의 위험성이 수반되고 있었다. 또 부엌은 대체적으로 어두웠고, 목초연료 사용 탓으로 청결성이 결여되어 있었다. (다) 연소효율이 낮고, 열관리면의 배려가 거의 없는 소위 재래식 아궁이가 60%이상을 차지하였다. (라) 굴뚝에 대한 농민들의 인식은 너무 부족하여 굴뚝시설은 거의 없었다. (마) 기와나 슬레이트로 된 지붕이 60%정도로 지붕의 개량사업은 잘 진행되어 가고 있는 반면에 반자지를 바른 방의 수는 겨우 50%정도밖에 되지 않았다. (바) 벽은 전부 흙벽이었고 단열재료를 사용하여 가공한 것은 없었고, 두께는 졸대벽인 경우는 6∼7㎝, 흙벽돌벽인 경우에는 15㎝정도로서 관류열손실(貫流熱損失)이 컸다. (사) 창은 이중으로 된 것은 없었고, 재래식문에 한겹의 창호지를 바른것 들이 대부분이었다. (아) 대부분의 문은 작고 낮으며, 방부피에 대한 창문의 면적은 근대식 가옥에 비하여 충분치 못하다. (자) 열기구의 이용은 지나치게 낙후되어 있었다. 마을 전체에는 12개의 송풍기, 5개의 석유풍로, 2개의 간단한 보온병 등이 있었을 뿐이었다. (2) 열시설 면에서 농촌생활의 과학화를 위한 제언과 결론을 열거하면 다음과 같다. (가) 부엌에 광창(光窓)과 환기공을 만들어 부엌의 평균조도를 높이고 환기를 잘 되게한다. (나) 계량기(計量器)를 사용하는 습성을 길러 부엌생활을 계량화 한다. (다) 굴뚝은 용마루 위까지 높혀서 연소효율을 높혀야 한다. (라) 벽이나 천장에 단열재료를 사용하여 이들을 통한 관류열손실을 적극 막아야한다. (마) 아궁이에는 불 받침쇠 및 뚜껑을 달아서 연소효율을 높이고, 연소 후에 온돌이 쉬식지 않도록 해야 한다. (3) 시판되고 있는 일반형의 솥, 밥그릇, 국그릇 및 보온그릇들에 대한 열적효과를 조사하고 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. (가) 밥그릇의 경우에는 주로 알루미늄 그릇과 스테인레스 그릇을 사용하고 있는데, 이들의 냉각특성이 거의 차이가 없으므로 약간 비싸기는 하지만 수명이 길고 청결하게 보이는 스테인레스 그릇이 결과적으로 더욱 경제적이다. (나) 바람이 없는 곳에서 밥을 지을 경우에는 두꺼운 알루미늄솥 보다는 얇은 알루미늄 남비가 열효율면에서 좋다. (다) 솥이나 남비 밑바닥의 검정칠은 복사성분이 많은 열원에서는 그 효과가 있으나 석유풍로등과 같은 복사성분이 적은 열원에서는 그 효과가 거의 없고, 오히려 검정칠이 두꺼워지면 열량흡수가 작아진다. (라) 남비로 국 또는 물을 끓일 때는 남비 밑면의 검정칠의 영향보다는 뚜껑의 방풍효과가 절대적이다. (마) 보온목적으로 제작되고 있는 뚜껑이 없는 단순한 이중그릇은 실용면에서는 별다른 보온효과가 없다. (바) 일반 그릇에 비하여, 스타이로폼으로 둘러싸인 보온그릇은 3∼5배, 은도금된 진공보온 그릇은 10수배의 보온성을 갖는다. (4) 태양 에너지는, 다음의 조사결과를 고려 할 때, 우리나라 농촌에서 유용하게 이용할 수 있을 것이다. (가) 우리나라의 기후는 추운 계절동안에 일조량이 많고, 일조율이 높다. (나) 태양열의 이용면에 있어서 당일의 일조상태가 계절적인 영향보다 더욱 크게 작용한다. (다) 간단한 장치로 물의 온도를 40∼50℃로 올릴 수 있으며, 이의 포화상승온도는 대기중의 습기량이 많을수록 낮아진다. 그리고 추운 계절동안의 습도는 대체로 낮다. (라) 이러한 결과는 태양열 취사기나 태양솥을 농촌에 도입하기 위한 이상적인 조건에 가깝다. 나. 건의 사항 (1) 벼짚은 연료이외의 용도로 이용하도록 하고, 농가의 연료로는 연탄이나 석유 등과 같은 다른 연료를 사용함으로서의 잇점과 그것의 효과적인 사용방법에 대하여 계몽이 필요하다. (2) 농촌에서 얻을 수 있는 제한된 연료의 과학적인 사용법과, 약간의 비용으로도 열손실을 최소한으로 막을 수 있는 방법에 대하여 계몽이 필요하다. 즉, 겨울철에 있어서 천장, 벽, 문 등을 통하여 손실되는 많은 열을 과학적인 지시과 적은 비용으로 해소할 수 있으며, 적절한 연료와 열기구를 사용함으로써 시간과 노동량을 줄일 수 있는 것이다. (3) 저울이나 계량(計量)컵 들과 같은 간단한 측정기구를 사용하도록 하여 과학적인 생활을 할 수 있는 동기를 마련하여 주어야 한다. (4) 열효율을 높이기 위해서는 적어도 굴뚝은 높게하고, 아궁이에는 불받침쇠를 설치하도록 해야 한다. (5) 농가를 전화(電化)하는 것은 그 생활을 과학화하는 첩경이 된다. (6) 가을과 겨울철에 일조량이 많은 것을 고려할때, 농촌에서의 광범위한 태양열 이용이 강력히 요구된다. Ⅰ. SUBJECT OF STUDY “Modernization of Rural Life-On the improved utilization of heat energy-” Ⅱ. PURPOSE OF STUDY AND ITS IMPORTANCE One of the most important problems which our nation is facing is the modernization of the rural life. In view of the fact that the utilization of heat energy in rural communities is rather ineffective in spite of their low income, it will be of great importance to investigate the present situations of heat management in the rural life. This will be a basis for the education of rural people for the establishment of a scientific way of life. The improvement of the kitchen facilities and utensils and their effective usage will greatly contribute to the betterment of rural life. Ⅲ. CONTENTS OF THE STUDY AND ITS SCOPE The present status of heat management, of heat facilities and appliances in the rural community have been investigated. Also a feasibility study on the utilization of solar energy in our rural communities has been made. The contents of the study and its scope are as follows. (1) Present status of heat utilization and its problems (a) fuel (b) kitchen and fuel hole (c) chimney (d) roof and ceiling (e) wall and door (f) heat appliances (2) Modernization of heat management in the rural community (a) heat facilities 1. kitchen illumination 2. air ventilation of the kitchen 3. improvement of kitchen 4. chimney and gas ventilation (b) heat appliances (c) heat management in everyday life 1. cooking 2. heating 3. clothing (d) pre-and post-heating 1. utilization of solar energy 2. seasonal variation of the sunshine 3. effects of the reflector and absorber 4. effects of sunshine and relative humidity on the attainable temperature rise. 5. results and discussions Ⅳ. RESULTS AND PROPOSALS A. RESULTS The present situations of heat management at the sample village Daejo-Dong, Sangjoo County, Kyungpook Province are summarized as follows. (1) Main fuel is fallen leaves from the neighboring mountains, and some agricultural byproducts such as straw and husks of grain are also used. The use of coal blocks and petroleum is very limited. (2) The kitchen area ranged from 5 to 8m^2 with mostly two fuel holes, and the height of kitchen range is generally too low. The fuel occupies much space and is often too close to the fire. Usually the kitchen is underilluminated and also dusty because of grass-and-wood fuel. (3) More than 60% of the fuel holes are old-fashionde and of low burning efficiency. (4) Chimney is the most neglected part which requires radical improvement. (5) Above 60% of the farm houses are tile-and slate-roofed, however only about 50% the rooms have ceilings. (6) Walls of the farm houses are of clay and adobe with no particular consideration for heat insulation. The thickness of clay wall and that of adobe wall are 6 to 7㎝ and 15㎝, respectively, which are not thick enough for proper heat insulation. (7) No room has a double-window, and most of the doors and windows are pasted with a single layer of sliding-screen paper. (8) Most of the doors are too small and low, and the ratio of door-and-window area to room volume is rather small compared to that of modern houses. (9) The prevalance of heat appliances is very low; there are twelve blowers, five petroleum burners and two thermos bottles in the whole village besides the conventional primitive kitchen facilities. Some measures for the improvement of rural life in heat management are suggested in the following: (1) The kitchen should be equipped with windows and ventilating ports. (2) The introduction of simple measuring instruments into the kitchen is desired; this will bring about scientific attitude in everyday life. (3) The chimney mus tbe raised above roof. (4) Proper insulating materials should be used for ceiling and wall. (5) Fuel holes must be equipped with doors and fire grate, the former will shut off unnecessary air flow after the heating and the latter will bring about effective burning of grass-and-wood fuel. The thermal problems for commercially available kitchen utensils such as kittles, rice bowls, soup pots and thermos bottles are investigated and the results are summarized below: (1) Most of the rice bowls are made of aluminium and stainless steel. The cooling curves of the above mentioned bowls containing hot water are almost the same, there-fore in the long run the stainless steel bowl taking its long life and clean appearance into account is more economical than the aluminum bowl. (2) When wind is not blowing the heat efficiency of thin-walled aluminium pot is better than that of thick-walled aluminium kittle. (3) The sooted kettle and pan have some advantage over unsooted ones when the heat source has high radiation component, but almost no advantage when the heat source such as petroleum burner has little radiation component. (4) When water or soup is heated in a pot, the cooling effect of wind without lid was predominant, thus placing lid on a soup pot is always recommended. (5) The cooling effect of hot water contained in various kind of vessels is predominated by evaporation and convection loss. Thus for the same shape and size of vessels the cooling is almost independent of the materials and thickness. (6) Double-walled neng-myon (cold noole) bowl has no practical heat insulating effect. (7) The heat-keeping property of styrofoam insulated bowl and that of thermos type bowl are about three to five times and about ten times, respectively, that of ordinary bowls. Taking the following results into account the utilization of solar energy in our rural communities will be practical. (1) The climate of our country is characterized by its long total hours of sunshine and high sunshine factor especially during cold seasons. (2) Shinyness of the day has predominant influence upon the utilization of solar energy over the seasonal temperature variation. (3) With simple apparatus utilizing solar energy the temperature of water can be easily raised up to 40 to 50℃, and the attainable temperature rise is high when the relative humidity is low. During the cold seasons the relative humidity of our country is rather low. (4) These conditions are almost ideal for the introduction of solar cooker and solar oven to our rural communities. B. PROPOSALS (1) Stronger emphasis should be placed upon the utilization of grasses and wood besides as fuel. An educational program is recommended for the advantages and effective usage of other fuels such as anthracite and petroleum. (2) Scientific ways in the utilization of limited heat energy and inexpensive ways in the minimization of heat loss in rural life should be demonstrated. The heat loss during winter time through ceiling, walls and doors can be greatly reduced with some scientific knowledge and little economic burden, and also time and labor can be saved with the proper usage of fuel and kitchen utensils. (3) The introduction of simple measuring instruments such as balance and measuring cups will motivate the scientific way of life. (4) Heat efficiency will be much improved if chimneys are heightened and the structure of the fuel hole is modified to employ fire grate. (5) Prompt realization of the electrification of rural communities is urged to facilitate the modernization of rural life. (6) Considering the rather long total hours of sunshine during fall and winter times. widespread utilization in the rural community of solar energy is strongly recommended.

