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비동기적 소프트 에러율을 활용한 레지스터 파일의 신뢰성 향상 방안
고요한(Yohan Ko),이경우(Kyoungwoo LEe) 한국정보과학회 2011 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.38 No.2A
As technology scaling soft errors induced by external radiation are becoming a big concern in micro-architecture. In particular a soft error is harmful to microprocessor since it propagates erroneous states to other components of processors. Since data in register files are read and written by CPU frequently we can protect register files against errors (including soft errors) by exploiting Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) or Error Correction Code (ECC). However these technologies incur high overheads in terms of area cost access time and power consumption. In this work we exploit the feature of asymmetric error rates in soft errors at SRAM (different soft error rates between 0 and 1 in bit values) and propose a simple micro-architecture for register files by adding inverters to increase the number of more stable bit values in registers. Our experimental results show that our proposal can reduce soft error rates by 15% on average over a suite of benchmarks with minimal overheads in terms of performance power and area.
민간지원수단 ODA(Official Development Assistance) 계상 방법과 KOICA에의 함의
고요한 ( Yohan Ko ) 한국국제협력단 ODA도서관 2023 국제개발협력 Vol.2023 No.2
The Official Development Assistance (ODA) reporting methodology for Private Sector Instruments (PSIs) was recently finalized. It includes criteria for the ODA eligibility assessment of PSI vehicles, a number of safeguards to ensure the ODA eligibility of individual PSI activities, and a methodology for PSI loans, mezzanines, equities, and guarantees to be accounted for as ODA. To report PSI ODA, a PSI vehicle must first pass the ODA eligibility assessment process. Donors must then report both the grant equivalents and cash flows for individual PSI transfers from the PSI vehicle to the recipient country's private sector, as well as the intra-governmental transfers. To ensure the integrity of PSI ODA data, the quality of additionality information for individual PSI activities will be subject to special scrutiny, with mechanisms to reduce ODA amounts, if necessary. Institutional and instrumental approaches will remain in place. However, a lock-in period will be applied for switching between the two methods. ODA amounts for PSI loans, mezzanines, equities, and guarantees will be reported on a grant equivalents basis, and the discount rate for calculating grant equivalents will be differentiated by instrument, with higher discount rates for instruments with a greater risk of default. New codes in the “Co- operation modality” and “Type of flows” reporting field have been established for the classification of the PSI data. “PSI flag” and “Additionality type” reporting fields have been refined. There is consensus regarding the need to publish a biennial PSI ODA data analysis report and to collaborate with other OECD working groups to prevent the overstatement of ODA for certain instruments. With this finalization of the PSI ODA reporting methodology, it is expected that the amount of PSI ODA reported by donor countries will continue to increase. For KOICA, which does not deal with non-grant instruments, reporting PSI ODA may not be an area of interest. However, KOICA may consider providing capital to PSI vehicles as a way of expanding its business area, responding to its growing ODA budget. If so, KOICA will need to be prepared in advance by developing guidelines for additionality assessment, establishing a system for reporting individual PSI activities and familiarizing itself with the PSI ODA reporting methodology.