노걸대 3종 판본 내 중국어 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성에 대한 통시적 연구

( Maeng¸ Junghwan ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.95

본 논문은 원명청(元明清)대에 걸쳐 출판된 노걸대 3종 판본을 바탕으로 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성의 역사적 변천 과정에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 노걸대는 당시 구어체 북방 관화를 기록한 자료로써 원대부터 청대에 이르기까지의 언어적 변화를 담고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 노걸대 3종 판본을 코퍼스 자료로 사용하여 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성을 분석하였다. 형태론적 생산성은 각 명사 형태소가 생성해낼 수 있는 새로운 어휘의 종류의 수를 바탕으로 측정되었다. 분석 결과 -儿이 원대부터 청대에 걸쳐 가장 높은 생산성을 지니고 있는 것으로 판명된 반면, 명사 접미사 -子와 -們의 경우 이 기간 동안 생산성이 지속적으로 감소하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 형태론적 생산성과 어휘화의 밀접한 관련성에 대한 실증적 근거를 제시함과 동시에 형태론적 법칙을 통해 생성된 어휘와 어휘 목록에 등록된 어휘가 서로 독립적인 영역에 속해 있음을 시사하고 있다. This study focuses on the historical change in the productivity of Chinese nominal suffixes based on three versions of Laoqida (老乞大) published in the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods respectively. Because Laoqida transcribes spoken Chinese language at the time and also reflects language change over time spanning from the Yuan to Qing period, it serves as a corpus database that allows us to examine the premodern spoken Chinese language. Using Laoqida as a corpus database, this study used hapax-based analysis to examine morphological productivity of the nominal suffixes (-zi, -er, -men) under investigation based on the number of novel expressions created by each suffix. The findings of the study show that -er remains as the most productive suffix throughout the Yuan-Qing periods whereas the productivity of -zi and -men continues to decline over the same periods. The results of the study suggest that the morphological productivity and the lexicalization of derived words are closely associated with each other. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that lexicon and morphology should be considered as two independent domains.

C-NMR Spectroscopy에 의한 Olefin-Vinylchloride 공중합체의 tacticity에 관한 연구

맹기석,황택성 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1990 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.5 No.1

Homo PVC and olefin-vinylchloride copolymers have been prepared by free-radical copolymerization at 60℃. Molecular weights of PVC and copolymers have been caracterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and C-NMR. We are used to calculate the tacticity shifts in the C-NMR spectra of PVC and copolymers by Bovey first order Markov statistics. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with isobutylene, propylene from 1.58 to 8.0mol% olefin, is found to random arrangment by ??C-NMR spectroscopy. The values of molecular weights of the copolymer ranged from 2.38 to 7.03×10⁴, measured by GPC. It was found that both the degree of conversion and molecular weight decreased in accordance with the increase of comonomer ratio in the copolymer.

Pd(X)(COPh)(PPh₂)₃(X=Cl,Br,NCS,CN)와 Pd(CN)(COPh)(N-N)(N-N=en,R-pn)의 합성과 성질

정맹준,도명기 嶺南大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1996 基礎科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

Oxidative addition products, trans-Pd(X)(COPh)(PPh₃)₂(1) is obtained from the reaction of tetrakistriphenylphosphinoPalladium(0) complex and benzoylhalides, XCOPh(X=Cl,Br,NCS,CN), and the structure of these complexes were identified from the UV, IR and ?? spectral data. We found that the stretching vibration energy of the carbonyl group is CN < MCS < Cl < Br and it was depending on the type of X which is in trans position to the carbonyl in the complex 1. We also investigated the formation of the chelate complexes relate to trans influence of carbonyl group in the starting complex 1. It was found that chelate complexes, Pd(X)(COPh)(N-N)(N-N=en, R-pn)(2) were formed, when X is CN, by the reaction of bidentate ligands such as ethylenediamine(en), or R-propylenedamine(R-pn) with complex 1.