洛東江流域開發의 經濟的 社會的 效果分析

慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1972 農村硏究 Vol.- No.5

This study is designed to analyze the effects of development of the Naktong River Basin on the economic and social development of that region, and also to point out some important policy-making propsals which can promote the development of the Basin more effectively. For this study we adopted four study methods: (1) an examination of the relevant literature, (2) field investigations at some important points within the basin area, (3) statistical and analytical examination of collected data, (4) consultation with the UNDP Naktong River Basin Survey Team. Using these four study methods we tried to arrive at the most dispassionate and scientific conclusions possible. The main content of this study report will be summarized for each of its six chapters. In the first introductory chapter we explained the scope of the study and our approches to the study program as well as the aims and importance of this study. In the second chapter we surveyed the water resources of our country in terms of rainfall, runoff and flow coefficient, and also examined the relation between available water rosources and the present and future trends of the total national water demand. In the third chapter we observed not merely the aspects of rainfall, runoff and geomorphology of the Naktong River Basin, but also the industrial characteristics of the area. From this observation we conclude that the Naktong Basin area is one of the best areas for farming where the double crop system is adopted. In the fourth chapter we attempted to analyze the effect of the development of the Naktong River Basin on the economic development of the basin region, which includes two provinces, Kyongsangbuk-do and kyongsangnam-do. First of all, on the agricultural side, we can expect Naktong Basin development to cause: (1) better flood control and improved irrigation and drainage, which greatly increase crop yields, (2) an extension of drainage and irrigation facilities which will allow the basin area to adopt the double crop system, bringing a remarkable increase in land productivity, (3) the introduction of improved farm technology such as improved seeds and fertilization, which will bring about full benefits from the basin development. But here it should be stressed that to secure all of these results on land the farmers must participate in the great task of basin development freely and enthusiastically, and they must adopt the new scientific knowledge of agricultural technology on the basis of their own progressive spirit. On the other hand we can also expect basin development to have many effects on the industrial development of the basin region:(1) the rich supply of industrial water provided by the basin development will serve the rapid industrialization of many industrial zones around the basin, (2) the construction of multi-purpose dams will serve to promote the industrial development of these zones by supplying electric power, (3) we can expect the indirect effect of industrial development in bringing about an increase in the farmer's income level. At present Kyongsangbuk-do province has a plan to construct three industrial regions: the main industrial belt zone of Pohang-Yongchon-Taegu-Kumi-Kimchon, the northern industrial zone of Andong-Yongju, and the eastern seaside industrial zone of Pohang-Ulchin Kyongsangnam-do province also has similar plans: that province intends to construct industrial regions in the Ulsan-Pusan, Masan-Chinhae and Chinzu-Samchonpo zones. In connection with these plans, the problem of supplying these industrial zones with industrial water is becoming a matter of great urgency. Furthermore the non-industrial demand for water is also rapidly increasing as urbanization proceeds hand in hand with industrialization. Therefore, the development of the Naktong River Basin is now of great necessity. In short as the economic development of the basin region proceeds more rapidly, both the necessity for and benefits from the development of the Naktong basin increase. In the fifth chapter we dealt with the problem of analyzing the impact of basin development on the social development of the Naktong basin society. Recently government policy for the social development has been carried into effect to some extent. Indeed it is true that the government has made some efforts to extend the facilities for social welfare, that is, electrification of rural villages, construction of houses, hospitals and schools, and the establishment of waterworks and sewers. However, these efforts havenot been enough in number to stimulate rapid social development, and among these government efforts no targets are included to improve the qualitative side of social development such as to reform the social structure, to change the traditional attitudes of inhabitants and to relieve the social tensions among the social classes. Unlike these government efforts the participation of inhabitants in the great task of development of the Naktong River Basin can promote the social development of regional society both quantitatively and qualitatively. Here especially the importance of the qualitative side of social development must be emphasized in connection with regional development. For the progressive spirit and the willing, cooperative attitude of inhabitants in their way of thought or daily work must have the leading role in regional development. So it should be emphasized that for the Naktong Basin development to have full effect on the social development of the regional society, the inhabitants of the region have to be induced to participate in the great task of the basin development freely and enthusiastically. How to induce them to move in that direction is the most urgent problem we are now confronted with. One of the effective methods of solving this problem is, we think, to extend the movement of “creating new villages (village modernization)” to the task of the Naktong River Basin development. Finally in the concluding sixth chapter we presented some important proposals which are suggestive for policy-making on the basis of the analysis and observations we have described in detail in the preceding chapters.

