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A Novel Route Discovery Scheme Equipped with Two Augmented Functions for Ad Hoc Networks
Lee Hae-Ryong,Shin Jae-Wook,Na Jee-Hyeon,Jeong Youn-Kwae,Park Kwang-Roh,Kim Sang-Ha Korea Institute of Information and Telecommunicati 2004 정보통신설비학회논문지 Vol.3 No.1
'The delay and control overhead during route discovery for destinations outside ad hoc networks are major obstacle to achieving scalability in the Internet. To solve this issue, we propose a novel route discovery scheme equipped with two augmented functions. In this paper, the Internet gateway maintains an address cache of Internet nodes frequently accessed from the ad hoc network and replies with an extended Route Response (RREP) message to the Route Request (RREQ) message based on its routing table and the address cache called EXIT(EXternal node Information Table). These augmented functions make the source node determine the location of the destination as fast as possible. Through simulations, the proposed route discovery scheme using both EXIT and extended RREP message shows considerable' reduction in both route discovery time and control message overhead.
Aberrant Expression of COT Is Related to Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Lee, Jandee,Jeong, Seonhyang,Park, Jae Hyun,Lee, Cho Rok,Ku, Cheol Ryong,Kang, Sang-Wook,Jeong, Jong Ju,Nam, Kee-Hyun,Shin, Dong Yeob,Lee, Eun Jig,Chung, Woong Youn,Jo, Young Suk Williams & Wilkins Co 2015 Medicine Vol.94 No.6
<▼1><P>Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Aberrant expression of Cancer Osaka Thyroid Oncogene mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (COT) (MAP3K8) is a driver of resistance to B-RAF inhibition. However, the de novo expression and clinical implications of COT in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have not been investigated.</P><P>The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of A-, B-, C-RAF, and COT in PTC (n = 167) and analyze the clinical implications of aberrant expression of these genes.</P><P>Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) were performed on primary thyroid cancers. Expression of COT was compared with clinicopathological characteristics including recurrence-free survival. Datasets from public repository (NCBI) were subjected to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).</P><P>qPCR data showed that the relative mRNA expression of <I>A-</I>, <I>B-</I>, <I>C-RAF</I> and <I>COT</I> of PTC were higher than normal tissues (all <I>P</I> < 0.01). In addition, the expression of COT mRNA in PTC showed positive correlation with A- (<I>r</I> = 0.4083, <I>P</I> < 0.001), B- (<I>r</I> = 0.2773, <I>P</I> = 0.0003), and C-RAF (<I>r</I> = 0.5954, <I>P</I> < 0.001). The mRNA expressions of A-, B,- and C-RAF were also correlated with each other (all <I>P</I> < 0.001). In IHC, the staining intensities of B-RAF and COT were higher in PTC than in normal tissue (<I>P</I> < 0.001). Interestingly, moderate-to-strong staining intensities of B-RAF and COT were more frequent in B-RAF<SUP>V600E</SUP>-positive PTC (<I>P</I> < 0.001, <I>P</I> = 0.013, respectively). In addition, aberrant expression of COT was related to old age at initial diagnosis (<I>P</I> = 0.045) and higher recurrence rate (<I>P</I> = 0.025). In multivariate analysis, tumor recurrence was persistently associated with moderate-to-strong staining of COT after adjusting for age, sex, extrathyroidal extension, multifocality, T-stage, N-stage, TNM stage, and B-RAF<SUP>V600E</SUP> mutation (odds ratio, 4.662; 95% confidence interval 1.066 − 21.609; <I>P</I> = 0.045). Moreover, moderate-to-strong COT expression in PTC was associated with shorter recurrence-free survival (mean follow-up duration, 14.2 ± 4.1 years; <I>P</I> = 0.0403). GSEA indicated that gene sets related to B-RAF-RAS (<I>P</I> < 0.0001, false discovery rate [FDR] <I>q</I>-value = 0.000) and thyroid differentiation (<I>P</I> = 0.048, FDR <I>q</I>-value = 0.05) scores were enriched in lower COT expression group and gene sets such as T-cell receptor signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway are coordinately upregulated in higher COT expression group (both, <I>P</I> < 0.0001, FDR <I>q</I>-value = 0.000).</P><P>Aberrant expression of A-, B-, and C-RAF, and COT is frequent in PTC; increased expression of COT is correlated with recurrence of PTC.</P></▼2>
LEE, SUN HWA,KANG, YONG JUNG,KIM, DONG HWAN,SUNG, BOKYUNG,KANG, JIN AH,CHUN, PUSOON,YOON, JEONG-HYUN,MOON, HYUNG RYONG,KIM, HYUNG SIK,CHUNG, HAE YOUNG,KIM, NAM DEUK Spandidos Publications 2014 International journal of oncology Vol.44 No.3
In this study, we compared cytotoxicity, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis on MHY336 treatment in three human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells: p53(+/+) (p53-wt), p53(-/-) (p53-null), and p21(-/-) (p21-null), as well as investigated the roles of p53 and p21 in cell death. Using these three isogenic variants, the roles of p53 and p21 in the cellular response to treatment with MHY336, a novel topoisomerase II alpha inhibitor, were investigated. Our results showed that MHY336 treatment increased the expression of p53 over time in cells with wild-type p53 status. This elevated levels of p53 is associated with increased DNA fragmentation, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, consistent with increased sensitivity of these cells to apoptotic stimuli. However, p53-null and p21-null cells were more resistant to the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of MHY336 than p53-wt cells. The same result was achieved by knocking down p53 and p21 with siRNA in p53-wt cells, indicating that p53 and p21 play a crucial role in MHY336-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that MHY336 could be a potential candidate to be used in chemoprevention and/or treatment of colon cancer.
