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Enhanced Efficacies of Ginsenoside Compound K conjugated with Polymers in cancer cells
Ramya Mathiyalagan,Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam,Prabhu Muthusamy,Deok Chun Yang 한의병리학회 2015 대한동의병리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although numerous anticancer drugs are available, their lack of tumor-targeting and low water-solubility are major drawbacks to use in cancer treatment. Conjugation of anticancer drugs with water-soluble polymers has been exhibited increased water-solubility of hydrophobic drugs, reduced normal cell cytotoxicity, increased accumulation in tumor tissues by passive targeting, and enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. This study, we used ginsenoside compound K (CK) which is triterpenoid found in oriental medical plant- Panax ginseng Meyer. CK is one of the major metabolite after oral administration of crude extracts, reaches systemic circulation and reported for various pharmacological activities. However, solubility and targeted delivery is the major drawback to use of CK in clinical trials. We attempted to developed polymer CK conjugates to enhance its solubility and targeted delivery. To this, hydrophobic CK was covalently conjugated to the hydrophilic glycol chitosan (GC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) through an acid-labile ester linkage. The resulting GC-CK and PEG-CK conjugates were characterized by H NMR and FTIR. It formed self-assembled spherical shape nanoparticles in water. The conjugates were greatly increased solubility of CK. From in vitro release experiment, release of CK was enhanced under pH 5, whereas it was dramatically decreased under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) is similar to what would be expected in extracellular solid tumor tissues and intracellular endosomes and lysosomes. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that conjugates exhibited higher cytotoxicity in HT29, HepG2, and HT22 cell lines and maintained good cell viability in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that these conjugates may be potentially useful as a tumor-specific delivery vehicle which may enhance the overall efficacy of CK.
Orchid floral volatiles: Biosynthesis genes and transcriptional regulations
Ramya, Mummadireddy,An, Hye Ryun,Baek, Yun Su,Reddy, Kondreddy Eswar,Park, Pue Hee Elsevier 2018 Scientia horticulturae Vol.235 No.-
<P>Floral scent and colour are key trait for many floricultural crops. Floral volatiles are biologically and economically important plant derived compounds and they play vital role in pollinator attraction, plant defense and interaction with surrounding the environment. Orchidaceae is one of the largest and most widespread families of flowering plants, with more than 25,000 species. Orchids are one of the most significant plants in ecologically adopted every habitation on earth. Floral volatiles is not limited in its role to pollinator attraction, it's widely used for perfumes, cosmetics, flavourings and therapeutic applications. Even though biochemistry of floral volatiles is still new field for investigation. Due to importance of the plant biology orchid floral scent research were deeply needed. Analysis of the biosynthesis mechanisms involved in floral scent is necessary to understand the fine-scale molecular functions and to breed to new cultivars through floral volatile genetic engineering approaches. Now a days many researchers developed floral scent models in plants. However, little is known about the pathways responsible for floral scent in orchids, due to the long life cycle and large genome size. Only some terpenoid pathways were reported in orchids. In this review, we mainly concentrated orchid floral volatile regulation and compounds synthesis responsible pathways. Moreover,we mentioned emission of orchid floral volatiles and their function in pollination ecology. This information will provide a basic information on orchid floral scent research.</P>
Insilico profiling of microRNAs in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer)
Ramya Mathiyalagan,Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam,Sathishkumar Natarajan,Yeon Ju Kim,Myung Suk Sun,Se Young Kim,Yu-Jin Kim,Deok Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.2
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of recently discovered non-coding small RNA molecules, on average approximately 21 nucleotides in length, which underlie numerous important biological roles in gene regulation in various organisms. The miRNA database (release 18) has 18,226 miRNAs, which have been deposited from different species. Although miRNAs have been identified and validated in many plant species, no studies have been reported on discovering miRNAs in Panax ginseng Meyer, which is a traditionally known medicinal plant in oriental medicine, also known as Korean ginseng. It has triterpene ginseng saponins called ginsenosides, which are responsible for its various pharmacological activities. Predicting conserved miRNAs by homologybased analysis with available expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences can be powerful, if the species lacks whole genome sequence information. In this study by using the EST based computational approach, 69 conserved miRNAs belonging to 44 miRNA families were identified in Korean ginseng. The digital gene expression patterns of predicted conserved miRNAs were analyzed by deep sequencing using small RNA sequences of flower buds, leaves, and lateral roots. We have found that many of the identified miRNAs showed tissue specific expressions. Using the insilico method, 346 potential targets were identified for the predicted 69 conserved miRNAs by searching the ginseng EST database, and the predicted targets were mainly involved in secondary metabolic processes, responses to biotic and abiotic stress, and transcription regulator activities, as well as a variety of other metabolic processes.