시범과학 농촌의 조성에 관한 연구

慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1970 農村硏究 Vol.- No.2

Ⅰ. 연구 제목 시범과학 농촌의 조성에 관한 연구 Ⅱ.연구의 목적 및 중요성 농촌의 근대화 과업의 추진을 위한 표본적 역할을 담당하게될 시범 과학 농촌의 조성을 위하여 실제로 낙후된 부락을 선정하고 정확한 실태를 파악하며 검토한 후, 근대화 내지 과학화의 실제적이고도 구체적 방안을 모색 수립코자 한다. 특히 농가 주택의 개선은 농촌생활과 농업경영의 근대화를 위한 기반을 이루는 것이므로 가장 적절하다고 생각되는 주택계획에 관하여 검토·연구 하려고 한다. Ⅲ. 연구의 내용 및 범위 농촌생활 및 농업경영의 전반에 관한 실태의 검토를 토대로 하여 의, 식, 주에 관한 모든 생활의 과학화, 주택 개선, 선정된 지역의 잠업 발전을 위한 잠실개량 및 영농의 과학화를 위한 실제적 방안의 연구등을 그 내용 및 범위로 한다. 이것을 세분하면 다음과 같다. 가. 서론 나. 농촌 생활의 과학화 (1) 농촌 생활의 근대화를 위한 원칙 (2) 의생활에 관한 사고 방식과 그 실제 및 개선 방안 (3) 식생활에 관한 사고 방식과 그 실제 및 개선 방안 (4) 주생활에 관한 사고방식과 그 실제 및 개선 방안 다. 농가 주택의 과학화(1) (1) 농가주택 개량을 위한 목표 (2) 생활과 영농을 위한 주택 (3) 주생활의 방식에 관한 문제 (4) 살기 좋은 농가주택 설계의 방향 (5) 농가 주택 설계의 모형 라. 농가 주택의 과학화 (2) -작업장(잠실)에 관하여 (1) 잠실의 필요성 (2) 잠실이 갖추어야할 요건 (3) 잠실의 환경 (4) 잠실 구조상의 요건 (5) 저상실(貯桑室) (6) 보통 잠실과 간이 잠실 (7) 잠실 설계의 모형 마. 농가 소득 증대를 위한 경영 진단 (1) 농업경영 분석 (2) 경지면적과 경지 규모별로 본 농가호수 (3) 농가의 재산 및 그 가족 지표 (가) 규모별 농가 가족 지표 (나) 농가 자산과 재산 (다) 농업 조수익 (라) 농업 경영비 (마) 농업소득 및 농가소득 (바) 가계비 (사) 농가경제의 잉여 Ⅳ. 연구 결과 및 건의 가. 생활 과학화 부문 (1) 연구 결과 (가) 근대화를 위한 사고방식의 요점 (나) 의생활의 개선 방안 (다) 식생활의 개선 방안 (라) 주생활의 개선 방안 (2) 건의 사항 (가) 계몽 지도 사업의 실제화 및 장구화를 위한 지도 체제의 확립과 육성 (나) 각종 생활상의 공동 시설 및 문화시설의 설치를 위한 적극적인 시책 나. 주택 개선 부문 (1) 연구 결과 (가) 주생활 근대화를 위한 원칙과 실제적 방안 (나) 새로운 주택의 모형 설계 (다) 새로운 잠실의 모형 설계 (2) 건의 사항 (가) 주생활 방식의 근대화를 위한 계몽 지도 체제의 확립과 육성을 위한 시책 (나) 건축 자재의 자급 및 제조를 위한 공동시설 설치에 대한 행정적, 재정적 후원 또는 원조 (다) 건축 기술의 계몽 지도를 위한 시책 (라) 농가주택 및 잠실 개량을 위한 자금조달 및 융자 제도의 확립 다. 농업 경영 부문 (1) 연구 결과 (가) 전근대적 영농 실태의 파악 (나) 농가소득 증대를 위한 원칙 및 방안 (2) 건의 사항 (가) 장기적이고도 실질적인 계몽지도를 위한 지도체제의 재정비와 강화 (나) 농자금의 원활한 유통 및 시설의 재검토와 강화 (다) 토성 개량 및 관배수 시설의 행정적, 재정적 지원 (라) 치잠공동 사육용 공동뽕밭의 설치 Ⅰ. Subject of Study: A Study to Bring Up a Model Scientific Rural Community Ⅱ. Purpose and Importance of Study: This study is to aim at seeking the practical schemes for the modernization of our rural communities by means of making a field survey and investigations on a traditional farming village, for the purpose of planning and developing a scientific rural community which would play a model role in promoting the great task on the modernization of rural communities. Especially we placed stress on the planning to build a new farm-house which would be most adequate and convenient for farmers to live in and to make farming works, because the betterment of housing in rural communities should be the basis for the modernization of rural living and agricultural management. Ⅲ. Contents and Scope of Study: Through the investigation on the actual circumstances of farmers' living condition and farming operations, we wanted to find appropriate measures for the modernization of farmers' living, the betterment of farmers' housing, the improvement of silkworm houses in the selected village, and the scientific methods for agricultural management. The detailed contents and scope of this study are as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Modernization of farmers' living (1) principles for the modernization of farmers' living (2) clothes condition and habits and the way to better them (3) food condition and habits and the way to better them (4) living condition and way of thinking on home and the way to better them 3. Modernization of farm-house (Ⅰ) (1) principles for the betterment of farm-house (2) farm-house for living and farming (3) problems on dwelling (4) direction for a comfortable farm-house design (5) a model farm-house design 4. Modernization of farm-house (on silkworm house) (Ⅱ) (1) need for a silkworm house (2) conditions of a silkworm house (3) circumstances of silkworm house (4) storeroom for mulberry leaves (5) conditions for the structure and facilities of a silkworm house (6) an ordinary silkworm house and a simplified one (7) a model silkworm house design 5. Diagnosis on the management and schemes for increasing farm income (1) analysis on agricultural management of the selected village (2) number of farming houses, and their area and scale (3) property of farms and their family characteristics 1) family characteristics viewed by farming scale 2) assets and property 3) gross agricultural income 4) expenses for agricultural management 5) agricultural income and farm income 6) domestic expenses 7) surplus in farm economy Ⅳ. Results of Study and Proposals: 1. Modernization of living (1) results: 1) cleared the main points of the way of thinking for modernization 2) way to better the clothing life 3) way to better the food life 4) way to better the housing life (2) proposals: 1) to establish and improve a guiding system of substantial enlightenment and instruction for rural people 2) to take positive measures in establishing of the cultural accommodations and public equipments for rural living 2. Betterment of farm-house (1) results: 1) principles and actual directions for the modernization 2) model new farm-house design 3) model new silkworm house design (2) Proposals: 1) to make policy to establish and improve a guiding system for enlightenment and instruction on the modernization of housing life 2) to support to establish the public equipments for making and supplying building materials 3) to take measures for guiding and instructing architecture 4) to establish the financing system for the betterment of farm-house and silkworm house 3. Agricultural management (1) results: 1) examination on the actual circumstances of farm operation 2) principles and measures for increasing the farm income (2) proposals: 1) re-organization and improvement of the guiding system for practical and long term instruction 2) to re-examine and improve the financial system for agriculture 3) to give support and aid, administratively, financially, for establishing the water planning and land improvement institutions 4) to establish the public breeding facilities for young silkworm and the public mulberry field

農村人의 生活向上과 人間關係의 改善 : 體育과 레크레이션을 中心으로 from the point of view of physical education and recreation

崔榮活 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1968 農村硏究 Vol.- No.1

1. The Characteristics of an Agricultural area and its people. 2. The tragic history of Korean farmers. 3. The improvement of rural life. a. an increased income and betterment of living stundards. b. the crackdown on unreasonable old practice and superstition. c. the facilities for physical education. d. the facilities for cultural education and treatment of juvenile deliquency. 4. The betterment of human relations through physical education and recreation. 5. Conclusion. a. the awakening of the farmers. b. an adequate agricultural policy to enrich the farmers. c. betterment through cultural facilities. d. the betterment of human relations of the farmers and health and happiness through physical education and recreation.

