20세기 이래 중국 상고음(上古音) 연구의 성과 및 방향

張莉莉 ( Zhang¸ Lili ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.95

이 글의 목표는 20세기 초부터 지금까지의 중국 上古音에 대한 연구 성과, 특히 최근에 나온 연구에 주목하여 정리하고, 上古音 연구 동향을 파악하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 약 백 년 동안의 연구사를 간략하게 살펴본 후, 上古音 연구에 있어서 논쟁거리인 음절 유형, 운미, 모음체계, 介音의 존재 여부, 기본 자음체계, 복자음체계, 그리고 관련된 형태 연구를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 최근 주류 입장에 따르면 上古漢語의 陰聲 운미에는 유성 폐쇄운미가 없었고 개음절을 지니며, 또한 성조가 없었고, 후치운미가 중고시기에 성조를 이루게 된다. 모음체계의 경우 대략 ‘i, Щ, u, e, a, o’와 같이 6개 모음으로 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있으며, 上古漢語에는 모음성 介音이 존재하지 않고 介音 /r/가 많은 역할을 했다. 한편, 기본 자음 체계에서 논의된 來母와 喉音 계열 및 무성 비음과 무성 유음에 대한 관점은 최신 이론에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않지만, 精母 파찰화 등에 관하여는 아직 異論이 존재하며, 자음군의 경우는 대개 전치자음과 후치자음을 통하여 복자음 체계를 해석하고 있다. 또한, 上古漢語의 재구에 있어서 형태의 기능과 음운 형식에의 대응 관계가 최근의 연구에서 관심을 받고 있다. 마지막으로 上古音의 연구 방법, 연구 자료, 연구 범위를 살펴봄으로써 앞으로의 연구 방향을 제시하여 보았다. The goal of this article is to focus on the achievements of Old Chinese from the early 20^th century till the present, especially from current studies and controversial views to identify trends in Old Chinese studies. In this paper, it presented a brief look at the research history of Old Chinese about 100 years, and focused on the study of syllable types, codas, vowel systems, an existence of the medial, simple initials, initial clusters, and related morphological forms. According to the recent mainstream opinions, Old Chinese yīnshēng rhyme group did not have voiced stop, neither the intonation in Old Chinese, while postcodas became intonations in Middle Chinese. In the case of vowel systems, it can be considered to be consist of the six vowels, such as ‘i, Щ, u, e, a, o’, and there was no vocal medial but /-r-/, which played a major role as medial in Old Chinese. The perspectives of initial /r/, uvular initials, voiceless resonants do not differ much in recent research, however, views about the reconstruction of (MC.)/ts/ in Old Chinese, and whether it was an affricative initial are quite different. The system of initial clusters were mainly consist of pre-initial and post-initial. Furthermore, the function of morphological forms and its correspondence to phonetic forms have drawn attention in recent research. Finally, it presented future research directions through looking at the research methods, materials, and scope of the study in Old Chinese.

Enhancement of transglutaminase production in Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM 40587 by non-nutritional stress conditions: Effects of heat shock, alcohols, and salt treatments

Lili Zhang,Lanwei Zhang,Huaxi Yi,Ming Du,Yingchun Zhang,Xue Han,Zhen Feng,Jingyan Li,Yuehua Jiao,Yanhe Zhang,Chunfeng Guo 한국화학공학회 2012 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.29 No.7

Stress-mediated bioprocess is a strategy designed to enhance biological target productivity. In this study,an attempt was made to enhance transglutaminase (TGase) production by Streptomyces mobaraensis by using different stress conditions including heat shock, alcohols and salt stress. Results showed that the effects of stress on TGase production depended on the type applied. For heat shock, TGase production (1.32 U/ml) was recorded maximum in the culture treated at 48 h post inoculation in water bath at 60 oC for 1 min. For alcohols treatment, the maximum activity of TGase (1.77 and 1.75 U/ml) was obtained when 3% methanol was added into the medium at 0 or 24 h of fermentation. However, a 3.5-fold increased production of TGase (3.8 U/ml) was observed in the medium supplemented with 0.2mol/l MgCl2 compared with the basic medium at the beginning of fermentation. In conclusion, TGase production from S. mobaraensis was improved by heat shock, methanol and salt stress treatments, MgCl2 stress was the most effective.