19세기 말 동아시아 전쟁에 대한 일본인의 '왜곡된' 기억 : 동학농민전쟁과 청일전쟁을 중심으로 the Donghak Peasant War and the Ching-Japanese War

박맹수 한국역사연구회 2004 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.51

In this research, the Japanese people's memory of the 19th century wars, such as the Donghak(東學) Peasant war or the war between the Chinese Ching dynasty and the Imperial Japan, which were all triggered by the blatant invasion of the Japanese during the late 19th century, will be examined. In chapter 1, the fact that there are some twisted perception of certain historical events like the aforementioned warfare which was clearly triggered by the Imperial Japan's invasive actions, will be pointed out. The ever-increasing comments representing the voices of the Right-wing arguments, including ones voiced by figures such as Ishihara Shintaro(石原愼太郞), clearly demonstrate that kind of distorted perception. In Chapter 2, the 'New History Textbook', and certain sections inside it dealing with the aforementioned warfare will be examined. The contents of that textbook definitively represents the Japanese people's new attempt, which continued during the year 2001, at promoting distorted historical understanding. Japan is continuously reproducing distorted historical understanding, and the process should be studied. In Chapter 3, in order to paint out that the history of the Japanese people's attempt for distorted historical understanding is indeed a long one, several sources such as the 'Propaganda Terms(宣戰詔勅)' declared in 1894, the first National History textbook, official War history and other academical researches will all be consulted. These sources are the basis for such distorted historical understanding which is being spreaded even now. In Chapter 4, the fact "that the true source of such distorted historical understanding of the aforementioned warfare was actually some distorted official or military records regarding the first use of armed forces in that war, namely the incident at the Chosun royal palace, will be examined. In Chapter 5, how the public viewed the said incident will be reviewed through various sources that had been created by the Peasant militia members(including Jeon Bong Jun), Euibyeong militia members(including Seo Sang Cheol) and other local Confucian scholars(like Hwang Hyeon). They all viewed the situation as a distinct demonstration of the Japanese invasive intentions, revealing a significantly different view from that of the Japanese. In conclusion, it will be pointed out that as long as the Japanese people continue to reproduce and spread distorted historical understanding and try to embellish their past deeds, it would he fairly difficult to form a truly sincere relationship between the two countries.

편도체중심핵내 요힘빈과 날록손의미세주입이 신기성으로 유발된 통각감소에 미치는 효과

신맹식,조소현,김기석,김현택 한국심리학회 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.5 No.1

선행연구에서 동물이 새로운 환경에 노출되면 날록손에 역전되지 않는 통각감소 현상이 발생하며, 이러한 신기성으로 유발된 통각감소(novelty-induced hypoalgesia)는 세로토닌(serotonin: 5-HT)이나 노어피네프린(norepinephrine: NE)등의 모노아민계에 의해서 매개된다. 본연구에서는 정서/인지적 반응과 항유해적반응을 매개하는 하나의 신경구조물로 알려져 있는 편도체중심핵이 이러한 통각감소를 전달하는 데에 책임있는 영역인지, 그리고 NE의 작용에 아편계가 관여하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 본실험에서는, 먼저 모든 쥐에게 양측 편도체중심핵을 표적으로 안내관을 심는 시술을 실시했다. 1주일 후 이들 쥐를 크게 노출집단과 비노출집단의 2 집단으로 나눈 후 노출집단만 23℃의 열판에서 매일 5분씩 7일간을 노출시켰다. 8일째에 각 집단을 다시 요힘빈집단과 생리식염수집단(요힘빈-노출집단, 요힘빈-빈노출집단, 생리식염수-노출집단 및 생리식염수-비노출집단)으로 분류한 다음 편도체중심핵의 양측에 해당의 각 약물을 미세주입하고 모든 동물을 49℃의 열판에 노출시켜서 뒷발바닥핥기 잠재기를 측정하였다. 각 동물을 열판장치에서 꺼내자마자 동일한 부위에 다시 날록손을 주입하고 앞에서와 동일하게 잠재기를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 열판기구라는 신기성환경에 의해서 통각감소가 유발되었음은 물론, 알파-2 NE 수용기 길항제인 요힘빈에 의해서는 비노출조건에서만 통각감소가 증가하였으며, 날록손의 경우는 비노출조건의 요힘빈집단에서만 통각감소가 감소하였다. 이들의 결과는 동물이 신기성환경에 접하면 공포와 함께 통각이 감소한다는 사실을 알려줄 뿐만 아니라, 편도체중심핵내의 NE가 이러한 효과를 매개 및 상승시킴을 의미한다. 그리고, 편도체중심핵에서 비노출조건의 요힘빈하에서만 아편계가 관여한다는 사실은 신기성환경으로 유발된 통각감소에 아편계가 단독으로 개입할 가능성은 미소하며 이런 종류의 통각감소에서 아편계보다는 NE계의 역할이 큼을 시사한다. Previous studies have reported that a novel environment renders animals hypoalgesic and this novelty-induced hypoalgesia(NIHA) is not reversed by naloxone-pretreatment; in fact, the NIHA seems to be mediated through the monoaminergic system such as serotoninergic- and noradrenergic substrate, according to the studies on the effects of i.p. injection of those receptor ligands on the NIHA. The present study is conducted to investigate not only whether the central amygdaloid nucleus(ACe), which is known as mediating anti-nociceptive response as well as emotional/cognitive ones including fear/anxiety response, is responsible for the NE-mediated NIHA, but also whether the opiate system modulates this kind of NE mediation. In the present experiment, all rats were first given bilateral cannulae-implantations into the ACe. 7 days later, after these rats were randomly assigned into two groups named 'exposure group(EXP)' and 'non-exposure group(NON)', only the EXP started to be exposed to the non-functional floor of the Hot-Plate Apparatus (at the temperature of 23℃) 5 minutes every day for 7 consecutive days. On the 8th day, after being divided into two subgroups such as yohimbine group and saline group and being supplied with bilaterally-microinjected yohimbine or saline equivalent to its condition into the ACe, each group received a hot-plate(49℃) test. The latency to lick a hind-paw was manually recorded. As soon as picked out of the Apparatus all the rats were re-provided with naloxone, one of opiate receptor antagonists, and were re-tested under the same conditions mentioned. The result is that the novelty rats produced more hypoalgesia than the adapted rats in the hindpaw-licking latency, and that the bilateral micro-injection of yohimbine, an α(2^-)NE receptor antagonist increaing NE release in the brain-neuron synaptic cleft by blocking the presynaptic autoreceptors, potentiated the hypoalgesia, only in the novelty rats; which indicates that the novelty-induced hypoalgesia appears to be carried through the NE substrate and that the ACe is the chief forebrain site conducting the NE-potentiated novety-induced hypoalgesia. As far as the effect of naloxone injection under the influence of the preinjected yohimbine and saline is concerned, the hypoalgesia was reduced only under the condition of novelty yohimbine, neither under that of novelty saline nor under that of non-novelty yohimbine and saline; which implicates the opiate substrast may participate in the hypoalgesia necessarily as the NE-substrate-dependant pattern rather than by itself. Thus, the NE system may play more important role than opiate system in mediating the novelty-induced hypoalgesia.