영남지역 축산단지 조성을 위한 자원조사

慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1970 農村硏究 Vol.- No.3

Ⅰ. 연구 제목; 영남지역 축산단지 조성을 위한 자원족사. Ⅱ. 연구의 목적 및 중요성 유휴지 활용으로 농민 소득을 증대함과 아울러 국민의 체위 향상을 위한 정부시책에 따라 국내 각지에 축산단지 조성 사업이 매우 활발히 진행되고 있으나, 사업 의욕에 반하여 기성 축산단지들이 많은 실패를 거듭하고 있다. 이것은 축산단지 조성에 앞서 조사 하여야 할 사항들을 충분히 갖추지 않았는데 그 원인이 있었다고 할 수 있다. 즉 우리 나라는 기후 조건 기타의 여건으로 축산선진국에 비하여 단위 면적당 초생산량이 적으므로 현재까지의 단지조성 적지로 선택될 수 있는 오건으로써 사료 자원 확보에만 치중하여 왔으나 사료자원이 아무리 풍부하다 해도 단지내에 기생하는 내외 기생충에 대한 구충 방안의 확립없이는 좋은 결과를 얻기가 어렵다고 생각됨으로 유휴산지가 많은 영남지방에 있어서 1) 사료자원 확보와 2) 이와같은 후보지내의 가축 기생충의 분포 및 종류에 관한 조사와 피해 조사가 이룩됨으로써 단위 면적당 초 생산고가 낮은 우리 나라에서도 축산단지 조성이 순조롭게 진행되리라 생각된다. Ⅲ. 연구의 내용 및 범위 이미 행정부에서 한우 단지로 선정하여 둔 지역 중에서 4개처를 선정하여 다음의 각 항에 대하여 조사하였다. 1. 지역별 야생초의 식생 조사 및 분류 2. 지역별 야생초의 생태 조사 및 성분에 대한 조사 3. 위에서 선정한 4개 지구와 기타 지역에 대해서 소와 양에 기생하는 중요한 내부 및 외부 기생충의 분포 조사 및 분류와 아울러 그 감염을 조사 4. 비육단지로써 좋은 결과를 얻고 있는 울릉도 지역과 내륙 지역과의 기생충에 대한 감염율의 비교 조사 Ⅳ. 연구 결과 및 건의 본 조사 연구에서 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 중요 야생초의 분포 현항은 가. 분포가 가장 많은 야초로는 Poaceae에 속한 새(Arundinella), 억새(Miscanthus), 솔새(Themeda), 잔디(Zoysia)와 Fabaceae에 속한 매듭풀(Kummerowia), 비수리(Lespedeza)였다. 나. 심산 일수록 초장이 깃 새, 솔새 등의 Poaceae에 속하는 야초와 만성 관목인 칡이 많았고 야산일수록 초장이 낮은 잔디, 조개풀과 같은 Poaceae에 속한 야초와 매듭풀, 비수리와 같은 Fabaceae에 속하는 것이 많았다. 2. 야생초의 생태학적 연구 및 성분 분석에는 가. 새의 개화 시기는 7월 10일∼7월 22일, 억새는 8월 12일∼8월 25일. 솔새는 7월 26일∼8월 2일로서 4개 조사 지역마다 개화 시기에 10일간의 차가 있었고 생장은 5월에서 9월 사이에 왕성하였으며 9월 이후부터는 완만하였다. 나. 섬바디(Dystaenia)는 울릉도에서 평균 30∼50%의 피도로 분포되어 있으며, 유효성분 함량은 타 야초와 별 차이가 없으나 가축의 기호성으로 보아 중요 초자원이 될 수 있을 것이다. 다. 보리밥나무(Elaeagnus)는 단백질 함량이 높고 콩과 목초에 비해서는 단백질 함량이 낮으나 일반 야초 중 우점성이 큰 포아풀과 야초에 비해서는 단백질의 함량이 월등하므로 동계(冬季)청초 사료로서는 그 가치성이 인정된다. 3. 소 및 양에 기생하는 중요 기생충의 분포 조사는 가. 본토 사육 축우에 있어서 (1) 간질의 감염율은 23%이며 그 종류는 Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, F. indica의 3종이었다. (2) 취질의 감염율은 50%이며 그 종류는 Eurytrema pancreaticum 및 E.coelomaticum의 2종이었다. (3) 선충류의 감염율은 41%이며 그 종류 및 감염율은 Ostertagia ostertagi(18%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (10%), Oesopagostomum radiatum (31%), Strongloides papillosus (11%), Trichostrongylus axei (14%), Haemonchus spp. (6%)등 6종이었다. (4) 진드기의 감염율은 조사 결과 67%로 나타났으나 이것은 실제적인 문제에 있어서 인위적으로 구충되는 경우가 많으므로 실제로는 거의 100%의 감염율을 나타낸다고 보는 것이 타당할 것이다. (5) 파이로프라즈마의 기생율은 97%의 고율이며 원충의 종류는 소형과 대형의 두 종이 확인 되었다. 나. 울릉도 사육 축우에 있어서는 (1) 간질 (1.5%) (2) 취질 (9%) (3) 선충류는 Ostertagia spp. (3%) Bunostomum spp. (5%) Oesophagostomum spp. (12%) Strongyloides spp. (1.5%) (4) 파이로프라즈마 17% (5) 진드기 1.5%로 나타났으며 본토 축우의 경우에 비하여 현저한 차이가 있음을 확인 하였다. 다. 산양 및 면양에 있어서는 선충류 92%로 극히 고율이었으며 흡충류(간질 및 취질)은 8%로 대조적이었다. 4. 건의 사항 건의 1. 본 연구 결과에서 나타난 바와같이 초자원이 아무리 풍부할지라도, 초지(草地) 위생에 대한 근본적인 대책이 강구되어 있지 않으면 방목지로부터 감염되는 내외 기생충으로 인한 피해를 방지 할 수 없을 것이다. 그러므로 막연한 공동 방목을 권장하기 이전에 정책적으로 구충제 사용을 전제로 한 축산단지 조성책이 수립되어야 할 것이다. 2. 우리 나라에서 보다 더 이상적인 축산단지가 이룩되자면 다음과 같은 연구가 필연적으로 장기 계획에 의하여 이루어져야 할 줄 안다. 가. 내외 기생충의 예방, 치료 방법 확립. 나. 기생충 생태 연구로서 초지 위생법 확립. 다. 윤환 방목 방식 확립. 라. 울릉도 야생초 중 목초로써 유망한 종류의 울릉도내에서의 증산 방안 강구와 본토에서의 적응성 조사. Ⅰ. Subject of Study Studies on Exploitation of the Field Grasses and on Parasitic Problems for Livestock Farming. Ⅱ. Purpose and Importance of Study In order to lmprove people's eonomical State and health condition, the government has been making efforts to develop livestock farming by means of cultivating discarded fields and hills for a meadow. Neglecting exploitation of the field grasses and parasitic problems of the domestic animals, however, the government efforts did not bring out successful results. Therefore now we convinced ourselves that exploitation of the field grasses and control measures of the animal parasites must be done beforehand. The present studies were performed mainly on distribution and identification of animal parasites and field grasses in Kyungpook district to offer basic data for setting up a plan of development in livestock farming. Ⅲ. Contents and Scope of Research Work. 1. Distribution and identification of the field grasses. 2. Ecology and components of the field grasses. 3. Distribution and identification of parasites in the cattle, sheep and goats. 4. Epidemiology of parasites in Kyungpook-proper and Wol-Rung island, 5. Distribution of the parasites in the sheep and goats. Ⅳ. Results and Proposals Results of the studies were summarized as follows: 1. Distribution and identification of the field grasses a. Dominant species of the grass in the selected area a) Doninant species of Miscanthus Type are; Miscanthus purpurascens Arundinella hirta Themeda japonica b) Dominant species of Zoysia type are; Zyosia japonica Arthraxon hispidus c) Dominant species of Lespedeza type are; Lespedeza cuneata Kummerowia striata b. Distribution of the dominant species according to the kinds of field grasses a) In high mountainous grassland * Dominant species of Miscanthus type are; Miscanthus purpurascens Arundinell hirta Themeda japonica * Dominant species of Vine Bush Type is; Pueraria thunbergina b) In low mountainous grassland * Dominant species of Zoysia Type are; Zoysia japonica Kummerowia striata * Dominant species of Lespedeza type are; Kummerowia striata Lespedeza cuneata 2. Ecology and components of the field grasses a. The flowering periods of three different plants were as follows: Arundinella hirta; from 10, July to 22, July. Miscanthus purpurascens; from 2, Aug. to 25, Aug. Themeda japonica; from 26, July to 2, August. b. The growing status of these three kinds of plant were as follows: Arundinella hirta was rapid in growth from May to July. Miscanthus purpurascens from May to Aug. Themeda japonica from June to Sept. Thereafter their growing rate were retarded. c. General coverage of Dystaenia takesimana in the mountains of Wol-Rung island was from 30 to 50% during the growing period. The nutritional ingredients of Dystaenia were almost equal to that of the other grasses, but the cattle like to graze particularly this grass. d. Elaeagnus macrophylla, being a evergreen plant with high percentage of protein contents in it's leaves, is available to feed cattle for a winter season. 3. Distribution of parasites in the cattle, sheep and goats. An epidemiologic survey on the parasites of cattle, sheep and goats raised on the Kyungpook area was conducted by means of Polyethylene tube culture, faecal examination and inspection of slaughtered cattle from March to November 1970. The results obtained are as follows; a. Among 475 heads of cattle investigated at Taegu Abattoir, 109 cattle (22.9%) were infected with Fasciola species(three kinds of large, small and intermediate types of Fasciola species). These different species were detected from the patients. These large, small and intermediate types were identified morphologically as Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola indica respectively. b. Among 475 heads of examined cattle, 236 heads (49.7%) were found to be infectde with Eurytrema species. Two different species of Eurytrema pancreaticum and Eurytrema coelomaticum were detected from the infected cattle. c. Infection rate of parasitic round worms of 163 Korean cattle were 40.5%. From the imfected cattle, 6 different kind of worms were detected. Infection status of each worm were as follows; a) Ostertagia Ostertagi 18.1% b) Oesophagestomum radiatum 30.7% c) Trichostrongylus axei 13.5% d) Strongyloides papillosus 11.0% e) Bunostomum phlebotomum 10.4% f) Haemonchus spp. 6.1% respectively d. Infectious status of Tick in Korean cattle raised on Kyungpook area were 66.9%. Among 1807 Ticks collected, 1787 Ticks (98.6%) were Boophilus spp. and 20 Ticks (2.4%) were Haemaphysalis spp. In addition to Tick, external parasite of Sarcoptes scabiei were detected from 7 cattle (1.1%) of 653 cattle surveyed. e. Among 298 heads of cattle examined at Taegu abattoir, 290 cattle (97.3%) were found to be infected with piroplasma. two kind of small and large types of piroplasma were detected from the patients. 4. Distribution of parasites in Wol-Rung island were as follows; Among 65 examined cattle, Fasciola spp. 1.5%, Eurytrenia spp. 9.2%, Ostertagia spp. 3.1%, Bunostomum spp. 12.3%. Strongyloides spp. 1.5%, Piroplasma 17.1%, and Tick were 1.5%. 5. Distribution of the parasites in 52 sheep and goats were Haemonchus spp. (55.8%), Oesophagostomum spp. (71.1%), Ostertagia spp. (7.7%), and Eurytrema spp. (7.7%). Proposals 1. The results obtained from these studies are indicating that it is impossible to get good effect in livestock farming without sanitary control of grass field, and control measures of animal parasites. 2. To manage livestock farming-unit more effectively, the following points must be noticed. a. Establishment of a method of sanitary control of grass field through biologic and epidemiologic studies of animal parasites. b. Application of rotation pasteuring method. c. Studies on the transplanting in Kyung pook proper and increasing production at the Wol-Rung island of Dystaenia and Elaeagnus which are only growing on the island.