The local influence of LIU type estimator in linear mixed model

Zhang, Lili,Baek, Jangsun The Korean Data and Information Science Society 2015 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.26 No.2

In this paper, we study the local influence analysis of LIU type estimator in the linear mixed models. Using the method proposed by Shi (1997), the local influence of LIU type estimator in three disturbance models are investigated respectively. Furthermore, we give the generalized Cook's distance to assess the influence, and illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method by example.

Mixtures of Gaussian copula factor analyzers for clustering high dimensional data

Lili Zhang,백장선 한국통계학회 2019 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.48 No.3

Mixtures of factor analyzers is a useful model-based clustering method which can avoid the curse of dimensionality in high-dimensional clustering. However, this approach is sensitive to both diverse non-normalities of marginal variables and outliers, which are commonly observed in multivariate experiments. We propose mixtures of Gaussian copula factor analyzers (MGCFA) for clustering high-dimensional clustering. This model has two advantages; (1) it allows different marginal distributions to facilitate fitting flexibility of the mixture model, (2) it can avoid the curse of dimensionality by embedding the factoranalytic structure in the component-correlation matrices of the mixture distribution. An EM algorithm is developed for the fitting of MGCFA. The proposed method is free of the curse of dimensionality and allows any parametric marginal distribution which fits best to the data. It is applied to both synthetic data and a microarray gene expression data for clustering and shows its better performance over several existing methods.

Genetic Diversity of Natural and Artificial Populations of Model Grass Brachypodium Species Evaluated by AFLP Markers

Lili Zhang,전영주,강시용,이긍주 한국원예학회 2012 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.53 No.2

Brachypodium, a monocot grass with wide distribution in temperate areas, has been considered a new model plant for many grass species, such as turfgrass or miscanthus, due to its small genome size, self-pollination, rapid life cycle, higher seed yield, and small stature. The objectives of this study were to compare the genetic diversity of natural and artificial populations, and to determine the effects of γ-radiation on genetic variability when evaluated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Two populations used in this study include 66 plant introductions (PI) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA; POP1), and 43 mutants derived from one of the plant introductions, Bd43 (PI 227011; POP2) treated with a γ-irradiation ranging from 100 to 600 Gy. The highest performance of the phenotypic traits was observed at 200 Gy for germination rate, 100 Gy for height, and 600 Gy for tiller number, implying that the LD50 for determining of optimum dosage depends on the physiological parameters measured. Based on AFLP analysis, POP2 showed higher polymorphism (79.4%), PIC (polymorphism information content;0.162), and genetic diversity (0.195) than POP1 (59.4%, 0.113, and 0.130, respectively). Those three genetic parameters were evaluated for the mutants derived at various γ-radiation dosages and were found to be the highest when irradiated at 300 Gy. Artificial mutagenesis using γ-radiation improved genetic diversity compared to that of the natural population,and 300 Gy was a useful dosage to enlarge genetic variability in Brachypodium. Results suggest that a dosage maximizing the genetic diversity when evaluated with AFLP markers is an alternative index to LD50 for determining the optimum level for mutation induction.

Study of the Permeability of Tomato Pericarp Etched by Low-energy Ion Beams Based on α-particles Irradiation

Lili Zhang,Lianyun Chen,Xue Xu,Qing Huang,Yuejin Wu 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.3

Low-energy ion beam bio-technology has been applied in the biological field and has gained remarkable success in crop and microbe breeding. However, to understand how low-energy ion beams interact with biological materials remains a challenge for researchers who work for the development of ion-beam bio-technology. In this work,tomato pericarp was used as the target sample to study the effect of ion beams on the permeability of biological objects. A series of experiments were conducted via irradiating tomato pericarp samples with low-energy (10 keV ~ 25 keV)ion beams followed by measuring the pericarp’s permeability using transmissive α particles. The transmissive spectra of α particles and the measurement of the tip number in CR39gave a quantitative evaluation of the sputtering effect caused by low-energy ions. Meanwhile, natural red dye was used to examine the permeability of irradiated tomato pericarp samples. It was found that the sputtering effect is not only proportional to the ion energy and dose, but dependent on the ion type as well. The damage caused by Ar ions due to sputtering was much more severe than that caused by N ions sputtering with the same dose. Therefore,this study not only demonstrates the permeability difference of biological membranes before and after ion irradiation,but also provides the information on how to optimize the experimental conditions for application of the low-energy ion beam in biology.