Alzheimer병의 역학

조맹제,함봉진 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1997 계명의대학술지 Vol.16 No.3

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is emerging as a major trouble for the patients and their families as well as community. Epidemiology of AD is the study of the distribution of AD and those factors that influence this distribution. Several findings were derived from reviewing the various epidemiologic studies of AD. Prevalence estimates of AD rise exponentially with age. Typical estimates for the age groups 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80-89 years are about 0.5%,3%, and 10%, respectively. All studies showed an exponentially increase in the incidence rate with age and several studies found that the proportion of incident dementias is attributable to AD increased with age. Except for age and family history of dementia, no definite risk factors for AD have yet been proven. Survival of AD patients is worse in early-onset cases and in men, and it appears to be related to the initial severity of the disease. Improvement of prognosis through intervention has been unsuccessful until now. It was shown that methodological variables such as definition of dementia, the design of the study, the characteristics of the sample and methods of assessment and diagnosis might have a significant effect on the results. New epidemiologic approaches to AD should be well designed prospective follow-up studies to provide more accurate information. Epidemiologic studies combined with pathophysiologic findings could be helpful in improvement of prevention and treatment of the AD.

우리 나라 파생 금융 시장의 발전에 관한 연구

장맹렬 경남대학교 산업경영연구소 2000 産業經營 Vol.27 No.-

시장 평균 환율 제도의 개선 방안

장맹렬 慶南大學校 産業經營硏究所 1996 産業經營 Vol.19 No.-

과학과 인지적 영역의 평가에 관한 연구

신맹립,윤지홍,김규용 濟州大學校 師範大學 科學敎育硏究所 1986 科學敎育 Vol.3 No.-

The purpose of this study is to find out students' cognitve abilities in science lessons. Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives' Klopfer's Specification for Science Education, and Piaget's cognitive Development Theory were reviewed to build the evaluating tool. The contents of the constructed tool includes 33 percents' experimental items, and the rest were non-experimental. In the evaluating methods three types of questioning were adopted : multiple choice(79%), short answer test(l5%). and essay typy(6%). Data were collected from 359 students' who are attending middle schools in two cities in Cheju-do. To find out the statistical facts, students' scores were calculated into mean, standard deviation and percentile. The analysis of the data showed the following results : The average score of students' scientific thinking ability is around 58.3 which stands for lower state of thinking ability than expected. Students got higher scores in questions on the experimental-observational contents of learning. It seems that students understand this content of learning more easily than the others. However, students got very lower scores in the contents of learning which include such higher mental-processes as secondary, synthetic functions. It suggests that teachers ought to pay more attention to this content of learning to stimulate students higher mental ability. Score distribution and higher mental function showed positive relationship. The study has made certain that through the evaluating frame of cognitive domains we can assess students ability on the experimental areas of learning except the manual skills, even if paper tests are practiced.