農村社會學의 硏究動向

韓南濟 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1971 農村硏究 Vol.- No.4

This thesis is to outline the study of Rural Sociology in America. E, Brunner indicates that there appears to be four periods in the development of rural sociology in the United States. The first was the period preceding the Purnell Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1925. The second period extends from about 1925 until the Great Depression. The third period extends from the beginning of the depression until the end of World War Ⅱ. With the end of world war Ⅱ the fourth period began and it is still in progress. The leading topics to which rural sociologists have devoted their attention over the thirtyyear period (1936-1965) can be checked as follow. (1) community (2) education (3) attitudes (4) data collection and data presentation techniques (5) diffusion (6) migration (7) personality (8) policy and planning (9) measurement (10) family (11) health (12) urbanization (13) research and theory (14) population trends (15)farm labor (16) rural life problems (17) stratification (18) description and theory of social organization (19) status and prospects of rural sociology (20) participation and leadership.

主要農産物流通過程에 있어서의 中間商人의 生態와 機能

夫光植,馬鎭浩,金泰榮 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1971 農村硏究 Vol.- No.4

1. Introduction The General Problems of the Middlemen in the Marketing process of the Agricultural Products in Korea The purpose of this study is to analyze and clarify the status and function of the middlemen in the marketing process of the main agricultural products in Korea. In general, the marketing process of the agricultural products in Korea is to greatly inefficient state for reasons that the marketing subjects are usually of too small sized scale and unorganized, and still have so much pre-modern characteristics, and their marketing functions are still in unspecialized state; also there are many defects in institution and policies for the promotion of marketing and fair dealings. In addition, such external factors as the poor facilities of communication and transportation, lacks of financial support system and the unskilled technique of physical distribution, etc. are also to be counted as the important causes of inefficient marketing. All of these causes of inefficient marketing not only interrupt the reasonable distribution of agricultural products but also act disadvantageously upon the farmer's income, price stabilization and the abundant consumption of agricultural products. Also these causes and defects form the basis of the pre-modern action and behavior of the middlemen, which makes their problem more complicated. Here in this preliminary chapter we try to observe some significant phenomena which always come into question in relation to the problem of middlemen in the marketing process of agricultural products. A typical organization in the marketing process of agricultural products in Korea is that of merchants. But in general the various kinds of middlemen in the markets of both production and consumption places are mostly small merchants whose functions are not specialized but rather so complicated that they are not yet organized or systematized according to their functions. So the various functions of selling and buying, physical distribution, sales promotion and so forth performed by these merchant organizations are usually carried out in the pre-modern way. For instance the middlemen in the market of production places are used to do unfair dealings on quantity or price of commodities by taking advantage of the ignorance of agricultural producers on market information or professional knowledge of dealings. Of course we can see the same state of affairs between the middlemen and consumers in the market of consumption places. And, worse still, the organizations of the middlemen in the process of physical distribution such as packing, transportation and processing are also extremely so defective that almost no one makes effects to improve the quality of commodities or the technique of preventing losses and wastes in the process of transportation or storage. These circumstances give unfavorable effects on the consumption promotion, wide distribution and the adjustment of seasonal supply of agricultural products. Particularly, in case of fruits or manufactured products of livestock which are perishable, we can see these circumstances more obviously. Moreover, though the central wholesale market or many other public markets have paid more attention to making physical facilities or places for the promotion of dealings, in reality it is the general state of affairs that most of these facilities are inefficient and inadequate, and many of them are getting worse and worn-out. Particularly, in case of the central wholesale market of grains, it has not been yet institutionalized to organize the speculative merchants besides above defects. Therefore there thrive the unfair and speculative actions through buying-up, unwillingness to sell and price manipulation, etc., which are usually carried out by the middlemen such as brokers, wholesalers or consignment salers. As a result, the equilibrium of the supply and demand of grains in Korea can not be realized in wholesale processes and therefore the prices of grains are always at the mercy of seasonal fluctuations. Next in the viewpoint of marketing functions, the various functions such as standardization, financing, risk charging and market information, etc. in the marketing process of agricultural products have not been yet normalized in the direction of estabishing the marketing order to the advantage of both the producers and consumers. And thus these functions are doing their distorted functions to make the middlemen or the usury profitable. In the first place, considering the problem of the standardization or regularization of agricultural products, not only the fairness and rapidity of dealings, but also the incentives for farming and selling by the differentiated prices are much obstructed, for, on actual activities of dealings, the dealing units and grades of agricultural products are lacking in their unities or standardizations. Secondly, as for the problem of financial function in marketing process, it is indispensable for the promotion of marketing to supply money to the merchants. Nevertheless, in Korea the money supply to the merchants is in great shortage, because the industrial manufacturers have a priority to get loans from the banks. Therefore, most of the merchants, who are petty and poor in their capital power, run into the personal usury debts. These usury debts of the middlemen in their business activities not only encourage their speculative activities or unfair competition and dealings, but only encourage their speculative activities or unfair competition and dealings, but also transfer the increment of marketing cost by the higher interest to the burden of producers and consumers. On the other hand, the money supply to the agricultural producers is also so insufficient that the big merchants very often do the function of money supply in place of financial organizations such as banks or agricultural cooperatives and make the agricultural producers often sell their products before a harvest. Thirdly, as for the function of risk charging, the merchants of Korea are doing their business under the speculative factors, especially under the price risk. Furthermore, even in big wholesale markets these speculative merchants are not institutionalized to act openly, so that they get loss very often from the price fluctuation and shift this loss to the burden of producers or consumers who are ignorant of the market information or prices. Finally some words must be said about the function of market information which is one of the most important factors to promote and normalize the dealings. As the producers and the middlemen in Korea have not yet the functions to collect and treat their own specialized informations, all the necessary informations can't be transmited to them rapidly. These market informations must be transmited rapidly and exactly to all the people concerned such as producers, every kind of merchants, transporters and consumers, etc. to be used by them at any time. Only by doing this the competition in dealings can be encouraged much more, and the monopolistic and speculative activities can be eliminated. However, there are not any adequate systems to transmit the market informations to those people. Therefore, their judgment of prices is always in uncertaintly and this causes not only the discrepancy of supply and demand, but also the speculation. In the above we have observed some basic problems which usually come into question in relation to the problem of the middlemen in the marketing process of agricultural products in Korea. In the following chapters we will survey and analyze the status and functions of the middlemen in the marketing processes of gains and fruits which are the most typical among all the marketing processes of agricultural products. However, this English summary is to present the mere essential part of our study which is written in Korean and completed in the perfect form. 2. The Status and Functions of the Middlemen in the Marketing Process of Garins Recently, as grain shortage has become serious, the middlemen are blamed for making excessive profits. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the behavior and functions of the middlemen in the marketing process of grain, and to see whether the middlemen should be blamed for their behavior. And then one may ask if the grain shortage become more serious by the behavior of the middlemen. Lastly, one may also suggest how the present marketing system should be reformed. In recent years, Korea, has to import some hundred-thousands metricton's of grain annually, and it costs over one hundred million dollars. It is believed that the grain shortage is partly due to the increase of demand, but it is more fundamentally due to the stagnation in the productivity of grain. One can not see any upward trend in annual rice production during the decade of the 60's, although one can notice some fluctuations owing to the natural weather conditions. Many causes for the stagnation in rice productivity might be suggested, but one of the most important causes is the deterioration in the terms of trade of rice products. This unfavorable position of farmers in their transaction brought about the decrease in the relative money income, and in turn, it hampered the inducement of investment, delayed technological innovations, and again, let farmers depend only on the old primitive agricultual management. And yet, one must take note of the fact that in spite of the deterioration in the terms of trade of farmers, the wholesale price of grain at cities have risen faster than the wholesale prices of the other commodities. One may reasonably explain such contradiction as caused by the seasonal oscillation in grain prices. The grain prices usually mark a sharp fall during several months after the harvest, when it is still in the possession of farmers, but rise up sharply after the most of grain is handed over to the middlemen from farmers. Thus, the rise of grain price at cities pushes up the living cost of working forces, and it in turn pushes up production cost of manufacturing, the prices of manufactured commodities, and the farmer's purchasing prices. As a result of such a cost-push inflation, the terms of trade of farmers have been deteriorated. So long as the seasonal oscillations of grain prices are not controlled, we can not expect to improve the terms of trade of farmers, and thereby increase the supply of grain. On the other hand, however, there is one group of people who do not want the drastic fluctuation of grain prices to be moderated. This group is the middlemen in the grain transaction. Originally, the very function of middlemen was to make producers contact with consumers, to make the circulation of grain smooth, to adjust supply and demand of grain, and to set up the market price of grain. They earn margin in the process of circulation as a remuneration for performing these functions. However, they have never been satisfied with normal margins, and they have been used to pursue endless excessive profit whenever they catch an opportunity to do so, and dare to commit any kind vicious deed for their purpose. Since this is their behavioral pattern, they would not want the grain prices to be stabilized. Whenever the grain prices are fluctuating drastically, they can speculate on a price rise, and also may get some excessive commercial profit. It may be said that the grain prices, in Korea, have not been determined in accordance with the cost of production, but in accordance with the amount of marketable grain. While the seasonal fluctuations and price elasticity of demand is little, the supply of grain is very competitive owing to the disorganization of farmers and to the production of grain being carried out simply as the livelihood of farmers. Thus, the grain prices, in Korea. would be easily handled, if one may regulate the marketable quantity. Under such condition, Korean grain market is very easy for middlemen to make a speculation. Among the middlemen, some big consignees hold considerably great amount of commercial fund, with which they finance forward or backward to suit their marketing line, and there has been a kind of organized vertical line system, and in this system all kinds of middlemen cooperate closely each other. That is to say, the whole marketing lines from gathering to distribution, in which the big consignees take charge of the core of the group, have been composed in Korea. There are considerably many groups like this, and they, sometimes, may compete each other, but they do not always compete; they are, frequently, combined each other to pursue some common profit. When their efforts combined, the Korean grain markets are almost entirely handled by them. If the middlemen, whose desire is only to pursue excessive profit, holds the manipulating power of the marke, one would easily suppose what the result would be like. There should only be a drastic oscillation of the grain prices. It is evident that the effect of such a price manipulation done by middlemen might be furious in a bad harvest year. For example, the seasonal price oscillation in 1963 was about 131 per cent in that year. Towards the end of the 60's, however, when the grain shortage became serious, the Korean government could not help importing more grain, and interfered in grain market more actively. Owing to such a government policy, the drastic price oscillation of grain have been moderated to a certain degree, and the profiteering of the middlemen have also been diminished a little. But, as the quantity of grain sold by the government was not enough to sweep out the middlemen's market manipulation completely, there has occurred another type of profiteering by the middlemen. This new type of excessive profit made by middlemen have been brought by the fact that there is a certain gap between the selling price of government owned rice and the actual market price, so that the middlemen used to disguise the government owned rice as privately-owned rice, and sell at the market price which is considerably higher than the selling price of the government rice. It is a very strange phenomenon that the middlemen, not consumers, get a great excessive profit by selling the government-owned rice which are supplied to stabilize the market price of grain to relieve livelihood of consumers. One may say that such an ill-founded policy is due to the misunder-standing by the government officers about the behavior of the middlemen whose motive of dealing is only to make profit, and to their easy thinking that if the supply of government-owned grain is increased, the price should be easily get to the stabilization, so that the middlemen's marketing system may be sufficiently useful. One may point out that it is very foolish to depend on the middle's marketing system without a certain elaborate counter-measure to stabilize the grain price. Since the behavioral pattern of the middlemen, to begin with, tend to pursue endless profit, any they are used to doing immoral transactions, one should not depend on them, rather deprive them of their manipulation power of the market and should set up a new distribution system which is managed for the national interest, and not for profit motive. Finally, one may propose a reformed system of grain distribution as follow. (1) Divide the administrative work regarding grain into two parts: (a) planning and (b) operation, and establish a new government office (it may be called Grain Administrative Office) which will undertake the later business only. (2) The new office sets up its own distributing net works which will be supervised by itself, while the gathering organizations can still be the existing Agricultural Cooperative Association system to save the government expenses. (3) If the new office undertake only the partial control of grain and sell rice only at the time of shortage, as done at present, the business volume of the new office is too little to save the government expenses and it can not bring about efficient price stability. So that, it should be expected that the proposed new office might sell the government-owned rice all the year round at three major cities, Seoul, Pusan, and Taegu. (4) Since about ten million Suks of rice are necessary to meat this purpose, the government needs to charge forward to contract or allocate the amount with farmers in addition to the imported rice. (5) As an enormous fund is necessary to purchase such a vast quantity of rice, and there might be a dangerous to provoke an inflation when the enormous fund is poured into circulation in a short time, it would necessitate the government to purchase rice every day of the year. At the same time, the purchased rice should be sold at once in the above mentioned three big cities, and the returned fund will be used for the further purchasses. (6) To make the government purchase the equivalent amount in each month during the year, the government should adopt some method: (a) an advance delivery system―granting purchase funds to farmers before they hand over the rice to the government, (b) varying the government purchasing price according to the time of the purchase; that is, the later purchasing time is, the higher the price, so that the farmers would not concentrate in selling their grain at a certain time of the year, for example, soon after the harvest, and at the same time the middlemen would not be able to induce their immoral behaviors. (About 20 per cent differences in purchasing price might be enough.) (7) The price of rice sold by the government should be fixed throughout the year at a level in which the operating costs are added to the original purchasing price. If, however, the burden of government expenses becomes heavy because of the increased costs of the latter, the selling price might be set a little higher so that the burden of of the government expenses may be lightened. It has been the attempt of this paper to analyze the behaviors of the middlemen, and to point out that their behaviors contribute to the worsening of the Korean grain shortage, and then to propose an immproved system in the distribution of rice. Here, one should like to emphasize that if we want to make the grain shortage relieved, the government should take off the middlemen's power of manipulating grain market and take charge of the responsibility tos tabilize the market directly. At the beginning the operation should start in three big cities, and later extend the policy to the other cities along with the increasing of the government revenues. In the long run, it may be expected to carry out the Dual Grain Price System, which is the best way to induce the increase of farm products, and to exclude the violence of the middlemen and thereby one hopes to stabilize livelihood of citizens. 3. The Status and Functions of the Middlemen in the Marketing Process of Fruits 1) Foreword Fruits are one of the indispensable food for Koreans. As the income of people increases and the level of food life uprises, the demand of fruits also increases. And we see a steady growth of fruits production every year. Though the fruits industry has the promising ground as a growing industry, in reality many of unreasonable factors in the marketing process are disturbing the rapid growth of this fruits industry. Therefore in this chapter we have attempted to study the unreasonable factors which usually come out in relation to the behaviors and functions of the middlemen in the marketing process of fruits, and to present some better policies for the improvement or removal of there unreasonable factors. 2) The Structural Characteristics of the Fruits Marketing. Comparing with other agricultural products, fruits are very perishable ones. And their freshness is indispensable factor to the value of fruits as commodities. To keep their freshness, the system of speedy distribution must be established. Therefore, the distribution of fruits is usually carried out through the large wholesale market. But structurally the production and consumption of fruits are in small scale. So, it is difficult for an individual producer to transport the small quantity of his products directly to the consumer market. Such a situation gives the middlemen a chance to participate in the distribution process. On the other hand, consumers don't have dealings in the wholesale market because the quantify of their dealings is very limited. This, too, makes the middlemen come to intermediate between the wholesale market and consumers, and do their role to distribute the fruits to the consumers. In a word, the fruits arrive at the hands of consumers through the three steps, that is, collection, intermediation and dispersion. The large wholesale markets operate as a center of collection and dispersion. 