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Decoding the spectra of SDSS early-type galaxies: new indicators of age and recent star formation
Rogers, Ben,Ferreras, Ignacio,Lahav, Ofer,Bernardi, Mariangela,Kaviraj, Sugata,Yi, Sukyoung K. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.382 No.2
<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to a sample of early-type galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in order to infer differences in their star formation histories from their unresolved stellar populations. We select a <I>z</I> < 0.1 volume-limited sample comprising ∼7000 early-type galaxies from SDSS/Data Release 4. Out of the first few principal components (PC), we study four which give information about stellar populations and velocity dispersion. We construct two parameters (η and ζ) as linear combinations of PC1 and PC2. The four components can be presented as ‘optimal filters’ to explore in detail the properties of the underlying stellar populations. By comparing various photospectroscopic observables – including near-ultraviolet (NUV) photometry from Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) – we find ζ to be most sensitive to recent episodes of star formation, and η to be strongly dependent on the average age of the stellar populations. Both η and ζ also depend on metallicity. We apply these optimal filters to composite spectra assembled by Bernardi et al. The distribution of the η component of the composites appear to be indistinguishable between high- and low-density regions, whereas the distribution of ζ parameters have a significant skew towards lower values for galaxies in low-density regions. This result suggests that galaxies in lower density environments are less likely to present weak episodes of recent star formation. In contrast, a significant number of galaxies from our high-density subsample – which includes clusters (both outer regions and centres) and groups – underwent small but detectable recent star formation at high metallicity, in agreement with recent estimates targeting elliptical galaxies in Hickson Compact Groups and in the field.</P>
Zymomonas mobilis for Fuel Ethanol and Higher Value Products.
Rogers, P L,Jeon, Y J,Lee, K J,Lawford, H G SPRINGER VERLAG KG 2007 ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING BIOTECHNOLOGY Vol.108 No.-
<P>High oil prices, increasing focus on renewable carbohydrate-based feedstocks for fuels and chemicals, and the recent publication of its genome sequence, have provided continuing stimulus for studies on Zymomonas mobilis. However, despite its apparent advantages of higher yields and faster specific rates when compared to yeasts, no commercial scale fermentations currently exist which use Z. mobilis for the manufacture of fuel ethanol. This may change with the recent announcement of a Dupont/Broin partnership to develop a process for conversion of lignocellulosic residues, such as corn stover, to fuel ethanol using recombinant strains of Z. mobilis. The research leading to the construction of these strains, and their fermentation characteristics, are described in the present review. The review also addresses opportunities offered by Z. mobilis for higher value products through its metabolic engineering and use of specific high activity enzymes.</P>
Human and Machine Translators - A Vision of 2020 -
Roger T. Bell 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2007 통번역학연구 Vol.10 No.2
다가오는 새로운 밀레니움의 세계는 양적으로든 질적으로든 지난 천년과는 완연히 다른 모습을 띠게 될 것이다. 우리의 조상들이 지금 우리에게 일어나고 있는 일들을 상상조차 할 수 없었듯이, 우리의 향후 세대에서는 우리로서 상상할 수도 없는 일들이 벌어지게 된다는 것이다. 사람들의 일상적인 삶 뿐만 아니라 우리와 같은 언어 서비스 제공자들의 직업 양태도 놀라운 변화를 겪게 될 것이다. 1907년에 살았던 사람들 중 누구도, 불과 백년 후에 전세계 체스게임에서 기계가 승자가 되고, 기계가 시를 쓰고, 그림을 그리며, 음악을 작곡하고 연주하며, 맹인들을 위해 큰소리로 글을 읽어주고, 청각장애자를 위해 말을 글로 바꾸어주며, 외국어 교육에 참여하고(computer- aided language learning: CALL), 번역을 지원하며 (computer-aided translation: CAT), 인간만이 할 수 있는 마지막 보루로 여겨져 왔던 통역분야에까지 (computer-aided interpretation: CAI) 진출하게 될 것이라고는 상상도 하지 못했을 것이다. 본 논문의 주 목적은 언어서비스 제공자(특히 통역사와 번역사)들에게 앞으로 그들의 업무 수행에 있어 컴퓨터 통신 기기들이 얼마나 중요한 역할을 담당하게 될 것인지에 대한 인식을 제고시키는데 있다. 이 시점에서 짚고 넘어갈 중요한 문제는 현재 사용되고 있는 기계 번역 도구들이 얼마나 정확하고 효율적으로 작동하는가, 그리고 그 한계점들은 어떻게 극복할 수 있는가 하는 것이다.