일 장기 수용시설 노인들의 인지기능장애와 우울증상의 유병율

조맹제,함봉진,이부영,김성윤,신영민,이창인 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

목 적 : 본 연구는 수용시설의 노인들에서 인지기능장애와 우울증상의 유병율을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 방 법 : 한국의 한 수용시설인 꽃동네에 거주하는 60세 이상 노인 169명을 대상으로 한국판 Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K). Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire(SPMSQ), 축약판 Geriatric Depression Scale(SGDS). 그리고 the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D)을 적용하였다. 결 과 : 전체 169명중 153명(남자=72명, 여자=79명, 그리고 누락=2명)이 검사를 완성하였다. 연령의 범위는 60에서 102세였고, 평균연령은 74.17±8.27(남자71.76±8.14. 여자76.14±7.78)세였다. 교육기간의 범위는 무학에서 16년이었고, 평균교육기간은 3.04±3.93(남자 4.13±4.23, 여자 2.01±3.38)년이었다. 인지기능장애의 유병율은 MMSE-K≤23의 기준으로 56.2%, SPMSQ≤6의 기준으로 26.1% 로 평가되었다. 비교적 분명한 인지기능장애의 기준으로 MMSE-K≤19를 적용하였을 경우 유병율은 25.5%로 이는 SPMSQ≤6을 기준으로 하여 얻은 결과와 유사한 수준이었다. 우울증상의 유병율은 SGDS≥10의 기준으로 19%, CES-D≥25의 기준으로 23.5%로 평가되었다. 비교적 가벼운 우울증상까지 선별하기 위하여 SGDS≥8을 기준으로 할 경우 유병율은 39.2%로 이는 CES-D≥20을 기준으로 하여 얻은 결과와 일치하는 수준이었다. MMSE-K와 SPMSQ, SGDS와 CES-D, MMES-K와CES-D, MMES-K와 SGDS, 그리 고·SPMSQ와 SGDS 사이에 의미있는 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 결 론 : 수용시설 노인들에서 인지기능장애와 우울증상의 유병율은 매우 높은 수준이며, 이러한 결과는 수용시설 노인들에 대한 보다 집중적의 의료서비스가 필요함을 시사한다. Objectives : This study was to investigate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and depressive symptomatology among the long-term institutionalized elderly people. Methods : Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean version(MMSE-K), Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire(SPMSQ), Short version of Geriatric Depression Scale(SGDS), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression(CES-D) were administerd to 169 elderly residents in an institution, 'Got Dong Rae'. Results : One hundred fifty-three(males=72, females=79, and missing=2) completed the entire examination. Age ranged from 60 to 102 years and the mean of age was 74.17±8.27(males 71.76±8.14, females 76.14±7.78) years. Duration of education ranged from 0 to 16 years and the mean of duration of education was 3.04±3.93(males 4.13±4.23, females 2.01±3.38) years. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was estimated as 56.2% by MMSE-K≤23 and 26.1% by SPMSQ≤6. The prevalence of relatively definite cognitive impairment defined by MMSE-K≤19 was 25.5%, which was similar to the result achieved by using SPMSQ≤6. The prevalence of depressive symptomatology was estimated as 19% by SGDS≥10 and 23.5% by CES-D≥25. In the case of using SGDS≥8 as cutoff-point to screen mild as well as severe depressive symptomatology, the prevalence was 39.2%. It was identical to the result achieved by using CES-D≥20. Significant correlations were observed between MMSE-K and SPMSQ, between SGDS and CES-D, between MMSE-K and CES-D, between MMSE-K and SGDS, and between SPMSQ and SGDS. Conclusion : The prevalencies of cognitive impairment and depressive symptomatology were high in institutionalized elderly people. This results suggests that more intensive mental health care is needed for long-term institutionalized elderly people.