3) The middlemen in the Marketing Process of the Production Place. Those who take part in the marketing process of the production places are mainly the producers, merchants and the agricultural cooperatives. Their status and functions can be summarized as follows. <The Producers> The farmers are not only the producers but also the sellers of fruits at the production place. So they are the persons concerned in the marketing process at the beginning. By a survey it was proved that the average size of the management per household is from 5 Banbo to 1 Cheongbo (200-300 acres), which are so small as the units of fruits production. More than 70% of fruits producers are in debt to the merchants. Agricultural machines are not used for their cultivation. And they are lacking in the storage facilities. This has an unfavorable effect on the marketing process at the production place. In fact, the capacity of the storage facilities in Kyung-pook district can store now the mere 30% of fruits which are necessary to be stored. Somentimes the producers sell their fruits in the consumers' market by themselves. But lack of money, knowledge on the market, and necessary expenses of storage, selecting, packing and transportation hinder them to sell their products at the consumers' market with the exception of the farmers whose fields are located nearer to the market. In case of Kyungsan county, 30% of all products are sold by the producers themselves. So it is quite natural that the merchants have come to do the important role in the marketing process at the production places. It should be, however, pointed out that the merchants control the producers in premodernistic way by taking advantage not only of their lack of money and knowedge on the market, but also of their traditional customs. This fact gives rise to a serious problem. <This Merchants at the Production Place> The merchants at the production place may be classified as the consignment merchant, the collection merchant or pedlar and the agricultural cooperatives at the production place. The amount of fruits sold by the consignment merchants in about 25% of all products but that of the agricultural cooperatives is only 5%. The consignment merchants at the production place have relatively sufficient money and various facilities, and they have dealings with the merchants of the large consumers' market who sometimes give the former financial helps. The commission of consignment sale is usually 2 or 3% of fruits prices. On the other hand, the collecting merchants come into the production place from many places in the harvest season and purchase fruits from the consignment merchants or directly from the producers. As they buy fruits in cash, the needy producers tend to sell their products to this kind of merchants. But recently these collecting merchants are handing over their places to the consignment merchants. The sales through the agricultural cooperatives also has been insignificant because of the strong linkage between the producers and the merchants at the production places and the insufficient money supply of agricultural cooperative. Finally it must be pointed out as an important fact that the producers sell their products before the harvest. The big merchants supply money fund to the needy fruits producers and get the right to purchase all of the products at extremely low price. This custom acts on the producers disadvantageously. 4) The Middlemen in the Marketing Process at the Consumption Place. Fruits reach the hands of consumers passing through the various hands such as the central wholesale market or the common sales market of the agricultural cooperative, the brokers, the appointed dealers, the wholesalers and the retailers. Here we are to study the status and functions of these middlemen in the marketing process of the consumption places. <The Large Wholesale Market> There is only one central wholesale market in one city where the city government is located. It does the function of collecting the fruits from the production places and that of selling at an open auction to the buyers. By brokers we mean the merchants who are qualified to participate in the auction at the central wholesale market. The brokers transfer the fruits to the wholesalers or to the retailers by getting some commission. The facilities and the services of the central wholesale market are so bad that it can not perform its original functions. Comparing with the quantity of the fruits that the big consignment merchants deal with, that of central wholesale market is very limited because of the lack of its close linkage with the producers or collecting merchants. In Seoul city, only about 20% of all fruits imported from the production places are transacted at the central wholesale market. Commission of services is 7%, but in case of apples it is 6%. The common sales market of agricultural cooperative does the functions of collecting the fruits from the affiliated cooperatives of production places or the collecting merchants and producers, and of selling them at auction to the wholesalers or retailers. This common sales market has the better and larger facilities than the other wholesalers, and it affords favorable price to both the producers and consumers. However it can not give financial support in advance to the producers sufficiently, comparing with the case of other merchant. In Seoul, about 20% of all fruits imported from production places are dealt with at the common sales market where the commission of transaction is 6%. Next, we are to mention on the other merchants at the consumption place who perform the similiar functions. Having long experience and career, they have strong linkage with the merchants at the production place. They lend them money without interest, and get the exclusive right to purchase the products. About 60% of all apples imported to Seoul are transated by the hands of these merchants. It takes usually 3 or 4 days to pay for the fruits, and the commission for their services is 7 or 8%, 1% of which is paid back to the sellers as a bounty. Some of the merchants pay even for the travelling expenses of these sellers who come from the production places. <The Wholesalers and Retailers> The wholesalers have their own stores in the wholesale market at a city. Most of them are the brokers working at the central fruits market, the appointed dealers of the common sales market of agricultural cooperative or the brokers working for the big consignment merchants. They sell their fruits to the retailers or the local merchants in the country by wholesale, or sometimes to the consumers by retail. The margin they get is about 10% when they sell to the retailers. But when they sell to the consumers they get 15% of margin. In this marketing margin, such expenses as carriage, packing, personal expenditure and the business tax are included. On the other hand, the retailers are those who perform the functions of the final process of marketing, where they always deal with the consumers, According to the form of sales shop they may be classified as a storeretailer, a stand retailer, a peddlar, a small shop retailer, the retailer in train and the saler in the department, etc. Usually they are small merchants, most of whom are grocers. They sell fruits to the consumers by retail. Their margin is usually about 20%. Now, the important problems involved in the marketing process at the consumption place are : firstly, the central wholesale market and the common sales market of Agricultural Cooperative do not have yet enough facilities to take possession of the business of other similar merchants; secondly, the employees of these public markets are the salaried men who act very passively as compared with other similar merchants; and thirdly, in the view point of ability the brokers who belong to the central whole sale market or the appointed dealers who belong to the common sales market are inferior to the wholesalers who have tight linkage with the above mentioned merchants who do the similar functions at these markets. Another important problem is the fluctuation of price through the year due to the lack of facilities for refrigeration to keep the freshness of fruits. This gives damages both to the producers and consumers. Finally, it is also a serious problem that the inadequate function of market information causes the fluctuation of price and that the unreasonable margin of marketing fosters the speculative actions evermore. 5) Concludings Remarks The first of the important problems to be solved in the marketing process of fruits is to equalize the quantity of sales through the year to prevent the concentrated sale just after the harvest. To solve this problem it is necessary for the producers to have sufficient facilities for storage and to get more financial helps from the banks or public finance sources. It will be also necessary for the producers to have the rapid and correct informations of the market. Next problem is to prevent the speculative actions of the middlemen in the marketing process of fruits. This problem may be solved by the improvement of facilities and services of the central wholesale market, that is, by the larger and more speedy dealings. If this is possible, the speculative middlemen will be eliminated from the marketing process steadily. In other words, the central wholesale market should be helped to perform its function to control the quantity of supply and demand of fruits more completely and to fix the proper price system. Finally it should be pointed out that the standardization of dealing unit and the regularization of qualities are also the basic tasks to prevent the speculative actions and illegal dealings of the middlemen. Consequently, in order to solve these basic problems, the government must take some measures to meet the situation. In short, if the government can make up the institutional basis for the fair dealings, and does its best to improve the facilities or the external factors of dealings, and at the same time it can organize the speculative merchants insttutionally to be controlled, the unorgainized merchants will be weeded out from the process of competition and the problem of disturbing the marketing process by the middlemen will be also solved accordingly.