On Solvability of Generalized Nonlinear Variational-like Inequalities

Lili Zhang,Zeqing Liu,강신민 대한수학회 2008 대한수학회지 Vol.45 No.1

In this paper, we introduce and study a new class of generalized nonlinear variational-like inequalities. By employing the auxiliary principle technique we suggest an iterative algorithm to compute approximate solutions of the generalized nonlinear variational-like inequalities. We discuss the convergence of the iterative sequences generated by the algorithm in Banach spaces and prove the existence of solutions and convergence of the algorithm for the generalized nonlinear variational-like inequalities in Hilbert spaces, respectively. Our results extend, improve and unify several known results due to Ding, Liu et al, and Zeng, and others. In this paper, we introduce and study a new class of generalized nonlinear variational-like inequalities. By employing the auxiliary principle technique we suggest an iterative algorithm to compute approximate solutions of the generalized nonlinear variational-like inequalities. We discuss the convergence of the iterative sequences generated by the algorithm in Banach spaces and prove the existence of solutions and convergence of the algorithm for the generalized nonlinear variational-like inequalities in Hilbert spaces, respectively. Our results extend, improve and unify several known results due to Ding, Liu et al, and Zeng, and others.

Genetic Diversity of Natural and Artificial Populations of a Model Grass Brachypodium distachyon Evaluated by AFLP Markers

Lili Zhang,Young-Ju Jeon,Geung-Joo Lee 한국원예학회 2011 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2011 No.10

Optical temperature sensing properties of Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaLuF4 crystals

Lili Tong,Xiangping Li,Ruinian Hua,Lihong Cheng,Jiashi Sun,Jinsu Zhang,Sai Xu,Hui Zheng,Yanqiu Zhang,Baojiu Chen 한국물리학회 2017 Current Applied Physics Vol.17 No.7

Yb3þ/Tm3þ and Yb3þ/Er3þ co-doped NaLuF4 crystals were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The optical temperature sensing properties of Tm3þ based upon its two thermally coupled energy levels 3F2, 3 and 3H4 were systematically investigated by means of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique. The 980 nm laser-induced thermal effect on Tm3þ doped NaLuF4 crystals was studied by using Er3þ doped sample as thermal probe. The temperature sensitivity of Tm3þ in NaLuF4: Yb3þ/Tm3þ crystals shows a nonlinear dependence on temperature, and the maximum value is about 0.00045 K『1 at 600 K. The accuracy and reliability of the optical thermometry based on Tm3þ in NaLuF4: Yb3þ/Tm3þ crystals has been checked by using Yb3þ/Er3þ co-doped sample as temperature sensing unit. The results demonstrate that NaLuF4: Yb3þ/Tm3þ crystals have good sensing stability and may have potential application for the optical thermometry.

Genetic Diversity of Natural and Artificial Populations of Model Grass Brachypodium Species Evaluated by AFLP Markers

Zhang, Lili,Jeon, Young-Ju,Kang, Si-Yong,Lee, Geung-Joo 한국원예학회 2012 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.53 No.2

Brachypodium, a monocot grass with wide distribution in temperate areas, has been considered a new model plant for many grass species, such as turfgrass or miscanthus, due to its small genome size, self-pollination, rapid life cycle, higher seed yield, and small stature. The objectives of this study were to compare the genetic diversity of natural and artificial populations, and to determine the effects of ${\gamma}$-radiation on genetic variability when evaluated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Two populations used in this study include 66 plant introductions (PI) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA; POP1), and 43 mutants derived from one of the plant introductions, Bd43 (PI 227011; POP2) treated with a ${\gamma}$-irradiation ranging from 100 to 600 Gy. The highest performance of the phenotypic traits was observed at 200 Gy for germination rate, 100 Gy for height, and 600 Gy for tiller number, implying that the $LD_{50}$ for determining of optimum dosage depends on the physiological parameters measured. Based on AFLP analysis, POP2 showed higher polymorphism (79.4%), PIC (polymorphism information content; 0.162), and genetic diversity (0.195) than POP1 (59.4%, 0.113, and 0.130, respectively). Those three genetic parameters were evaluated for the mutants derived at various ${\gamma}$-radiation dosages and were found to be the highest when irradiated at 300 Gy. Artificial mutagenesis using ${\gamma}$-radiation improved genetic diversity compared to that of the natural population, and 300 Gy was a useful dosage to enlarge genetic variability in Brachypodium. Results suggest that a dosage maximizing the genetic diversity when evaluated with AFLP markers is an alternative index to $LD_{50}$ for determining the optimum level for mutation induction.