KSR1 is coordinately regulated with Notch signaling and oxidative phosphorylation in thyroid cancer
Lee, Jandee,Seol, Mi-Youn,Jeong, Seonhyang,Kwon, Hyeong Ju,Lee, Cho Rok,Ku, Cheol Ryong,Kang, Sang-Wook,Jeong, Jong Ju,Shin, Dong Yeob,Nam, Kee-Hyun,Lee, Eun Jig,Chung, Woong Youn,Jo, Young Suk Journal of Endocrinology (Ltd. by Guarantee) 2015 Journal of molecular endocrinology Vol.54 No.2
<P>Kinase suppressor of RAS1 (KSR1) is a scaffold protein implicated in RAS-mediated RAF activation. However, the molecular function of KSR in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is unknown. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the role of KSR1 in patients with PTC. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed inter-tumor heterogeneities in the expression of KSR1 in PTC tissues. Interestingly, BRAFV600E-positive PTC showed higher <I>KSR1</I> mRNA expression than BRAFV600E-negative PTC (<I>P</I><0.001). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) using public repositories showed that high KSR1 expression coordinately upregulated Notch signaling (nominal <I>P</I>=0.019, false discovery rate (FDR) <I>q</I>-value=0.165); this finding was supported by GeneNetwork analysis, indicating that <I>KSR1</I> expression is positively correlated with <I>NOTCH1</I> expression (<I>ρ</I>=0.677, <I>P</I>=6.15×10<SUP>−9</SUP>). siRNA against KSR1 (siKSR1) significantly decreased ERK phosphorylation induced by BRAFV600E, resulting in reduced expression of <I>NOTCH1</I> and <I>HES1</I>, targets of Notch signaling. GSEA revealed that high KSR1 expression was also associated with downregulation of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Consistent with this, electron microscopy showed that PTCs with high KSR1 expression exhibited structural defects of the mitochondrial cristae. Furthermore, siKSR1-transfected BCPAP and 8505C cells generated fewer colonies in colony-forming assays. In addition, GSEA showed that high expression of KSR2 and connector enhancer of KSR1 (CNKSR1) also coordinately upregulated Notch signaling (KSR2: nominal <I>P</I>=0.0097, FDR <I>q</I>-value=0.154 and CNKSR1: nominal <I>P</I><0.0001, FDR <I>q</I>-value=0.00554), and high CNKSR2 was associated with downregulation of the OxPhos gene set (nominal <I>P</I><0.0001, FDR <I>q</I>-value <0.0001). In conclusion, KSR1 is coordinately regulated with Notch signaling and OxPhos in PTC, because its scaffold function might be required to sustain the proliferative signaling and metabolic remodeling associated with this type of cancer.</P>
Erratum to: “Amelioration of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes by Agrocybe chaxingu Polysaccharide”
Lee, Byung Ryong,Lee, Yeom Pyo,Kim, Dae Won,Song, Ha Yong,Yoo, Ki-Yeon,Won, Moo Ho,Kang, Tae-Cheon,Lee, Kwang Jae,Kim, Kyung Hee,Joo, Jin Ho,Ham, Hun Ju,Hur, Jang Hyun,Cho, Sung-Woo,Han, Kyu Hyung,Lee Springer-Verlag 2013 Molecules and cells Vol.36 No.1
Single ZnO nanocactus gas sensor formed by etching of ZnO nanorod
Ryong Ryu, Sung,Ram, S. D. Gopal,Cho, Hak-dong,Lee, Dong Jin,Won Kang, Tae,Woo, Yongdeuk The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Nanoscale Vol.7 No.25
<P>Etching of materials on the nanoscale is a challenging but necessary process in nanomaterials science. Gas sensing using a single ZnO nanocactus (NC), which was prepared by facile isotropic nanoetching of zinc oxide nanorods (NR) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using an organic photoresist (PR) by a thermochemical reaction, is reported in this work. PR consists of carboxylic acid groups (COOH) and cyclopentanone (C5H8O), which can react with zinc and oxygen atoms, respectively, on the surface of a ZnO NR. The thermochemical reaction is controllable by varying the concentration of PR and reaction time. A gas sensor was fabricated using a single NC. Gas sensing was tested using different gases such as CH4, NH3 and carbon monoxide (CO). It was estimated that the surface area of a ZnO NC in the case of 50% PR was found to increase four-fold. When compared with a single ZnO NR gas sensor, the sensitivity of a ZnO NC was found to increase four-fold. This increase in sensitivity is attributed to the increase in surface area of the ZnO NC. The formed single ZnO NC gas sensor has good stability, response and recovery time.</P>