家蠶 正反交雜種 形質에 關한 硏究

金潤植 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1968 農村硏究 Vol.- No.1

蠶種製造에 있어서 正交雜種과 反交雜種을 반드시 製造하며 이것은 次代蠶의 形質에 큰 差異가 없을 뿐더러 經濟的으로도 正反交雜種間에 顯著한 差異가 없으므로 오늘날과 같이 雨交雜原種의 雌蠶이나 雄蠶을 버리지 않고 蠶種製造에 利用하는 것이다. 그리고 正反交雜種에 關한 硏究는 많으나 現行 우리나라 奬勵蠶品種의 正反交雜種間의 여러 가지 形質을 考察한 試驗成績은 없으므로 이것을 檢討코자 本硏究를 實施한다. In the silkworm egg production, direct crossing strains and inversed crossing strains can be used because of the same female and male ratio in the silkworm. Genotype of two strains are the same while phenotype of that are greatly differ in accordance with their parents. Amounts of produced eggs, for instance, are not affected by male parent but by characteristics of female parent. In the past years, when reared F₁produced by crossing of Univoltin and Bivoltin was differed in the economic problems between direct and inversed crossing strains. But recently F₁reared from crossing between Bivoltin showed no differences in the measuring characters. In the other word, researchers of Japan on this problem reported that there was no differences in the economic problems. The author studied on the number of newly hatched silkworm. required period of rearing, ratio of decreased silkworms per 1 gram of newly hatched silkworms and number of cocoons, weight, weight of cocoon layer, ratio of cocoon layer per 1 Ltr of cocoons and total amount of yields cocoon between direct and inversed crossing strains silkworm from 1967 to 1968. The author could not find any differences between reciprocal crosses.

印度의 農村地域社會開發과 그 問題點

金泰榮 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1971 農村硏究 Vol.- No.4

Community development programme is highly significant for rural India, for they believed that rural development can be brought by promoting community development programme. Major concerns of this paper are (1) general setting, (2) aims, contents and octivities of the programme, (3) administrative organization at national, local and village level, and (4) problems of the programme. Conclusions are drawn: (1) lack of popular porticipation, (2) the monopolised share of the benefit by the village elite.

농산물유통론의 분석방법 : 미국의 연구 동향

이정호 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1971 農村硏究 Vol.- No.4

As we know well, we have many things to learn from the rich experiences and most advanced studies of the marketing process of agricultural products in America. The marketing theories of agricultural products in America have been developed basically on the view point of realizing the social justice, that is equality and growth. I observed these theories from the sides of two periods, one is formation period in the first half of the 20th century and the other is the reformation period in the second half after that. Those theories in the formation period pursued and described their methodology only from a point of view of physical side of distribution process of agricultural products. On the other hand the theories in the reformation period have been attempting to make up their methodology from the micro-economic point of view which concerns the economic activities of individuals. Therefore, the theories in the reformation period, which are still now prevailing, are developing on the basis of the modern price theories and the theories of industrial organization. But in my conclusion I emphasized that the methodology of marketing theories of agricultural products can be completed more perfectly by including not only the micro-economic point of view, but also the macro-economic and even the social economic approaches.